Breast Cancer : A Practical Guide

by Silva, Orlando E.; Zurrida, Stefano

• ISBN13: 9780444505651
• ISBN10: 0444505652
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

The second edition of this highly popular title has now been fully updated, and includes the latest data presented at the 36th ASCO conference held earlier this year. New chapters are also included on: Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Pre- and Post-Menopausal women, Psychosocial Sequelae of Breast Cancer, Care of the Dying Patient and Issues in Breast Cancer Liability. The same outline format has been retained from the first edition to highlight key concepts and the reader is provided with the references for the most current studies and trials, landmark articles and review publications on many of the topics and subtopics related to breast cancer. Special features of the book are an Appendix which features an extended version of the table of contents with all of the citations referred to in the book embedded in it, a comprehensive alphabetical index where the various names for the conditions are cross referenced and an Appendix featuring the brand names for the chemotherapeutic agents described in the book.

Author Biography

Orlando E Silva M.D. is a medical oncologist practicing in a community-based setting in Miami, Florida and offers his voluntary services to the Fellows of the Oncology Clinic at Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami. Stefano Zurrida obtained his degree in Medicine and Surgery from the University of Cagliari (cum laude) in 1986 and began working at the National Cancer Institute of Milan in 1986, first as an intern then as a research fellow. He obtained his specialization in General Oncology and then General Surgery from the University of Pavia in 1989 and 1994 respectively.

