Biopsychology (with Beyond the Brain and Behavior CD-ROM) (book alone)

by Pinel, John P.J.

• ISBN13: 9780205426515
• ISBN10: 0205426514
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780205349845, 9780205548927
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Biopsychology is a clear, engaging introduction to current biopsychological theory and research that makes the topics personally and socially relevant to students. Written in a friendly, engaging tone, the sixth edition continues to emphasize four interwoven themes: ";Thinking about Biopsychology,"; ";Clinical Implications,"; ";The Evolutionary Perspective,"; and ";Cognitive Neuroscience."; These themes are integral to each chapter and are highlighted throughout by marginal icons, then summarized at the end of each chapter in a ";Themes Revisited"; section that provides context for the topics discussed. What makes this book so popular with instructors and students alike is its unique combination of biopsychological science and a personal, reader-oriented style. Pinel interweaves the fundamentals of the field with clinical case studies, social issues, personal implications, and humorous anecdotes. An updated and stunning art program illustrates difficult concepts with simple visuals and fresh photos. Beyond the Brain and Behavior, a CD that accompanies each new textbook, now contains even more animations and demonstrations, video clips, practice tests, electronic flashcards, and annotated readings. ";I can honestly say that the Pinel text is consistently rated the 'best text' out of all those used in courses throughout our department. Students often say it is the 'best text they have ever had in any college course' as well. I agree."; Michelle Pilati, Rio Hondo College

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
To the Student	xxiii
About the Author	xxiv
Part One What Is Biopsychology?
Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?	1	(18)
The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time	2	(1)
Four Major Themes of This Book	3	(1)
What Is Biopsychology?	4	(1)
What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?	4	(1)
What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?	5	(3)
Human and Nonhuman Subjects	5	(1)
Experiments and Nonexperiments	5	(2)
Pure and Applied Research	7	(1)
What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?	8	(4)
Physiological Psychology	8	(1)
Psychopharmacology	9	(1)
Neuropsychology	9	(1)
The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture	9	(1)
Psychophysiology	9	(1)
Cognitive Neuroscience	10	(1)
Comparative Psychology	11	(1)
Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?	12	(1)
Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?	13	(2)
Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims	15	(2)
Case 1: Jose and the Bull	15	(1)
Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy	16	(1)
Themes Revisited	17	(1)
Think about It	18	(1)
Key Terms	18	(1)
Part Two Foundations of Biopsychology
Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior	19	(31)
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Relations and Interactions	20	(4)
Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological?	20	(1)
Is It Inherited, or Is It Learned?	20	(1)
Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies	21	(1)
The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed	21	(1)
The Case of the Chimps and the Mirrors	22	(1)
The Case of the Thinking Student	23	(1)
Human Evolution	24	(10)
Evolution and Behavior	25	(2)
Course of Human Evolution	27	(2)
Thinking about Human Evolution	29	(2)
Evolution of the Human Brain	31	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding	31	(3)
Fundamental Genetics	34	(8)
Mendelian Genetics	34	(1)
Chromosomes, Reproduction, and Linkage	34	(3)
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits	37	(1)
Chromosome Structure and Replication	37	(1)
The Genetic Code and Gene Expression	38	(1)
Mitochondrial DNA	39	(1)
Human Genome Project: What's Next?	39	(3)
Behavioral Development: The Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience	42	(4)
Selective Breeding of ``Maze-Bright'' and ``Maze-Dull'' Rats	42	(2)
Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder	44	(1)
Development of Birdsong	44	(2)
The Genetics of Human Psychological Differences	46	(2)
Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals	46	(1)
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart	46	(2)
Themes Revisited	48	(1)
Think about It	49	(1)
Key Terms	49	(1)
The Anatomy of the Nervous System: The Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System	50	(26)
General Layout of the Nervous System	51	(3)
Divisions of the Nervous System	51	(2)
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid	53	(1)
Blood-Brain Barrier	53	(1)
Cells of the Nervous System	54	(5)
Anatomy of Neurons	54	(4)
