A Brief History Of Chinese And Japanese Civilizations

by SCHIROKAUER/BROWN/LURIE/GAY

• ISBN13: 9780534643072
• ISBN10: 0534643078
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-11
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface. Part I: THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION OF CHINA. 1. Chinese Antiquity. 2. The Age of Philosophers. 3. The First Empire: 221 B.C.-A.D. 220. Part II: CHINA AND JAPAN IN A BUDDHIST AGE. 4. China during the Period of Disunity. 5. The Cosmopolitan Civilization of the Sui and Tang. 6. Early Japan To 794. 7. Heian Japan. Part III: CHINA AND JAPAN: GENTRY AND SAMURAI. 8. China during the Song: 960-1279. 9. The Mongol Empire and The Yuan Dynasty. 10. The Ming Dynasty: 1368-1644. 11. Japan in the Kamakura Period: 1185-1333. 12. The Ashikaga Shogunate and The Period of Unification. 13. East Asia and Modern Europe: First Encounters. Part IV: TRADITIONAL CHINA AND JAPAN: THE LAST PHASE. 14. China under the Manchus. 15. Tokugawa Japan. Part V: CHINA AND JAPAN IN THE MODERN WORLD. 16. The Intrusion of the West: China. 17. The Intrusion of the West: Japan. 18. The Emergence of Modern Japan: 1874-1894. 19. Self-Strengthening In China: 1874-1894. 20. End of the Old Order and Struggle for the New: China. 21. The Limits of Success: Japan, 1895-1931.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiv
About the Authors	xvi
Part One: The Classical Civilization of China	1	(82)
``China'' in Antiquity	2	(22)
The Neolithic Age	3	(4)
The Rise of the Bronze Age	7	(1)
The Shang	7	(1)
The Origins of Chinese Writing	8	(1)
Oracle Bones	9	(4)
Bronze Vessels	13	(1)
Other Bronze Age Civilizations	14	(3)
The Western Zhou Dynasty	17	(3)
The Odes	20	(4)
Turbulent Times and Classical Thought	24	(26)
The Spring and Autumn Period	25	(3)
The Warring States Period	28	(4)
``The Hundred Schools''	32	(1)
Confucius	33	(2)
Mozi	35	(3)
Mencius	38	(2)
Xunzi	40	(2)
Laozi and Zhuangzi	42	(4)
Han Feizi	46	(4)
The Early Imperial Period	50	(33)
The Qin	51	(5)
Sources and Historiographical Problems	51	(3)
Reappraisals	54	(2)
The Han	56	(27)
The Formative Years	56	(2)
The Quality of Han Rule	58	(2)
The Xiongnu and Other Neighboring Peoples	60	(1)
Intellectual Movements	61	(4)
Poetry	65	(2)
Gender	67	(4)
Changes in Political Economy during the Han Period	71	(6)
The Fall of the Han	77	(6)
Part Two: China and Japan in a Buddhist Age	83	(120)
China during the Period of Disunity	84	(22)
The Fundamentals of Buddhism	85	(3)
A World in Disarray	88	(2)
China Divided	90	(1)
The Northern Wei (386--534)	91	(1)
Buddhism in the North	92	(3)
Daoism---The Religion	95	(2)
The South	97	(2)
Poetry	99	(1)
Calligraphy	100	(1)
Painting	101	(2)
Buddhism in the South	103	(1)
China on the Eve of Reunification	104	(2)
The Cosmopolitan Civilization of the Sui and Tang: 581--907	106	(28)
The Sui (581--617)	107	(2)
The Tang: Establishment and Consolidation	109	(3)
Gaozong and Empress Wu	112	(2)
High Tang	114	(1)
City Life in the Capital: Chang'an	115	(3)
The Flourishing of Buddhism	118	(1)
Institutionally	118	(1)
Aesthetically	119	(1)
Intellectually	119	(2)
Pure Land and Chan	121	(1)
The Hungry Ghost Festival	122	(1)
Daoism	123	(1)
The Rebellion of An Lushan (755--763)	123	(1)
Li Bai and Du Fu	124	(3)
Late Tang	127	(1)
Late Tang Poetry and Culture	128	(2)
Collapse of the Dynasty	130	(4)
Early Japan to 794	134	(40)
Prehistory	135	(13)
Geography	135	(3)
Paleolithic Culture	138	(1)
Jomon Culture	138	(3)
Yayoi Culture	141	(2)
Political and Social Developments	143	(1)
