Biotechnology : Demystifying the Concepts

by Bourgaize, David; Jewell, Thomas R.; Buiser, Rodolfo G.

• ISBN13: 9780805346022
• ISBN10: 0805346023
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Biotechnology: Demystifying the Concepts not only presents key concepts in biotechnology but examines the far-reaching social, ethical and political issues raised by this evolving field. The text begins with basic scientific concepts, then guides students through multi-staged biotechnical applications, and finally explores biotechnology's effects on today's society and on future generations. Abundant examples, based on real life issues, illustrate and clarify topic discussions.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIVING THINGS	1	(22)
The Cellular Basis of Life	2	(1)
Organization of Cells	3	(3)
Biomolecules	6	(5)
Lipids	7	(2)
Proteins	9	(2)
Nucleic Acids	11	(1)
Carbohydrates	11	(1)
Chemical Forces Important to Biomolecules	11	(5)
Ionic Bonds	12	(1)
Covalent Bonds	13	(1)
Hydrogen Bonds	14	(2)
Hydrophobic Forces	16	(1)
The Key to Life	16	(5)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	17	(1)
Activation Energy	18	(1)
Catalysis	19	(1)
Enzymes	20	(1)
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions	20	(1)
ISSUES: Risk and New Technology	21	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Review Questions	22	(1)
CHAPTER 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: THE FLOW OF INFORMATION WITHIN CELLS	23	(24)
The Structure of DNA	24	(6)
Building Blocks	24	(1)
The Double-stranded Structure	25	(4)
The Helix	29	(1)
Review of Structure and Function	30	(1)
The Flow of Biological Information	30	(14)
The Language of DNA	31	(1)
Transcription	32	(5)
Translation	37	(5)
Replication of DNA	42	(1)
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells	42	(2)
ISSUES: Who Owns Our Genes?	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
Review Questions	45	(2)
CHAPTER 3 CHROMOSOMES, CELL DIVISION, AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION	47	(21)
The Packaging and Structure of Chromosomes	48	(4)
Cell Division	52	(6)
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle	52	(1)
Mitosis	53	(4)
Cytokinesis	57	(1)
Mitosis in Context	57	(1)
Sexual Reproduction	58	(2)
The Benefits of Genetic Variety	60	(4)
ISSUES: Genetic Differences Between Sexes	64	(2)
ESSAY: Genes, Behavior, and Prejudice	66	(1)
Summary	67	(1)
Review Questions	67	(1)
CHAPTER 4 MENDELIAN GENETICS	68	(18)
The Law of Equal Segregation	69	(8)
Inheritance of Traits	69	(3)
Significance of Statistical Rations	72	(2)
Diagraming Inheritance	74	(2)
Developing a Model	76	(1)
The Law of Independent Assortment	77	(2)
Observing Multiple Traits	77	(1)
Developing a Model	77	(2)
ESSAY: Science Is More than Facts	79	(1)
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics	80	(4)
Incomplete Dominance	80	(2)
Genetic Linkage	82	(2)
ISSUES: Generalizations and Exceptions	84	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Review Questions	85	(1)
CHAPTER 5 MUTATIONS AND GENETIC DISEASE	86	(19)
Gene-level Mutations	87	(5)
Environmental Mutagens	87	(2)
Mutations and the Flow of Information	89	(3)
Chromosome-level Mutations	92	(3)
Deletions	92	(1)
Translocations	92	(1)
Aneuploidy	93	(2)
ESSAY: Can Knowledge of Genetic Makeup Create Stigmas?	95	(1)
Genetic Diseases	95	(8)
Autosomal Recessive Disorders	96	(2)
Autosomal Dominant Disorders	98	(3)
X-linked Diseases	101	(2)
Genetic Predispositions	103	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Review Questions	104	(1)
CHAPTER 6 COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS: POLYGENES, BEHAVIORAL TRAITS, AND EUGENICS	105	(20)
Polygenic Traits	105	(3)
Variability and the Environment	108	(3)
Familial and Heritable Traits	108	(1)
Measuring Heritability: Twin Studies	109	(1)
Behavioral Traits	110	(1)
