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List of Exhibits and Figures | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Introduction: A Brief Sketch of Brazil and Its Place in the World | p. 1 |
The Birth and Growth of Colonial Brazil | p. 9 |
Portuguese Arrival in the New World | p. 9 |
Factors Leading Up to Cabral's Voyage | p. 11 |
Early Consolidation of the Monarchy | p. 12 |
Social Structure with a Merchant Class | p. 12 |
Long-standing Involvement in Trade Routes | p. 13 |
Too Small to Send Nationals to Settle Abroad | p. 13 |
Securing the Frontiers | p. 14 |
From Trading to Colonizing | p. 15 |
Brazil's Colonial Economy and Its Nexus with Portugal | p. 19 |
The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas | p. 24 |
Conspiracies against the Portuguese | p. 25 |
Peoples and Dramas in the Making of the Colony | p. 29 |
Hunting Indigenous People for Enslavement and the Jesuit Role | p. 29 |
The Portuguese Explorers and Their Expeditions | p. 32 |
The Role of the Mameluco | p. 33 |
The Concept of Race as Applied to Indians in the Colony | p. 35 |
The Place of African Slaves and Free Coloreds | p. 36 |
The Persistence of the African in Brazilian Culture | p. 38 |
From Colony to Independence as a Monarchy | p. 41 |
The Portuguese Court Comes to Brazil | p. 41 |
Creating a New Portuguese America | p. 43 |
Brazilian Hierarchies | p. 46 |
The Tribulations of Brazil's First Emperor | p. 47 |
Uprisings under the Regency | p. 50 |
Recentralization | p. 53 |
The Role of Pedro II | p. 54 |
The Rise of Coffee | p. 56 |
The Emerging Problems with Slavery as an Institution | p. 60 |
The Question of Abolition | p. 62 |
The Paraguayan War | p. 64 |
The Making of "Modern" Brazil | p. 71 |
A New Generation and the Military Question | p. 71 |
Abolition and Its Aftermath: The Brazilian Way | p. 73 |
The End of the Empire | p. 78 |
Selling Brazil | p. 81 |
"Whitening" Brazil | p. 82 |
The Reality behind the Facade | p. 84 |
Coffee Fluctuations, Emerging Industry, and Urban Labor | p. 87 |
The Roots of Industrialization | p. 88 |
Worker Organization and Employers' Strategy | p. 90 |
Evaporation of the Oligarchical Consensus | p. 92 |
A Message from Below | p. 92 |
Economic Strains | p. 93 |
Building to a Dictatorship and World War II | p. 97 |
The Shock of World War I | p. 97 |
The Economy after the War | p. 99 |
Brazil's Uneven Development | p. 101 |
New Currents in the 1920s | p. 102 |
Modernism, Brazilian Style | p. 104 |
Rise of Anti-Liberal Thought | p. 105 |
The Disintegration of the Old Politics | p. 107 |
The Revolution of 1930 | p. 108 |
Swing toward Centralization | p. 110 |
Ideological Polarization | p. 112 |
Getulio Vargas as Dictator | p. 114 |
The Vargas Style | p. 116 |
Corporatist Inroads | p. 117 |
A New Search for National Identity | p. 118 |
Juggling the International Options | p. 120 |
World War II and the Rise of U.S. Influence | p. 121 |
Collapse of the Dictatorship at Home | p. 124 |
Returning to Democracy, for a While | p. 126 |
The 1945 Election and the Dutra Period | p. 126 |
Vargas Returns | p. 128 |
From Oligarch to Populist | p. 129 |
Vargas's Legislative Program Runs into Trouble | p. 131 |
Suicide | p. 133 |
Population Growth, Regional Disequilibria, and Migration | p. 136 |
A New President, Juscelino Kubitschek, Elected | p. 140 |
Political Strategy | p. 141 |
The Economic Development Program | p. 142 |
Dealing with the World Economy | p. 143 |
The Brief Presidency of Janio Quadros | p. 145 |
The Succession of Joao Goulart | p. 147 |
Populists versus the Military | p. 148 |
The Economic Crisis Escalates | p. 149 |
Rule of the Military | p. 153 |
The Generals Search for a Political Base | p. 153 |
Growing Opposition, Growing Repression: 1964-1967 | p. 155 |
Triumph of the Hard Line | p. 156 |
The Arrival of the Guerrillas | p. 158 |
Brazilian Culture and the Generals | p. 159 |
The Effects of Repression | p. 166 |
Military Rule and Questions about Brazilian Political Tradition | p. 168 |
The Economic "Miracle" Wrought by the Authoritarians | p. 169 |
The Benefits and Costs of Foreign Loans | p. 171 |
The Winners and Losers | p. 172 |
The Road to Redemocratization | p. 175 |
Battles within the Officer Corps | p. 175 |
Manipulating the Electoral System | p. 177 |
Redemocratization-New Hope, Old Problems | p. 180 |
An Unintended Succession | p. 180 |
Sarney and the New Democracy | p. 181 |
The Cruzado Plan | p. 183 |
The Debt Crisis and the Economy | p. 185 |
Lost Investment | p. 186 |
The Brain Drain | p. 187 |
Widening Gaps between Rich and Poor | p. 188 |
Education and Health Care | p. 191 |
Housing and Communications | p. 192 |
Public Health: A Success Story | p. 193 |
Changes Affecting Women | p. 194 |
Race Relations | p. 198 |
Contemporary Culture | p. 201 |
The Political Spectrum in the New Democracy | p. 202 |
The Collor Debacle | p. 207 |
The Election | p. 208 |
The Policies | p. 209 |
The End | p. 210 |
Another Vice President in Command | p. 211 |
Back to Stabilization: The Plano Real | p. 212 |
The Presidential Election of 1994 | p. 215 |
The Cardoso Government's First Term | p. 216 |
Going for a Second Term | p. 219 |
Social Justice Delayed | p. 222 |
Selling Off the State | p. 224 |
Brazil in the Shadow of an Argentine Default | p. 225 |
Brazilian Democracy Takes a New Turn: Or Does It? | p. 229 |
Lula Finally Becomes Legitimate | p. 229 |
The Economic Scene | p. 230 |
The 2002 Presidential Campaign | p. 230 |
Lula's First Steps | p. 233 |
The PT in Power | p. 235 |
Exports Take Center Stage as Lula Continues to Govern | p. 237 |
Government Fortunes Further Reverse as the PT Tastes Scandal | p. 240 |
The Last Year of Lula's First Term | p. 243 |
The Economy in 2006 | p. 244 |
Some Hard Lessons for Lula's Socialism | p. 245 |
The Landless Movement | p. 245 |
Riots among the Criminal Population | p. 246 |
Conflict with Bolivia over Natural Gas | p. 247 |
The 2006 Presidential Campaign | p. 248 |
Lula's Second Term and the Outlook Ahead | p. 250 |
Lula's Luck | p. 252 |
What's Next? | p. 254 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 257 |
Index | p. 271 |
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