Glial Cells: The Forgotten Majority	58	(1)
Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions	59	(3)
Neuroanatomical Techniques	59	(2)
Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System	61	(1)
The Spinal Cord	62	(2)
The Five Major Divisions of the Brain	64	(1)
Major Structures of the Brain	65	(9)
Myelencephalon	65	(1)
Metencephalon	65	(1)
Mesencephalon	65	(1)
Diencephalon	66	(1)
Telencephalon	67	(7)
Themes Revisited	74	(1)
Think about It	75	(1)
Key Terms	75	(1)
Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals	76	(24)
The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson's Disease	77	(1)
The Neuron's Resting Membrane Potential	77	(3)
Recording the Membrane Potential	77	(1)
The Resting Membrane Potential	77	(1)
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential	78	(2)
Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials	80	(1)
Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials	81	(2)
Conduction of Action Potentials	83	(3)
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials	83	(1)
Refractory Periods	84	(1)
Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials	84	(1)
Conduction in Myelinated Axons	85	(1)
The Velocity of Axonal Conduction	85	(1)
Conduction in Neurons without Axons	85	(1)
The Hodgkin-Huxley Model and the Changing View of Dendritic Function	85	(1)
Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals from One Neuron to Another	86	(6)
Structure of Synapses	86	(1)
Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules	86	(1)
Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules	87	(1)
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules	88	(2)
Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling	90	(1)
Glial Function and Synaptie Transmission	91	(1)
The Neurotransmitters	92	(3)
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters	92	(1)
Monoamine Neurotransmitters	92	(1)
Soluble-Gas Neurotransmitters	93	(1)
Acetylcholine	94	(1)
Neuropeptides	94	(1)
Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission	95	(3)
How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission	95	(1)
Psychoactive Drugs: Five Examples	95	(3)
Themes Revisited	98	(1)
Think about It	98	(1)
Key Terms	99	(1)
The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do	100	(28)
The Ironic Case of Professor P.	101	(1)
Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System	102	(1)
Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain	102	(4)
Contrast X-Rays	102	(1)
X-Ray Computed Tomography	102	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	102	(2)
Positron Emission Tomography	104	(1)
Functional MRI	105	(1)
Magnetoencephalography	106	(1)
Brain-Image Archives	106	(1)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation	106	(1)
Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity	106	(4)
Scalp Electroencephalography	106	(2)
Muscle Tension	108	(1)
Eye Movement	109	(1)
Skin Conductance	109	(1)
Cardiovascular Activity	109	(1)
Invasive Physiological Research Methods	110	(4)
Stereotaxic Surgery	110	(1)
Lesion Methods	110	(3)
Electrical Stimulation	113	(1)
Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods	113	(1)
Pharmacological Research Methods	114	(3)
Routes of Drug Administration	114	(1)
Selective Chemical Lesions	114	(1)
Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain	114	(1)
Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain	115	(2)
Genetic Engineering	117	(1)
Gene Knockout Techniques	117	(1)
Gene Replacement Techniques	117	(1)
Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology	117	(1)
Neuropsychological Testing	118	(3)
Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing	118	(1)
Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery	119	(1)
Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function	120	(1)
Frontal-Lobe Function	121	(1)
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience	121	(2)
Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior	123	(3)
Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors	123	(1)
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms	123	(1)
Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms	124	(2)
Themes Revisited	126	(1)
Think about It	126	(1)
Key Terms	126	(2)
Part Three Sensory and Motor Systems
The Visual System: From Your Eyes to Your Cortex	128	(27)
The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer	129	(1)
Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina	130	(2)
The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals	132	(7)
Cone and Rod Vision	134	(2)
Eye Movement	136	(2)
Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals	138	(1)
From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex	139	(1)
Retinotopic Organization	140	(1)
The M and P Channels	140	(1)
Seeing Edges	140	(9)
Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement	142	(1)
Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons	143	(1)
Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate--Striate Pathway	143	(1)
Receptive Fields: Simple Cortical Cells	144	(1)
Receptive Fields: Complex Cortical Cells	145	(1)
Columnar Organization of Primary Visual Cortex	146	(1)
Spatial-Frequency Theory	147	(2)
The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited	149	(1)
Seeing Color	149	(4)
Component and Opponent Processing	150	(1)
Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory	151	(2)
Themes Revisited	153	(1)
Think about It	154	(1)
Key Terms	154	(1)
Mechanisms of Perception, Conscious Awareness, and Attention: How You Know the World	155	(30)
The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time	156	(1)
Principles of Sensory System Organization	156	(3)
Hierarchical Organization	156	(1)
The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat	157	(1)
Functional Segregation	157	(1)
Parallel Processing	158	(1)
The Current Model of Sensory System Organization	158	(1)
Cortical Mechanisms of Vision	159	(7)
Scotomas: Completion	159	(1)
The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear	160	(1)
Scotomas: Blindsight	160	(1)
The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight	160	(1)
Visual Awareness and Neural Activity	161	(1)
Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex	161	(1)
Dorsal and Ventral Streams	161	(3)
The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See	164	(1)
The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw	164	(1)
Prosopagnosia	164	(1)
R.P., a Typical Case of Prosopagnoisa	165	(1)
Areas of the Ventral Stream Specialized for Recognizing Specific Classes of Objects	165	(1)
Interim Conclusion	166	(1)
Audition	166	(4)
The Ear	166	(2)
From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex	168	(1)
Primary Auditory Cortex	169	(1)
Sound Localization	169	(1)
Effects of Auditory Cortex Damage	170	(1)
Somatosensation: Touch and Pain	170	(7)
Cutaneous Receptors	170	(1)
Dermatomes	171	(1)
The Two Major Ascending Somatosensory Pathways	171	(1)
Cortical Areas of Somatosensation	172	(1)
Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex	173	(1)
Somatosensory Agnosias	174	(1)
The Case of Aunt Betsy, Who Lost Half of Her Body	174	(1)
The Paradoxes of Pain	175	(1)
The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain	175	(2)
The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste	177	(4)
The Olfactory System	178	(1)
The Gustatory System	179	(1)
Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses	180	(1)
Selective Attention	181	(2)
Themes Revisited	183	(1)
Think about It	184	(1)
Key Terms	184	(1)
The Sensorimotor System: How You Do What You Do	185	(26)
The Case of Rhonda, the Dexterous Cashier	186	(1)
Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function	186	(2)
The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized	186	(1)
Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input	187	(1)
The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback	187	(1)
Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control	187	(1)
A General Model of Sensorimotor System Function	188	(1)
Sensorimotor Association Cortex	188	(4)
Posterior Parietal Association Cortex	188	(1)
The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles	189	(2)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex	191	(1)
Secondary Motor Cortex	192	(1)
Primary Motor Cortex	193	(2)
Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind	194	(1)
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia	195	(1)
Cerebellum	195	(1)
Basal Ganglia	195	(1)
Descending Motor Pathways	196	(4)
Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral Corticorubrospinal Tract	196	(2)
Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract	198	(1)
Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways	198	(2)
Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits	200	(6)
Muscles	200	(1)
Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles	200	(2)
Stretch Reflex	202	(2)
Withdrawal Reflex	204	(1)
Reciprocal Innervation	204	(1)
Recurrent Collateral Inhibition	204	(1)
Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex	205	(1)
Central Sensorimotor Programs	206	(3)
Central Sensorimotor Programs Are Capable of Motor Equivalence	206	(1)
Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious	206	(1)
Central Sensorimotor Programs Can Develop without Practice	207	(1)
Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs	207	(1)
Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning	208	(1)
The Case of Rhonda, Revisited	209	(1)
Themes Revisited	209	(1)
Think about It	210	(1)
Key Terms	210	(1)
Part Four Brain Plasticity
Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You	211	(20)
The Case of Genie	212	(1)
Phases of Neurodevelopment	212	(8)
Induction of the Neural Plate	213	(1)