ESSAY: Genetic Determinism	111	(1)
Eugenics--A Social Movement Based on the Inheritance of Complex Traits	112	(11)
The Origin of "Degeneracy"	114	(2)
Intelligence Testing and Eugenics	116	(5)
Political Effects of Eugenics	121	(1)
Eugenics in Nazi Germany	122	(1)
The Decline of Eugenics	123	(1)
ISSUES: The Balance of Social and Scientific Beliefs	123	(1)
A Final Questions	123	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Review Questions	124	(1)
CHAPTER 7 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL	125	(13)
Regulation of Metabolism	125	(3)
Control of Gene Expression	128	(2)
Cellular Communication	130	(4)
Specificity of Molecular Interactions	130	(2)
Signal Transduction	132	(2)
Disease: The Loss of Biological Control	134	(1)
Biotechnology's Concern: Useful Changes in Control	135	(1)
ISSUES: Ethics in Biotechnology	135	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
Review Questions	136	(2)
CHAPTER 8 GENETIC ENGINEERING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES	138	(32)
Diabetes and the Role of Insulin	138	(2)
ISSUES: Treat the Symptoms or Prevent the Disease?	140	(1)
General Considerations	141	(3)
Biological Reactions Inside and Outside the Cell	141	(1)
Growing Bacteria in the Laboratory	142	(2)
Detecting What Happens to Individual Molecules	144	(1)
The Cloning and Expression of Genes	144	(4)
Obtaining the Insulin Gene	144	(2)
Inserting Genes into Bacterial Cells	146	(2)
ISSUES: Why Do Restriction Enzymes Exist in Nature?	148	(4)
Selecting Cells with the Desired Gene	151	(1)
ISSUES: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria--Evolution in Action	152	(12)
Inducing the Expression of Insulin in Bacterial Cells	158	(4)
Purifying the Product	162	(2)
ISSUES: Safety in Genetic Engineering	164	(2)
Cloning Considerations	166	(2)
Choosing a Cloning Vector	166	(2)
Choosing a Host	168	(1)
Summary	168	(1)
Review Questions	169	(1)
CHAPTER 9 MORE GENETIC ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS OF DNA AND APPLICATIONS	170	(37)
Analysis of DNA Moledules	171	(5)
Gel Electrophoresis	171	(5)
DNA Sequencing	176	(12)
Hybridization	178	(6)
Polymerase Chain Reaction	184	(2)
RFLP Analysis	186	(2)
Applications of Recombinant DNA: Products and Processes	188	(2)
Basic Research	188	(1)
The Human Genome Project	189	(1)
ISSUES: The Value of the Human Genome Project	190	(12)
Medical Applications	190	(3)
Forensics	193	(2)
Environmental Applications	195	(1)
Agricultural Uses of Recombinant DNA	196	(2)
Plants and Bacteria	198	(3)
Insecticides and Herbicides	201	(1)
ISSUES: Genetic Engineering and Evolution	202	(1)
ESSAY: Concerns About the Use of Recombinant DNA	203	(2)
Summary	205	(1)
Review Questions	206	(1)
CHAPTER 10 GENETIC DISEASE AND GENE THERAPY	207	(28)
Genes That Cause Disease	207	(5)
Inheritance of Disease	208	(1)
Finding and Cloning a Human Disease-causing Gene	209	(3)
Genetic Diagnosis	212	(7)
Specificity of Diagnosis	213	(2)
Prenatal Diagnosis	215	(2)
Embryonic Diagnosis	217	(1)
Diagnosis of Adults	218	(1)
ISSUES: To Know or Not to Know?	219	(1)
Genetic Screening	220	(3)
Tay-Sachs Screening	221	(1)
Sickle-cell Anemia Screening	222	(1)
ESSAY: When Should a Screening Program Be Instituted?	223	(1)
Genetic Counseling	224	(1)
Treatment of Genetic Disease	224	(6)
Traditional Treatments	224	(1)
Gene Therapy	224	(6)
Social Implications of Treating Genetic Disease	230	(2)
Regulation and Approval of Gene Therapy Trials	230	(1)
Germ Line Gene Therapy	231	(1)
ESSAY: A Response to Koshland	232	(1)
Summary	233	(1)
Review Questions	233	(2)
CHAPTER 11 IMMUNOLOGY	235	(32)
First Line of Defense	236	(1)
Nonspecific Defenses	236	(5)
Cells That Kill Invading Microorganisms	236	(3)
Antimicrobial Proteins	239	(1)
The Inflammatory Response	240	(1)
The Fever Response	240	(1)
The Immune System	241	(15)
The Immune Response	241	(6)