The Tomb Period (Mid-Third-Late Sixth Century C.E.)	144	(2)
The Yamato Kings	146	(2)
The Emergence of the Japanese State and Elite Culture	148	(26)
Korean Backgrounds	149	(1)
The Late Tomb Period	150	(2)
The Seventh-Century Transition (the Asuka Period)	152	(4)
Nara as a Center and Symbol	156	(3)
Nara as a Religious Center	159	(2)
Documents and Structures	161	(2)
Literature	163	(3)
The Visual Arts	166	(5)
The End of the Nara Period	171	(3)
Heian Japan	174	(29)
The Fujiwara	176	(1)
The Estates	177	(1)
Government and Administration	178	(2)
The Warriors	180	(1)
Rule by Retired Emperors	181	(1)
Heian Buddhism: Tendai	182	(1)
Esoteric Buddhism: Shingon	183	(1)
Pietism	184	(2)
A World Permeated by Religion	186	(1)
Literature	187	(4)
Life of the Heian Aristocracy	191	(2)
The Visual Arts	193	(5)
Painting	198	(2)
The Phoenix Pavilion	200	(3)
Part Three: A New and Crucial Phase	203	(140)
China during the Song: 960--1279	204	(32)
The Founding	205	(1)
The New Elite	206	(1)
The Examination System	207	(1)
The Northern Song	208	(1)
Government and Politics	209	(3)
Wang Anshi	212	(1)
The Economy	213	(3)
The Religious Scene	216	(3)
The Confucian Revival	219	(1)
Poetry and Painting	219	(4)
The Southern Song (1127--1279)	223	(1)
Southern Song Cities and Commerce	224	(1)
Literary and Visual Arts	225	(2)
``Neo-Confucianism''	227	(3)
Values and Gender	230	(3)
The End	233	(3)
The Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty	236	(22)
Chinggis Khan: Founding of the Mongol Empire	237	(3)
China under the Mongols: The Early Years (1211--1260)	240	(1)
Khubilai Khan and the Early Yuan	241	(2)
The Yuan Continued, 1294--1355	243	(2)
The Economy	245	(1)
Society	246	(1)
Religion	246	(1)
Cultural and Intellectual Life	247	(2)
``Northern'' Drama	249	(3)
Painting	252	(3)
Rebellions and Disintegration	255	(3)
The Ming Dynasty: 1368--1644	258	(28)
The Early Ming (1368-1424)	259	(3)
Maritime Expeditions (1405--1433)	262	(1)
The Early Middle Period (1425-1505)	263	(2)
The Later Middle Period (1506-1590)	265	(3)
Economy and Society	268	(2)
Literacy and Literature	270	(1)
The Novel	271	(1)
Drama	272	(1)
Painting	273	(2)
Ming Thought: Wang Yangming	275	(2)
Religion	277	(1)
Ming Thought after Wang Yangming	278	(1)
Dong Qichang and Late Ming Painting	279	(2)
Late Ming Government (1590--1644)	281	(5)
The Kamakura Period in Japan	286	(22)
Triumph and Fall of the Taira (1156--1185)	287	(1)
Establishment of the Bakufu	288	(2)
Local Governance	290	(1)
The Hojo Regents	291	(1)
The Mongol Invasion and Its Aftermath	292	(2)
The Warrior and His Ideals	294	(1)
Religion: The Pure Land Sect	294	(2)
Nichiren	296	(1)
Zen	297	(1)
Kami Worship	298	(1)
Religious Art	299	(5)
Literature	304	(4)
Muromachi Japan	308	(20)
The Kenmu Restoration (1333--1336)	309	(1)
The Establishment of the Ashikaga Shogunate (1336--1368)	310	(1)
Japanese and Continental Culture	311	(1)
Government and Politics	312	(2)
Yoshimitsu and His Age	314	(1)
The No Drama	315	(2)
Political Decline and Cultural Brilliance	317	(3)
Poetry and Painting	320	(3)
Economic Growth	323	(2)
A Century of Warfare	325	(3)
East Asia and Modern Europe: First Encounters	328	(15)
The Portuguese in East Asia	329	(2)
The Jesuits in Japan	331	(2)
The Impact of Other Europeans	333	(1)
The ``Closing'' of Japan	334	(2)
The Jesuits in China	336	(2)
The Rites Controversy	338	(1)
The Decline of Christianity in China	339	(2)
Trade with the West and the Canton System	341	(2)
Part Four: Last Dynasties	343	(59)
Tokugawa: Background, Establishment, and Middle Years	344	(34)
