Birth Control in China 1949-2000: Population Policy and Demographic Development

by Scharping,Thomas

• ISBN13: 9780700711543
• ISBN10: 0700711546
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-12-06
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This volume analyzes Chinese fertility policies and population developments since the founding of the People's Republic. The main emphasis is on the highly controversial one-child campaign since its inception in 1979. The study focuses on the evolution of Chinese demographic thinking, programmatic goals and legal norms, on contraceptive measures, administrative and economic aspects of birth.

Table of Contents

List of tables	ix
List of charts	xi
Preface	xiii
Part I Introduction	1	(26)
Levels of understanding	3	(4)
Moral and cultural dimensions	7	(6)
Information and sources	13	(14)
Part II Policy formulation	27	(54)
Motives and goals of Chinese birth control	29	(14)
Leadership perceptions	29	(9)
Defining population targets	38	(5)
Phases of the one-child policy and its forerunners	43	(38)
Stir and hush: the muddle 1949 to 1978	43	(7)
Drums and gongs: the campaign 1979 to 1983	50	(8)
Small holes and big gaps: the relaxation 1984 to 1985	58	(5)
Tit for tat: the controversy 1986 to 1989	63	(11)
Law and order: the administration 1990 to 1999	74	(7)
Part III Bureaucratic implementation	81	(130)
Legal norms and practice in flux	83	(76)
Channels, types and rhythm of birth-control norms	83	(8)
Late marriage, late birth and birth spacing	91	(3)
Procedures for birth permits	94	(2)
Second-child permits	96	(9)
Contraceptive measures	105	(12)
Abortions	117	(8)
Material incentives	125	(11)
Economic and disciplinary sanctions	136	(14)
Special group rules	150	(9)
National minorities	150	(5)
Others	155	(4)
Problems of organization	159	(38)
Institutions	159	(26)
The role of the Party	159	(1)
Birth-planning commissions	160	(5)
Coordination with other government organs	165	(4)
Grass-roots organization	169	(7)
Medical network	176	(5)
Production and supply of contraceptives	181	(3)
Academic bodies and mass organizations	184	(1)
Personnel and remuneration	185	(4)
Budget and financing	189	(8)
Planning and evaluation	197	(14)
The planning process	197	(5)
Statistical controls	202	(5)
Other information systems	207	(4)
Part IV Popular response	211	(26)
Gender roles, family size and sex preferences	213	(11)
Strategies and evidences of non-compliance	224	(13)
Part V Demographic results	237	(68)
Female marriage trends	239	(10)
Marriage rates and marital status	239	(2)
Average age at marriage	241	(3)
Early- and late-marriage rates	244	(5)
Fertility levels	249	(39)
Absolute numbers, birth rates and proportions of birth orders	249	(4)
Age-specific, duration-specific and total fertility rates	253	(8)
Fertility by parity progression and sex of previous children	261	(2)
Birth spacing	263	(2)
Provincial differentials	265	(5)
Urban and rural fertility levels	270	(4)
Fertility by social characteristics	274	(9)
Fertility by ethnic group	283	(5)
Changes in sex and age structure	288	(17)
Sex at birth and in age groups 0--4	288	(10)
Age structure	298	(7)
Part VI Conclusions and future perspectives	305	(38)
Looking back: causal structures and policy impact	307	(11)
Looking forward: demographic projections and their implications	318	(12)
Weighing the options: past experience and new ideas	330	(13)
Epilogue: The population census of November 2000	343	(3)
Notes	346	(26)
Bibliography	372	(24)
Index	396