Boundary Layer Climates

by Oke,T. R.

• ISBN13: 9780415043199
• ISBN10: 0415043190
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1988-01-28
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Explains those climates formed near the ground in terms of the cycling of energy and mass through systems.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xiii
Prefaces	xv
Symbols	xix
Part I Atmospheric systems	1	(76)
Energy and Mass Exchanges	3	(30)
Atmospheric scales	3	(3)
A systems view of energy and mass exchanges and balances	6	(2)
Energy balances	8	(20)
Radiation characteristics	8	(9)
Energy balances of the total Earth-Atmosphere system	17	(3)
Diurnal energy balance at an `ideal' site	20	(7)
Atmospheric motion	27	(1)
Mass balances	28	(5)
Properties of water	28	(1)
Water balance	29	(3)
Other mass balances	32	(1)
Physical Basis of Boundary Layer Climates	33	(44)
Exchanges and climatic response near surfaces	33	(9)
The `active' surface	33	(1)
Exchange in a volume	34	(3)
Exchange in boundary layers	37	(5)
Sub-surface climates	42	(9)
Soil heat flux and soil temperature	42	(6)
Soil water flow and soil moisture	48	(3)
Surface layer climates	51	(20)
Lapse rates and stability	51	(3)
Momentum flux and wind	54	(5)
Sensible heat flux and air temperature	59	(4)
Water vapour and latent heat fluxes and atmospheric humidity	63	(6)
Further remarks on convective exchange	69	(2)
Outer layer climates	71	(6)
Part II Natural atmospheric environments	77	(150)
Climates of Simple Non-Vegetated Surfaces
Sandy desert	81	(3)
Energy and water balances	81	(1)
Climate	82	(2)
Snow and ice	84	(14)
Radiation budget	84	(3)
Energy and water balance	87	(7)
Climate	94	(4)
Water	98	(12)
Radiation budget	98	(4)
Energy balance	102	(4)
Climate	106	(4)
Climates of Vegetated Surfaces	110	(48)
Special features	110	(7)
Energy and water storage in vegetation systems	110	(2)
Photosynthesis and carbon dioxide exchange	112	(1)
Effects of stand architecture	113	(4)
Leaves	117	(7)
Radiation budget	117	(3)
Energy balance	120	(3)
Climate	123	(1)
Plant covers and crops	124	(17)
Mass balances	124	(6)
Radiation budget	130	(4)
Energy balance	134	(4)
Climate	138	(3)
Orchards and forests	141	(13)
Mass balances	142	(1)
Radiation budget	143	(5)
Energy balance	148	(4)
Climate	152	(2)
Comparison of low plant and forest water use	154	(4)
Climates of Non-Uniform Terrain	158	(32)
Effects of spatial inhomogeneity	159	(12)
Advective effects	159	(8)
Thermal circulation systems	167	(4)
Effects of topography	171	(19)
Radiation loading effects	171	(5)
Topographically-generated winds	176	(6)
Topographically-modified winds	182	(8)
Climates of Animals	190	(37)
Special features	190	(8)
Energy and water balances of animals	190	(2)
Thermoregulation	192	(2)
Animal metabolism	194	(2)
Effects of animal size	196	(2)
Climates of poikilotherms	198	(8)
Fish	198	(1)
Amphibians	199	(1)
Reptiles	200	(2)
Insects	202	(4)
Climates of homeotherms	206	(21)
General features	206	(2)
Birds and mammals	208	(10)
Humans	218	(9)
Part III Man-modified atmospheric environments	227	(179)
Intentionally Modified Climates	229	(33)
Surface control	229	(7)
Albedo control	229	(1)
Geometry control	230	(2)
Mulching control	232	(4)
Moisture control	236	(1)
Frost protection	236	(4)
Radiation control	237	(1)
Soil heat control	237	(1)
Latent heat control	238	(1)
Sensible heat control	238	(1)
Direct heating	239	(1)
Fog clearance	240	(2)
Control of warm fog	240	(1)
Control of super-cooled fog	241	(1)
Control of ice fog	242	(1)
Shelter effects	242	(7)
Wind and turbulence effects	242	(3)
Energy and water balances	245	(2)
Climatic effects and applications	247	(2)
Glasshouse climate	249	(3)
Internal building climate	252	(10)
Energy balance of a building	252	(3)
The energy balance and climate of a room	255	(5)
Thermo-regulation provided by buildings	260	(2)
Inadvertent Climate Modification	262	(42)
Non-urban modification	262	(2)
Modification by buildings	264	(8)
Airflow around buildings	264	(6)
Applications	270	(2)
Modification by urban areas	272	(32)
Energy and water balance of a building-air volume	274	(10)
Microclimate of the urban canopy layer (UCL)	284	(13)
Climate of the urban boundary layer (UBL)	297	(5)
Urban effects on cloud and precipitation	302	(2)
Air Pollution in the Boundary Layer	304	(102)
Introduction	304	(2)
Emissions	306	(4)
Atmospheric controls	310	(12)
The effect of stability on dispersion	310	(3)
The effect of wind on diffusion and transport	313	(5)
Processes of pollutant transformation	318	(2)
Processes of pollutant removal	320	(2)
Dispersion in the boundary layer	322	(17)
Individual plume characteristics	322	(8)
Urban and regional pollution	330	(9)
Appendices
A1 Radiation geometry	339	(18)
1 Beam radiation	339	(9)
2 Diffuse radiation	348	(9)
A2 Evaluation of energy and mass fluxes in the surface boundary layer	357	(35)
1 Temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide and wind	358	(8)
2 Radiative fluxes	366	(8)
3 Conductive fluxes and heat storage	374	(1)
4 Convective fluxes	375	(13)
5 Water balance	388	(4)
A3 Temperature-dependent properties	392	(3)
A4 Units, conversions and constants	395	(5)
A5 Glossary of terms	400	(6)
References	406	(11)
Supplementary reading	417	(3)
Author index	420	(3)
Subject index	423