Neural Proliferation	214	(1)
Migration and Aggregation	214	(1)
Axon Growth and Synapse Formation	215	(4)
Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement	219	(1)
Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants	220	(1)
Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain	220	(1)
Development of the Prefrontal Cortex	221	(1)
Effects of Experience on the Early Development, Maintenance, and Reorganization of Neural Circuits	221	(2)
Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment	222	(1)
Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment	222	(1)
Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps	222	(1)
Mechanisms by Which Experience Might Influence Neurodevelopment	223	(1)
Neuroplasticity in Adults	223	(2)
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals	223	(2)
Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex	225	(1)
Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism and Williams Syndrome	225	(4)
Autism	225	(1)
Some Cases of Amazing Savants	226	(1)
Williams Syndrome	227	(2)
Themes Revisited	229	(1)
Think about It	229	(1)
Key Terms	230	(1)
Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?	231	(29)
The Ironic Case of Professor P.	232	(1)
Causes of Brain Damage	233	(6)
Brain Tumors	233	(1)
Cerebrovascular Disorders	233	(3)
Closed-Head Injuries	236	(1)
The Case of Jerry Quarry, Ex-Boxer	236	(1)
Infections of the Brain	237	(1)
Neurotoxins	237	(1)
Genetic Factors	237	(1)
Programmed Cell Death	238	(1)
Neuropsychological Diseases	239	(6)
Epilepsy	239	(1)
The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures: Four Cases	240	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	241	(1)
Huntington's Disease	241	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	242	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	242	(3)
Animal Models of Human Neuropsychological Diseases	245	(3)
Kindling Model of Epilepsy	246	(1)
Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease	246	(1)
MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease	247	(1)
The Case of the Frozen Addicts	247	(1)
Neuroplastic Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery	248	(6)
Neural Degeneration	248	(1)
Neural Regeneration	248	(2)
Neural Reorganization	250	(2)
Recovery of Function after Brain Damage	252	(2)
Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of Nervous System Damage	254	(4)
Reducing Brain Damage by Blocking Neurodegeneration	254	(1)
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Promoting Regeneration	254	(1)
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Neurotransplantation	255	(1)
The Case of Roberto Garcia d'Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant	255	(1)
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training	256	(1)
The Cases of Tom and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran	257	(1)
Themes Revisited	258	(1)
Think about It	258	(1)
Key Terms	259	(1)
Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information	260	(28)
Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy	261	(5)
The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory	261	(1)
Formal Assessment of H.M.'s Anterograde Amnesia	262	(1)
Scientific Contributions of H.M.'s Case	263	(1)
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia	264	(1)
Effects of Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory	264	(1)
The Case of R.B., the Product of a Bungled Operation	265	(1)
Amnesia of Korsakoff's Syndrome	266	(1)
The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.	267	(1)
Amnesia of Alzheimer's Disease	267	(1)
Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation	268	(3)
Posttraumatic Amnesia	268	(1)
Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation	268	(2)
Reconsolidation	270	(1)
The Hippocampus and Consolidation	270	(1)
Neuroanatomy of Object-Recognition Memory	271	(6)
Monkey Model of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test	272	(1)
The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test for Rats	273	(1)
Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Medial Temporal Lobectomy	274	(3)
The Hippocampus and Memory for Spatial Location	277	(2)
Hippocampal Lesions Disrupt Spatial Memory	277	(1)
Hippocampal Place Cells	277	(1)
Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory	278	(1)
Theories of Hippocampal Function	278	(1)
Where Are Memories Stored?	279	(1)
Inferotemporal Cortex	279	(1)
Amygdala	279	(1)
Prefrontal Cortex	279	(1)
The Case of the Cook Who Couldn't	280	(1)
Cerebellum and Striatum	280	(1)
Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory	280	(5)
Long-Term Potentiation	281	(2)
Induction of LTP: Learning	283	(1)
Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall	284	(1)
Variability of LTP	285	(1)
Conclusion: Infantile Amnesia and the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.	285	(1)