The Legacy of War	345	(1)
Unification and Consolidation (1573--1651)	346	(7)
Oda Nobunaga	347	(1)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi	348	(1)
The Invasion of Korea	349	(2)
Grand Castles and the Arts	351	(2)
The Tokugawa Political Consolidation (1600--1653)	353	(3)
The Middle Years (1653--1787)	356	(22)
Bakufu-Han Relations	356	(2)
Economic and Social Change	358	(2)
Classes and Values	360	(2)
The Aesthetic Culture of the Aristocracy	362	(1)
Genroku Urban Culture	363	(1)
The Print	364	(1)
Theater and Literature	365	(3)
Intellectual Currents: Confucianism	368	(2)
Historiography and Nativism	370	(1)
Dutch Learning	371	(1)
Reform and Its Limits	372	(1)
Art and Literature after the Genroku Period	373	(5)
The Qing Dynasty	378	(24)
The Founding of the Qing	379	(3)
Early Qing Thinkers and Painters	382	(2)
The Reign of Kangxi	384	(2)
Yongzheng	386	(1)
Qianlong	387	(2)
Eighteenth-Century Governance	389	(1)
Eighteenth-Century Literati Culture	390	(1)
Fiction	391	(3)
A Buoyant Economy	394	(1)
Social Change	395	(3)
Ecology	398	(1)
Dynastic Decline	399	(3)
Part Five: China and Japan in the Modern World	402	(159)
China: The Troubled Nineteenth Century	404	(34)
The Opium War and Taiping Rebellion	405	(14)
The Opium War (1839--1841) and Its Causes	406	(4)
The Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty System	410	(2)
Internal Crisis	412	(1)
The Taiping Rebellion (1850--1864)	413	(2)
Zeng Guofan and the Defeat of the Taiping	415	(2)
China and the World from the Treaty of Nanjing to the End of the Taiping	417	(2)
1870--1894	419	(14)
The Post-Taiping Revival	419	(1)
Self-Strengthening---The First Phase	420	(3)
Self-Strengthening---The Theory	423	(1)
The Empress Dowager and the Government	424	(2)
Education	426	(1)
Economic Self-Strengthening	427	(1)
The Traditional Economic Sector	428	(1)
Missionary Efforts and Christian Influences	429	(2)
Old and New Wine in Old Bottles	431	(2)
Foreign Relations	433	(5)
Continued Pressures	433	(1)
Vietnam and the Sino-French War of 1884--1885	434	(4)
Japan: Endings and Beginnings: From Tokugawa to Meiji, 1787--1873	438	(24)
Late Tokugawa	439	(14)
The Bakufu (1787--1841)	439	(1)
Economy and Society	440	(1)
Reforms	441	(2)
Intellectual Currents	443	(2)
The Opening of Japan	445	(3)
Domestic Politics	448	(1)
Sonno Joi	449	(1)
Mixed Responses to the West	450	(1)
Last Years of the Shogunate (1860--1867)	450	(3)
The Meiji Restoration	453	(9)
Formation of a New Government	453	(1)
The Charter Oath	454	(1)
Dismantling the Old Order	455	(1)
Disaffection and Opposition	456	(1)
The Crisis of 1873	457	(1)
The Meaning of the Restoration	458	(4)
The Emergence of Modern Japan: 1874--1894	462	(24)
Political Developments	464	(1)
Formation of Parties	465	(2)
The Emperor and the Constitution	467	(2)
Western Influences on Values and Ideas	469	(1)
``Civilization and Enlightenment''	469	(2)
Social Darwinism	471	(1)
The Arts	472	(1)
Conservatism and Nationalism	473	(2)
Education	475	(2)
Modernizing the Economy	477	(1)
The Zaibatsu	478	(2)
The Military	480	(1)
Korea and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894--1895	481	(2)
The Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 1895)	483	(3)
China: Endings and Beginnings, 1894--1927	486	(26)
The Last Years of the Last Dynasty	487	(9)
The New Reformers	487	(2)
The Scramble for Concessions	489	(1)
The Boxer Rising	490	(1)
Winds of Change	491	(1)
Stirrings of Protest and Revolution	492	(1)
Eleventh-Hour Reform	493	(2)
The Revolution of 1911	495	(1)
From Yuan Shikai to Chiang Kai-shek	496	(16)
