Better validation of indigenous domestic animal genetic resources is becoming more important with regard to the potential of livestock for poverty alleviation and income generation. To improve indigenous breeds for sustainable income and employment generation, the methods to be employed are the same as developed in systematic breeding programs, be it for cross-breeding or selective breeding within a specific breed. This book systematically introduces the reader to the breed improvement theory and illustrates the theory with practical examples and case studies. The book is addressed to animal science teachers, to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as to decision makers in the state and central livestock departments.

Foreword

iii

Preface

v

About the authors

vii

Acknowledgements

ix

List of tables

xv

List of illustrations

xvii

List of boxes

xix

List of toolbox exercises

xxi

List of annexes

xxiii

Part I Approach to Breeding Programmes for Developing Countries

1

(120)

Trends in Livestock Production

3

(28)

Introduction

4

(1)

Major issues

4

(5)

India's livestock sector

9

(8)

Potential of breed improvement

17

(1)

Limitations to breed improvement

18

(3)

Methods for production improvement

21

(2)

Breed conservation and development

23

(8)

Breeding Programme for Large Ruminants Kept by Small Farmers

31

(16)

Introduction

32

(1)

Breeding policy

33

(6)

Breeding schemes

39

(3)

Breeding plan

42

(5)

Production of Breeding Bulls

47

(18)

Introduction

48

(1)

Import of bulls, semen and embryos

48

(1)

Bull purchase

49

(1)

Transport of animal

49

(1)

Bull production in the breeding area

50

(2)

Bull mother farms

52

(13)

Frozen Semen Production

65

(18)

Breeding bulls

66

(2)

Deep frozen semen production station (DFSPS)

68

(4)

Semen collection

72

(4)

Semen processing

76

(2)

Frozen semen storage

78

(2)

Frozen semen dispatch

80

(1)

Manpower requirement

80

(3)

Management of Artificial Insemination Service

83

(12)

Introduction

84

(1)

Artificial insemination unit

85

(2)

Monitoring and control of artificial insemination units

87

(1)

Regional semen supply station

87

(3)

Liquid nitrogen

90

(5)

Field Performance Recording

95

(16)

Introduction

96

(1)

Animal identification

97

(2)

Recording milk and milk constituents

99

(8)

Organisation of a field performance recording programme

107

(1)

Information management

108

(1)

Conformation recording

109

(2)

Progeny Testing of Bulls

111

(10)

Introduction

112

(1)

Steps involved

113

(3)

Proven bulls

116

(1)

Time taken to get the sire proof

117

(4)

Part II Genetic and Statistics for Practical Work: A `Hands-on Approach'

121

(3)

A. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS

124

(36)

Introduction

125

(1)

Sources of Variation

126

(6)

Qualitative and quantitative characters

126

(1)

Genetic and environmental sources of variation

127

(1)

Heritability

128

(1)

Estimating heritability

129

(1)

Identical twins

130

(1)

Genotype---environment interaction

131

(1)

Selection

132

(12)

Principles of selection

132

(1)

Consequences of selection

133

(1)

Individual selection

133

(3)

Pedigree selection

136

(1)

Family selection

136

(1)

Progeny selection

136

(1)

Factors affecting selection progress

137

(3)

Generation interval

140

(1)

Annual genetic gain

141

(1)

Time factor in selection programme

142

(2)

Breeding Value

144

(6)

Breeding value based on progeny records

144

(1)

Breeding value from individual records

145

(3)

Breeding value based on pedigree information

148

(1)

Breeding value based on half-sibs

149

(1)

Breeding Systems

150

(10)

Inbreeding

150

(4)

Crossbreeding

154

(3)

New breed formation

157

(3)

B. STATISTICS

160

(21)

Population and Sample

162

(4)

General

162

(1)

Describing a sample

163

(3)

Measure of Variability

166

(4)

Introduction

166

(1)

Mean absolute deviation

166

(1)

Mean square deviation (Variance)

167

(1)

Standard deviation

168

(1)

Coefficient of variation

168

(1)

Standard error

169

(1)

Normal Distribution

170

(3)

Hypothesis Testing

173

(5)

The t-test

173

(2)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

175

(1)

The Chi square test

176

(2)

Regression and Correlation

178

(3)

Regression

178

(1)

Correlation

179

(2)

References

181

(5)

Annexes

186

(6)

Manual of Toolbox

192

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