The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.	286	(1)
Themes Revisited	286	(1)
Think about It	287	(1)
Key Terms	287	(1)
Part Five Biopsychology of Motivation
Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?	288	(26)
The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat	289	(1)
Digestion and Energy Flow	289	(3)
Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives	292	(3)
Set-Point Assumption	292	(1)
Glucostatic and Lipostatic Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating	293	(1)
Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating	293	(1)
Positive-Incentive Perspective	294	(1)
Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat	295	(3)
Factors That Determine What We Eat	295	(1)
Factors That Influence When We Eat	295	(1)
Factors That Influence How Much We Eat	296	(2)
Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety	298	(5)
Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety	298	(1)
Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers	299	(2)
Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety	301	(1)
Hunger and Satiety Peptides	302	(1)
Serotonin and Satiety	303	(1)
Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points	303	(5)
Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating	303	(2)
Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control	305	(3)
Human Obesity	308	(3)
Why Is There an Epidemic of Obesity?	308	(1)
Why Do Some People Become Obese While Others Do Not?	308	(1)
Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Typically Ineffective?	308	(1)
Mutant Obese Mice and Leptin	309	(1)
The Case of the Child with No Leptin	310	(1)
Insulin: Another Negative Feedback Fat Signal	310	(1)
Serotonergic Drugs and the Treatment of Obesity	310	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	311	(3)
Anorexia and Dieting	311	(1)
Anorexia and Positive Incentives	311	(1)
The Puzzle of Anorexia	311	(1)
The Case of the Anorexic Student	312	(1)
Themes Revisited	313	(1)
Think about It	313	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Hormones and Sex: What's Wrong with the Mamawawa?	314	(27)
The Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones	315	(1)
The Men-Are-Men-and-Women-Are-Women Assumption	315	(1)
The Neuroendocrine System	315	(6)
Glands	315	(1)
Hormones	315	(1)
Gonads	316	(1)
Sex Steroids	316	(1)
Hormones of the Pituitary	317	(1)
Female Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels Are Steady	317	(1)
Neural Control of the Pituitary	318	(1)
Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus	318	(1)
Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones	319	(1)
Regulation of Hormone Levels	320	(1)
Pulsatile Hormone Release	320	(1)
A Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation	320	(1)
Hormones and Sexual Development	321	(6)
Fetal Hormones and the Development of Reproductive Organs	322	(1)
Sex Differences in the Brain	323	(2)
Perinatal Hormones and Behavioral Development	325	(1)
Puberty: Hormones and the Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics	326	(1)
Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development	327	(3)
The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn't	327	(1)
The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy	328	(1)
The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis	329	(1)
Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?	330	(1)
Effects of Gonadal Hormones in Adults	330	(4)
Male Reproduction---Related Behavior and Testosterone	330	(1)
The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood	331	(1)
Female Reproduction---Related Behavior and Gonadal Hormones	332	(1)
Anabolic Steroid Abuse	332	(1)
The Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol	333	(1)
Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior	334	(3)
Structural Differences between the Male Hypothalamus and the Female Hypothalamus	334	(1)
The Hypothalamus and Male Sexual Behavior	335	(1)
The Hypothalamus and Female Sexual Behavior	336	(1)
Sexual Orientation, Hormones, and the Brain	337	(2)
Sexual Orientation and Genes	337	(1)
Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones	337	(1)
What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?	337	(1)
Is There a Difference in the Brains of Homosexuals and Heterosexuals?	337	(1)
Transsexualism	338	(1)
The Independence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity	338	(1)
Themes Revisited	339	(1)
Think about It	339	(1)
Key Terms	339	(2)
Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?	341	(28)
The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn't Sleep	342	(1)
The Physiological and Behavioral Events of Sleep	343	(2)
The Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep	343	(1)
Four Stages of Sleep EEG	343	(2)
REM Sleep and Dreaming	345	(2)
Testing Common Beliefs about Dreaming	345	(1)
The Interpretation of Dreams	346	(1)
