The Brain

by Rocha, Armando Freitas; Massad, Eduardo; Pereira, Alfredo, Jr.

• ISBN13: 9783540218586
• ISBN10: 3540218580
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-10
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The series "Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing" contains publications on various areas within the so-called soft computing which include fuzzy sets, rough sets, neural networks, evolutionary computations, probabilistic and evidential reasoning, multivalued logic, and related fields. The publications within "Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing" are primarily monographs and edited volumes. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important feature of the series is its short publication time and worldwide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(198)
1 Quantification and Calculation in Nature	7	(14)
1.1 Why and How has Arithmetic Cognition Evolved?	7	(2)
1.2 The Numerical Competence of Animals	9	(4)
1.3 The Numerical Competence of Human Infants	13	(3)
1.4 A Brief Account from Neuroscience	16	(2)
1.5 Stand Up and Count (and Get Smarter!)	18	(3)
2 The Cells of the Brain	21	(32)
2.1 Molecular Neurobiology	21	(6)
2.2 Fuzzy Formal Languages	27	(3)
2.3 Ambiguity	30	(6)
2.4 The Hierarchy of Fuzzy Grammars	36	(5)
2.5 Fuzzy Languages, Distributed Processing and Biological Diversity	41	(2)
2.6 Knowledge Adaptation and Evolution	43	(3)
2.7 Self-Controlled Expression	46	(1)
2.8 Speeding up Brain Processing	47	(3)
2.9 The Chemical Talk at the Synapse	50	(2)
2.10 Summary	52	(1)
3 Brain: A Distributed Intelligent Processing System	53	(26)
3.1 Distributed Intelligent Processing Systems	53	(2)
3.2 Distributed Processed Languages	55	(4)
3.3 The Nervous System	59	(1)
3.4 The Brain	60	(4)
3.5 Brain Communication Channels	64	(2)
3.6 The Basics of DIPS Learning	66	(4)
3.7 Evolutionary Learning	70	(7)
3.8 Summary	77	(2)
4 Neural Computational Mechanisms Supporting Cognitive Processes	79	(14)
4.1 Basic Concepts of Quantum Computation	79	(3)
4.2 Cellular Processing	82	(4)
4.3 Current Physical Implementations of Quantum Computers	86	(3)
4.4 The Dendritic Spine as a Quantum Computing Device	89	(4)
5 The Brain and Quantum Computation	93	(24)
5.1 The Dendritic Spine as an Ion Trap Quantum Computing Device	93	(3)
5.2 The Deutch-Josza Algorithm	96	(4)
5.3 The Quantum Cortical Recognition Device	100	(6)
5.3.1 The Model	100	(4)
5.3.2 Learning	104	(1)
5.3.3 Recognizing Faces	105	(1)
5.4 Fuzzy Logic and Conflict in O(G|H1Sb)	106	(3)
5.5 Recurrent Architecture Generates Entanglement Supporting Consciousness	109	(4)
5.6 Superdense Codes	113	(1)
5.7 Quantum Computing and Working Memory	114	(3)
6 Memetics and Cognitive Mathematics	117	(18)
6.1 Memes	117	(2)
6.2 The Formal Meme	119	(1)
6.3 Improving Meme Spread	120	(2)
6.4 Memetic Channels and the Brain	122	(1)
6.5 The Evolution of our Mathematical Competence	123	(3)
6.6 How Memes Spread	126	(5)
6.7 How the Number Meme Spread	131	(1)
6.8 Future Perspectives in the Memetics of Cognitive Mathematics	132	(3)
7 Modeling of Arithmetic Reasoning	135	(18)
7.1 Counting	135	(1)
7.2 A Model for Number Sense	136	(5)
7.2.1 Identifying numerosities	137	(3)
7.2.2 Quantification trajectory control	140	(1)
7.3 The Crisp Numbers	141	(4)
7.5 Doing Arithmetic	145	(4)
7.6 The Evolution of Arithmetic Knowledge	149	(2)
7.7 Representation of Other Abstract Entities	151	(2)
8 Brain Maps of Arithmetic Processes in Children and Adults	153	(26)
8.1 The Study of the Mathematical Brain	153	(2)
8.2 The Technique	155	(7)
8.2.1 Theory	155	(2)
8.2.2 The Methods	157	(5)
8.3 Agent Commitment Experimentally Measured	162	(8)
8.3.1 Males are Faster than Females in Arithmetic Calculations	164	(5)
8.3.2 Size Number Effect	169	(1)
8.4 The Distributed Mathematical Brain	170	(5)
8.5 Building the Distributed Mathematical Brain	175	(2)
8.6 Conclusion	177	(2)
9 Arithmetic Learning Capability in Congenitally Injured Brains	179	(20)
9.1 Dyscalculia	179	(1)
9.2 Damaged Brains	180	(11)
9.3 Neural Plasticity	191	(1)
9.4 Developmental Dyscalculia	192	(5)
9.5 Conclusion	197	(2)
10 Learning Arithmetic: Why So Difficult?	199	(14)
10.1 The Nature of Arithmetic Knowledge	199	(3)
10.2 The Invention of Crisp Numbers	202	(1)
10.3 Learning by Observing	203	(3)
10.4 Arithmetic Meme Diffusion in School	206	(3)
10.5 Evolving Arithmetic Knowledge in the School	209	(4)
References	213	(12)
Index	225