Table of Contents

Benign Breast Disease	1	(10)
Cysts	1	(1)
Fibrocystic changes	2	(1)
Epithelial hyperplasia	2	(1)
Atypical hyperplasia	2	(1)
Adenomas	3	(1)
Fibroadenoma	3	(1)
Mammary duct ectasia	4	(1)
Mammary duct fistula	5	(1)
Papillomas	5	(1)
Puerperal (lactational) Mastitis	6	(1)
Periareolar sepsis	7	(1)
Fat necrosis	8	(1)
Mondor disease	9	(1)
Granular cell tumors	9	(1)
Lipomas	9	(1)
Hamartomas	9	(1)
Sarcoid	10	(1)
BREAST CARCINOMA	11	(76)
History of Breast Cancer	13	(2)
Epidemiology	15	(3)
Risk Factors	18	(17)
Factors that increase risk	18	(3)
Hereditary Breast Cancer	21	(5)
Genetic testing	26	(1)
Current recommendations for high risk patients	27	(2)
Potential risk factors	29	(1)
Factors that decrease risk	30	(3)
Estimating risk factors	33	(2)
Screening	35	(12)
Self examination	38	(1)
Screening Mammography	39	(1)
Diagnostic Mammography	39	(8)
Imaging Studies	47	(4)
Ultrasound	47	(1)
MRI	47	(1)
Bone scan	48	(1)
Sestamibi scan	48	(1)
PET scan	49	(1)
Liver scan	50	(1)
Evaluation of a Palpable Breast Mass and Nipple Discharge	51	(5)
History and physical examination	51	(1)
Needle aspiration	52	(1)
Mammography	53	(1)
Ultrasound	54	(1)
CT/MRI	54	(1)
FNA/Core Needle Biopsy/Open Biopsy	55	(1)
Breast Pathology	56	(10)
Histologic (tissue) grade	56	(1)
Nuclear grade	56	(1)
Mitoses	56	(1)
Multifocality	57	(1)
Multicentricity	57	(1)
Bilaterality	57	(1)
Non-invasive breast cancer	58	(1)
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)	58	(2)
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)	60	(1)
Microinvasive breast cancer	60	(2)
Invasive breast cancer	62	(2)
Paget disease	64	(1)
Inflammatory breast cancer	64	(2)
Staging	66	(5)
TNM system	66	(1)
Clinical staging	67	(2)
Survival	69	(2)
Prognostic Factors	71	(16)
Primary prognostic factors	71	(3)
The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI)	74	(1)
New Prognostic Factors	74	(13)
NON-INVASIVE CANCER	87	(1)
CARCINOMA IN SITU	87	(18)
DCIS	89	(14)
Local excision alone	91	(2)
Multicentricity	93	(1)
Radiation Therapy	93	(4)
Rationale for radiation	97	(6)
LCIS (Lobular Carcinoma In Situ)	103	(2)
Treatment	104	(1)
INVASIVE CANCER	105	(326)
Surgical Treatment	107	(15)
Stage I/II operable breast cancer	107	(1)
Lumpectomy	107	(1)
Quadrantectomy	107	(1)
Mastectomy	107	(15)
Post-Mastectomy Radiotherapy	122	(8)
1987 Meta-analysis	123	(1)
Cause-specific mortalities	123	(1)
Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group (1995 Meta-analysis)	123	(1)
The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial	124	(1)
British Columbia Trial	125	(1)
The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82c Trial	126	(4)
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND)	130	(11)
DCIS	131	(1)
Microinvasive carcinoma	132	(1)
Tla lesions	132	(2)
Complications of axillary LN dissection	134	(1)
Sentinel lymph node localization (lymphatic mapping)	134	(7)
Axillary Lymph Node Irradiation	141	(3)
Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy	144	(16)
Timing of breast reconstruction	144	(1)
Choice of reconstructive technique	145	(13)
Breast reconstruction and oncology	158	(2)
General Facts About Breast Cancer And Chemo-Hormonal Therapy	160	(2)
Primary Chemotherapy	162	(10)
Stage III Disease	172	(7)
Combined systemic approach	174	(3)
Inflammatory breast cancer	177	(1)
Intra-arterial cytotoxic chemotherapy	178	(1)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy In Premenopausal Breast Cancer	179	(32)
Adjuvant chemotherapy	184	(6)
Chemotherapy dose intensity	190	(8)
Sequencing of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy	198	(2)
Timing of adjuvant chemotherapy	200	(1)
Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy	201	(5)
Future, ongoing, and recently closed trials in the adjuvant setting	206	(4)
Side effects of chemotherapy	210	(1)
Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Pre- and Post-Menopausal	211	(12)
Adjuvant tamoxifen in premenopausal	211	(6)
Conclusions of above studies	217	(1)
Long term tamoxifen follow-up	217	(1)
Other adjuvant endocrine therapy	218	(3)
Adjuvant chemohormonal therapy	221	(1)
Adjuvant immunotherapy	222	(1)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy In Postmenopausal Breast Cancer	223	(6)
Side effects of Chemotherapy	225	(1)
Chemotherapy + Tamoxifen	225	(4)
Local Breast Recurrence	229	(11)
Local Breast recurrence after breast conservation therapy (BCT)	229	(6)
Local breast recurrence after mastectomy	235	(1)
Treatment modalities for local recurrence after mastectomy	236	(4)
Charges Related To Breast Cancer Treatment In The US & Europe	240	(2)
Metastatic Breast Cancer	242	(27)
Loco-Regional Disease	245	(3)
Bone Only	248	(6)
Visceral Disease	254	(10)
Visceral Crises	264	(5)
Endocrine Therapy For Metastatic Breast Cancer	269	(20)
Antiestrogens	271	(6)
Selective aromatase inhibitors	277	(7)
Non-selective aromatase inhibitors	284	(1)
Progestational agents	285	(1)
GnRH analogs (Gonadotropin hormone-releasing analogs)	285	(3)
Oophorectomy	288	(1)
Phase III Clinical Trials in Premenopausal	288	(1)
Standard Chemotherapy For Metastatic Breast Cancer	289	(31)
Duration of chemotherapy in the metastatic setting	289	(1)
Factors that predict response to chemotherapy	289	(1)
Chemotherapy regimens	290	(25)
Biologic agents with and without chemotherapy	315	(5)
Side Effects Of Chemotherapy	320	(5)
Investigational Agents	325	(9)
High-Dose Therapy	334	(21)
U.S. Bone Marrow Transplant Regimens	335	(6)
High-Dose Therapy in Europe	341	(3)
Preliminary results of randomized high dose chemotherapy trials in the adjuvant setting	344	(3)
Preliminary results of randomized high dose chemotherapy trials in the metastatic setting	347	(2)
Side Effects of High-Dose Therapy	349	(6)
Psychosocial Sequelae Of Breast Cancer	355	(6)
Prominent affective responses	355	(1)
Specific responses to diagnosis	356	(1)
Specific responses to treatment	357	(1)
Specific responses to end of treatment	358	(1)
Specific responses to recurrence	358	(1)
Psychosocial responses are not universal	359	(1)
End of life issues	360	(1)
Breast Cancer And Depression	361	(8)
Classification of depressive disorders	361	(1)
Diagnosis of depression in cancer patients	362	(7)
Following Breast Cancer patients	369	(4)
Localized disease	369	(1)
Current recommendations for mammography after breast cancer treatment	369	(1)
Metastatic disease	369	(1)
Tumor markers	370	(3)
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) In Breast Cancer Survivors	373	(9)
Menopausal symptoms	375	(7)
Unusual Presentations	382	(5)
Paget disease	382	(1)
Breast cancer and pregnancy	383	(2)
Occult breast cancer presenting as solitary axillary mass	385	(1)
Phyllodes tumor	385	(2)
Male Breast	387	(3)
Sclerosing adenosis	387	(1)
Phyllodes tumor	387	(1)
Male Breast Cancer	387	(3)
Chemoprevention	390	(9)
Tamoxifen chemoprevention trials	390	(1)
Raloxifene chemoprevention trials	390	(7)
Retinoids chemoprevention trials	397	(2)
Care Of The Dying Patient	399	(13)
Palliative Medicine	399	(1)
Hospice care	399	(1)
Symptoms	400	(1)
Communication	401	(1)
Management strategies	401	(8)
Religion	409	(1)
Existential suffering	410	(1)
Family	410	(1)
Bereavement	411	(1)
Issues In Breast Cancer Liability	412	(19)
Introduction	412	(1)
The standard of care	412	(1)
The standard of care for physicians treating breast cancer patients	413	(1)
Defenses to a breast cancer-related claim	414	(2)
Areas of breast cancer liability	416	(1)
Failure to screen individuals for breast cancer	416	(2)
Failure to elicit information	418	(1)
Failures to diagnose breast cancer	419	(2)
Causation in failure to diagnose cases	421	(1)
Damages in failure to diagnose cases	422	(1)
Misreading mammograms	423	(1)
Failure to order biopsies	424	(1)
Negligent performance of needle aspirations	425	(1)
Negligent ordering and performing mastectomies	426	(1)
Negligent post-operative treatment	427	(1)
Issues in breast reconstruction	428	(1)
HMO and insurance company liability	428	(3)
APPENDICES	431	(70)
Appendix I. Expanded Table of Contents with Citations	433	(42)
Appendix II. National Breast Cancer Support Organizations	475	(8)
Appendix III. Breast Cancer Local Support Groups in the US	483	(14)
Appendix IV. Pharmaceuticals: Genric names, Trade names & Manufacturers	497	(4)
Index	501