Lucid Dreams	346	(1)
Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?	347	(1)
Comparative Analysis of Sleep	347	(1)
Circadian Sleep Cycles	348	(2)
Free-Running Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycles	349	(1)
Jet Lag and Shift Work	350	(1)
Effects of Sleep Deprivation	350	(6)
Personal Experience of Sleep Deprivation: A Cautionary Note	350	(1)
Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies	351	(1)
The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students	352	(1)
The Case of Randy Gardner	352	(1)
Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans	352	(1)
Sleep-Deprivation Studies with Laboratory Animals	353	(1)
REM-Sleep Deprivation	353	(2)
Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep	355	(1)
Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep	356	(3)
Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep	356	(1)
The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist	356	(1)
Reticular Activating System and Sleep	356	(2)
Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei	358	(1)
The Circadian Clock: Neural and Molecular Mechanisms	359	(2)
Location of the Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei	359	(1)
Mechanisms of Entrainment	359	(1)
Genetics of Circadian Rhythms	360	(1)
Drugs That Affect Sleep	361	(1)
Hypnotic Drugs	361	(1)
Antihypnotic Drugs	361	(1)
Melatonin	361	(1)
Sleep Disorders	362	(3)
Insomnia	363	(1)
Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia	363	(1)
Hypersomnia	363	(1)
REM-Sleep--Related Disorders	364	(1)
The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle	364	(1)
The Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction	365	(3)
Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep	365	(1)
Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping	365	(1)
Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study	366	(1)
The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep	366	(2)
Themes Revisited	368	(1)
Think about It	368	(1)
Key Terms	368	(1)
Drug Addiction and the Brain's Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure	369	(26)
Basic Principles of Drug Action	370	(3)
Drug Administration and Absorption	370	(1)
Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System	371	(1)
Mechanisms of Drug Action	371	(1)
Drug Metabolism and Elimination	371	(1)
Drug Tolerance	371	(1)
Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence	372	(1)
Addiction: What Is It?	372	(1)
Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance and Drug Withdrawal	373	(3)
Contingent Drug Tolerance	373	(1)
Conditioned Drug Tolerance	373	(2)
Conditioned Withdrawal Effects	375	(1)
Thinking about Drug Conditioning	375	(1)
Five Commonly Abused Drugs	376	(10)
Tobacco	376	(1)
Alcohol	377	(1)
Marijuana	377	(3)
Cocaine and Other Stimulants	380	(1)
The Opiates: Heroin and Morphine	381	(2)
Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin	383	(1)
The Drug Dilemmas: Striking the Right Balance	384	(2)
Biopsychological Theories of Addiction	386	(1)
Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction	386	(1)
Causes of Relapse	386	(1)
Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Pleasure Centers of the Brain	387	(2)
Fundamental Characteristics of Intracranial Self-Stimulation	387	(1)
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System and Intracranial Self-Stimulation	388	(1)
Neural Mechanisms of Motivation and Addiction	389	(3)
Two Key Methods for Measuring Drug-Produced Reinforcement	389	(1)
Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction	390	(1)
The Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addition	390	(1)
Support for the Involvement of Dopamine in Addiction: Evidence from the Imaging of Human Brains	391	(1)
Dopamine, Nucleus Accumbens, and Addiction: Current View	391	(1)
A Noteworthy Case of Addiction	392	(1)
The Case of Sigmund Freud	392	(1)
Themes Revisited	393	(1)
Think about It	393	(1)
Key Terms	394	(1)
Part Six Disorders of Cognition and Emotion
Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain of Language	395	(30)
Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction	396	(3)
Aphasia, Apraxia, and Left-Hemisphere Damage	397	(1)
Tests of Cerebral Lateralization	397	(1)
Speech Laterality and Handedness	398	(1)
Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization	398	(1)
The Split Brain	399	(5)
Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry	399	(2)
Commissurotomy in Human Epileptics	401	(1)
Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Function Independently	402	(1)
Cross-Cuing	402	(1)
Learning Two Things at Once	403	(1)
The Z Lens	403	(1)
Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients	404	(1)
The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict	404	(1)
Differences between the Left and Right Hemispheres	404	(7)
Slight Biases versus All-or-None Hemispheric Differences	405	(1)