The Diversity of the Immune System	247	(2)
Self-recognition by the Immune System	249	(5)
Vaccines	254	(2)
The State of Some Infectious Diseases	256	(1)
ESSAY: Vaccines for the Third World	257	(8)
Smallpox	258	(1)
Measles	259	(1)
Polio	260	(1)
Tetanus	261	(1)
Malaria	261	(4)
Summary	265	(1)
Review Questions	265	(2)
CHAPTER 12 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TECHNOLOGY	267	(16)
Producing Antibodies	267	(6)
Polyclonal Antibodies	268	(2)
Monoclonal Antibodies	270	(3)
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies	273	(5)
Medical Diagnosis--ELISA Tests	273	(3)
Treatment of Disease and "Magic Bullets"	276	(2)
ESSAY: Treating Symptoms	278	(3)
Passive Immunization	279	(1)
Detection, Isolation, and Purification of Biomolecules	279	(2)
Summary	281	(1)
Review Questions	281	(2)
CHAPTER 13 AIDS AND HIV	283	(30)
The HIV Virus	284	(7)
HIV Replication Cycle	287	(3)
Why Does HIV Infection Result in AIDS?	290	(1)
HIV and the Immune System	291	(2)
Initial Response to HIV Infection	291	(1)
How HIV Evades the Immune System	291	(2)
Diagnosing HIV Infection	293	(4)
Testing for the Presence of Antibodies Against HIV	293	(2)
Testing for the Presence of HIV Genes: PCR Test	295	(2)
Treating HIV Infection	297	(7)
Efforts to Boost the Immune System	297	(1)
Preventing the Spread of HIV Throughout the Body	297	(7)
ISSUES: Vaccines Against HIV	304	(1)
ESSAY: The Economics of Illness	304	(4)
Animal Models of HIV Infection	305	(1)
Testing New Therapeutic Agents	306	(2)
ESSAY: Should Promising Drugs Be Approved for Use Before Testing Is Complete?	308	(1)
ESSAY: How Safe Should Therapeutic Agents Be?	309	(1)
The Role of Biotechnology in HIV and AIDS Research	310	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Review Questions	311	(2)
CHAPTER 14 CANCER	313	(23)
What Is Cancer?	313	(2)
Common Traits of Tumor Cells	315	(5)
Benign and Malignant Tumors	318	(1)
Tumors and the Immune System	318	(2)
Cancer as a Genetic Disease	320	(5)
Cancer and Viruses	320	(2)
Proto-oncogences and Tumor Induction	322	(1)
Transformation: What Does It Take?	322	(3)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer	325	(7)
Diagnosis	325	(1)
Traditional Treatments and Therapies	326	(2)
New Approaches to Cancer Therapy	328	(4)
ISSUES: The War Against Cancer	332	(1)
Summary	333	(1)
Review Questions	334	(2)
CHAPTER 15 THE BUSINESS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES	336	(17)
The Choice of Product or Service	337	(6)
Ideas and Research	337	(1)
Typical Sequence of Events	338	(3)
Risk and Reward	341	(2)
Patents and the Protection of Ideas	343	(5)
Patenting Life	343	(3)
Other Patents	346	(2)
Biotechnology in the United States: A Status Report	348	(3)
Biotechnology in Health Care	349	(1)
Biotechnology in Agriculture	350	(1)
Biotechnology and the Environment	351	(1)
Summary	351	(1)
Review Questions	352	(1)
CHAPTER 16 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD	353	(19)
Blueprints for Success	354	(1)
The Promises and Potential of Biotechnology	355	(10)
Agriculture	355	(2)
Food Products	357	(2)
Livestock Breeding and Animal Health	359	(4)
Medicine and Public Health	363	(1)
Energy	364	(1)
Bioconversion and Recycling of Materials	364	(1)
Application: Ethanol Production in Brazil and the United States	365	(2)
Application: Malaysia and Palm Oil	367	(3)
Summary	370	(1)
Review Questions	370	(2)
CHAPTER 17 NOW WHAT?	372	(15)
The Technical Aspects of Biotechnology	372	(3)
Summary of Risks	373	(1)
Potential Breakthroughs?	373	(2)
Genetic Information: Potential Uses and Abuses	375	(6)
Inheritance	375	(1)
Causality	376	(1)
Genetic Determinism	376	(1)
Testing and Prediction	377	(2)
Scientific Reductionism	379	(1)
Ownership and Responsibility	380	(1)
Sociology of Science	381	(1)
Biotechnology: Risks and Ethics	382	(3)
Summary	385	(1)
Review Questions	385	(2)
GLOSSARY	387	(16)
INDEX	403