The question of how birds migrate over enormous distances with apparently minimal guidance continues to excite both professional and amateur ornithologists. Nearly ten years have elapsed since Peter Berthold, a leading researcher in the field, wrote the first edition of this highly readableand fascinating book. During that time the field has advanced by strides, so that this new edition has been extensively revised, expanded, and updated. No other book exists that brings together the vast amount of information that is available on the subject of bird migration, so that the book willbe an inspiration to birdwatchers, naturalists, and ornithologists alike.

Introduction

1

(3)

Evolution, genetic basis, and extent of bird migration

4

(7)

History of bird migration studies

11

(3)

Current methods of studying bird migration

14

(21)

Observation of visible migration

14

(2)

Shooting and collecting

16

(1)

Acoustic registration

16

(1)

Radar tracking

16

(3)

Telemetry and satellite tracking

19

(3)

Bird-ringing and other marking methods

22

(2)

Standardized trapping methods

24

(3)

Recording of migratory restlessness; breeding and keeping of test birds

27

(3)

Studies of orientation performance

30

(2)

Laboratory methods and combined procedures

32

(3)

The phenomena of bird migration

35

(51)

Some definitions

35

(1)

Periodic seasonal return migrations

35

(3)

Dispersal, dismigration, and spacing

38

(3)

Irruptions

41

(2)

Nomadic movements

43

(2)

Pursuing movements

45

(2)

Escape movements

47

(2)

Spreading movements

49

(1)

Differential migration

50

(2)

Partial migration and changes in migratory behaviour

52

(3)

Moult migration

55

(1)

Migratory directions: general overview

56

(1)

Broad-front migration

57

(3)

Small-front migration

60

(1)

Funnel-shaped migration, fan-shaped migration

61

(2)

Migration divides

63

(1)

Historically based detours

64

(1)

Directional changes: migration bends, arched migration

65

(1)

Loop migration

66

(1)

Chain and leap-frog migration

67

(1)

Intermittent migration, summer migration

68

(1)

Reverse migration, mild-weather migration, weather-related commuting movements

69

(1)

Diurnal and nocturnal migration

70

(2)

Migration stages

72

(2)

Migration periods, duration of migration

74

(2)

Spatial precision

76

(1)

Temporal precision

77

(1)

Flight altitudes during migration

78

(1)

Resting areas

79

(2)

Locomotion during migration

81

(2)

Risks of migration

83

(1)

General preconditions for migration

84

(2)

Physiological bases and control of bird migration

86

(56)

Adaptive juvenile development

86

(3)

Hyperphagia

89

(1)

Fat deposition

89

(3)

Metabolic adaptations, fat formation, fat utilization

92

(2)

Nutritional adaptations

94

(2)

Changes in body composition during migration

96

(2)

Fat reserves and migratory behaviour, energy expenditure and migratory performance

98

(4)

Thermoregulation and water balance

102

(1)

Strategies to overcome barriers during migration; altitudinal adaptations

103

(3)

The hormonal and neuronal basis of migration

106

(3)

Behavioural adaptations for migration

109

(2)

Initiation of the first autumn migration

111

(3)

Control of period and pattern of migration in inexperienced migrants

114

(5)

Control of migratory stages and speed during the first autumn migration

119

(1)

Termination of the first autumn migration

120

(1)

The resting area: result of migratory behaviour and life-form

121

(2)

Control of homeward migration and later migratory periods

123

(1)

Control of partial migration and differential migratory behaviour

124

(4)

The influence of weather and climate

128

(3)

Direct effects of population density, social status, and resources

131

(2)

The relative role of endogenous programmes and of genetic and environmental factors

133

(3)

Choice of habitat on staging and wintering grounds, competition and competition avoidance

136

(4)

The relationship between migration and other annual processes

140

(2)

Orientation mechanisms

142

(32)

Some definitions

143

(2)

Simple and complicated orientation mechanisms

145

(1)

Pre-programmed goal directions, genetic determination, and the influence of social bonds and imprinting

145

(4)

Compasses

149

(7)

Sun compass

149

(2)

Magnetic compass

151

(2)

Star compass

153

(1)

Further possible reference cues

154

(2)

Sensory basis

156

(2)

Navigation hypotheses

158

(9)

Inertial navigation

159

(1)

Magnetic field navigation

160

(1)

Magnetic field-Coriolis force navigation

160

(1)

Sun navigation

161

(1)

Star navigation

161

(1)

Olfactory navigation

162

(2)

Vector navigation

164

(2)

The map-and-compass concept

166

(1)

Ecological and evolutionary aspects

167

(5)

Development and co-ordination of different orientation mechanisms

172

(2)

Synopsis: course and control of migration of a typical long-distance migrant passerine

174

(6)

Threats and the conservation and future of migrants

180

(14)

General aspects

180

(1)

Examples of the decline of migrant populations

181

(4)

Main threats

185

(4)

Conservation measures

189

(3)

Future prospects for migrants

192

(2)

Evolutionary aspects of bird migration in the future

194

(6)

The significance of bird migration for human society

200

(2)

Outlook

202

(2)

Glossary

204

(3)

Bibliography

207

(31)

Index

238

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