Some Examples of Lateralization of Function	405	(2)
What Is Lateralized--Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?	407	(1)
Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain	408	(1)
Theories of Cerebral Asymmetry	409	(1)
The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language	410	(1)
Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization of Function	410	(1)
Cortical Localization of Language: The Wernicke-Geschwind Model	411	(2)
Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model	411	(2)
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model	413	(1)
Evaluation of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model	413	(5)
Effects of Damage to Various Areas of Cortex on Language-Related Abilities	414	(2)
Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex and Localization of Language	416	(2)
Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model	418	(1)
The Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language	418	(3)
Functional Brain Imaging and Language	419	(2)
The Cognitive Neuroscience Approach and Dyslexia	421	(2)
Developmental Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity	421	(1)
Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis of Reading Aloud: Deep and Surface Dyslexia	422	(1)
The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere	422	(1)
Themes Revisited	423	(1)
Think about It	423	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion	425	(23)
Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction	426	(7)
Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion	426	(1)
The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage	426	(2)
A Human Case of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome	428	(1)
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System	429	(2)
Emotions and Facial Expression	431	(2)
Fear, Defense, and Aggression	433	(2)
Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors	433	(1)
Aggression and Testosterone	434	(1)
Stress and Health	435	(6)
The Stress Response	435	(1)
Stress and Gastric Ulcers	436	(1)
Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain	437	(3)
Early Experience of Stress	440	(1)
Stress and the Hippocampus	440	(1)
Fear Conditioning	441	(2)
Amygdala and Fear Conditioning	442	(1)
Anatomy of the Amygdala: A General Comment	442	(1)
Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus	443	(1)
Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion	443	(4)
Specific Brain Structures Play Specific Roles in Emotion	443	(1)
The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn't Perceive Fear	444	(1)
The Right Hemisphere Is More Involved Than the Left in Human Emotion	444	(1)
Individual Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Emotion	445	(1)
The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper	446	(1)
Themes Revisited	447	(1)
Think about It	447	(1)
Key Terms	447	(1)
Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged	448	(20)
Schizophrenia	449	(5)
The Case of Lena, the Catatonic Schizophrenic	449	(1)
What Is Schizophrenia?	450	(1)
Causal Factors in Schizophrenia	450	(1)
Discovery of the First Antischizophrenic Drugs	450	(1)
Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia	451	(2)
Current Research on the Neural Basis of Schizophrenia	453	(1)
Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania	454	(4)
The Case of P.S., the Weeping Widow	454	(1)
Major Categories of Affective Disorders	455	(1)
Causal Factors in Affective Disorders	455	(1)
Discovery of Antidepressant Drugs	456	(1)
Theories of Depression	457	(1)
Antidepressant Effect of Sleep Deprivation	458	(1)
Brain Pathology and Affective Disorders	458	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	458	(3)
The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out	458	(1)
Five Classes of Anxiety Disorders	459	(1)
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders	459	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders	459	(1)
Animal Models of Anxiety	460	(1)
Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders	460	(1)
Tourette Syndrome	461	(2)
The Case of R.G.---Barking Mad	461	(1)
What Is Tourette Syndrome?	461	(1)
Impediments to the Study of the Neuropathology of Tourette Syndrome	462	(1)
Brain Mechanisms of Tourette Syndrome	462	(1)
Treatment of Tourette Syndrome	462	(1)
The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette Syndrome	462	(1)
Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs	463	(3)
Clinical Trials: The Three Phases	463	(1)
Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials	464	(1)
Effectiveness of Clinical Trials	465	(1)
The Case of S.B., the Biopsychology Student Who Took Control	465	(1)
Themes Revisited	466	(1)
Think about It	466	(1)
Key Terms	467	(1)
Epilogue	468	(1)
Appendixes	469	(7)
Glossary	476	(19)
References	495	(36)
Credits	531	(2)
Indexes	533