Yuan Shikai	496	(1)
The Warlord Era	497	(1)
Intellectual Ferment	498	(2)
Intellectual Alternatives	500	(1)
Cultural Alternatives	501	(3)
Marxism in China: The Early Years	504	(1)
The GMD and Sun Yat-sen (1913--1923)	505	(1)
GMD and C.C.P. Cooperation (1923--1927)	506	(2)
The Break	508	(1)
Establishment of the Nationalist Government	509	(3)
Imperial Japan: 1895--1931	512	(24)
Late Meiji (1895--1912)	513	(10)
Foreign Policy and Empire Building	513	(3)
Economic and Social Developments	516	(1)
Politics	517	(2)
Literature and the Arts	519	(4)
The Taisho Period (1912--1926) and the 1920s	523	(13)
The Taisho Political Crisis (1912--1913)	523	(1)
Japan during World War I	524	(1)
Politics and Policies (1918--1924)	525	(2)
Party Government (1924--1931)	527	(2)
Popular Culture	529	(1)
Fine Arts	530	(1)
Mingei	531	(1)
Literature	532	(1)
Intellectual Trends	533	(3)
The 1930s and World War II	536	(25)
The Manchurian Incident and Its Consequences	537	(2)
Japanese Politics and the Road to War	539	(2)
China: The Nanjing Decade---An Uneasy Peace	541	(1)
China: The Nanjing Decade---Domestic Policies	542	(2)
The Chinese Communists (1927--1934)	544	(2)
The Long March	546	(2)
United Front and War	548	(1)
Expansion of the War into a Pacific War	549	(2)
The Course of the War	551	(1)
China at War	552	(3)
Japan at War	555	(1)
Colonial East Asia during the War	556	(1)
The End of the War	557	(4)
Part Six: East Asia since World War II	561	(99)
The Aftermath of the War and Unfinished Business	562	(24)
Toward a New Order in China and Japan	563	(13)
China: Civil War and Communist Triumph (1945--1949)	563	(4)
Taiwan	567	(3)
Japan: The Occupation (1945--1952)	570	(1)
Means and Ends	570	(2)
Social Policies	572	(1)
Economic Policy	573	(2)
The End of the Occupation	575	(1)
Unfinished Business: Korea and Vietnam	576	(10)
The Korean War	578	(1)
International Relations after the Korean War	578	(1)
Vietnam	579	(3)
The Vietnam War (1946--1975) and Its Aftermath	582	(4)
China under Mao	586	(24)
Consolidation and Construction Soviet Style, 1949--1958	587	(7)
Government and Politics	587	(2)
Foreign Relations and the Korean War	589	(1)
Economic Policies	590	(2)
Thought Reform and Intellectuals	592	(2)
The Revolution Continued, 1958--1976	594	(16)
The Great Leap Forward	594	(3)
The Sino-Soviet Split	597	(2)
Domestic Politics, 1961--1965	599	(2)
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: The Radical Phase, 1966--1969	601	(2)
The Winding Down, 1969--1976	603	(7)
The Chinese World since Mao	610	(22)
Deng Xiaoping and the Four Modernizations	611	(2)
The Four Cardinal Principles	613	(1)
Intellectual Life and the Arts in the 1980s	614	(2)
Tiananmen	616	(2)
State, Economy, and Society in the 1990s and into the New Century	618	(2)
The Environment	620	(1)
The Revival of Religion	621	(1)
Foreign Relations and Hong Kong	622	(2)
Intellectuals and Artists in the 1990s and into the New Century	624	(3)
Taiwan	627	(5)
The New Japan	632	(28)
The New Japan (1952--1989)	634	(8)
The Economy	634	(3)
Government and Politics	637	(2)
The 1970s and 1980s	639	(3)
Society, Thought, and the Arts	642	(11)
Social Change and Quality of Life	642	(4)
Film	646	(2)
Intellectual Life and Literature	648	(2)
The Visual Arts	650	(3)
From 1989 into the New Century	653	(7)
Afterword	660	(7)
International Tensions	660	(2)
Economic Globalization	662	(1)
Contending Trends	663	(1)
Cultural Globalization	664	(3)
Appendix: Suggestions for Further Study	667	(27)
Photo Credits	694	(2)
Text Credits	696	(2)
Index	698