A Brief Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 4th Edition

by Donald F. Young (Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics); Bruce R. Munson (Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics); Theodore H. Okiishi (Iowa State Univ., Ames); Wade W. Huebsch (West Virginia University,

• ISBN13: 9780470039625
• ISBN10: 0470039620
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Now readers can quickly learn the basic concepts and principles of modern fluid mechanics with this concise book. It clearly presents basic analysis techniques while also addressing practical concerns and applications, such as pipe flow, open-channel flow, flow measurement, and drag and lift. The fourth edition also integrates detailed diagrams, examples and problems throughout the pages in order to emphasize the practical application of the principles.

Author Biography

Donald F. Young, Anson Marston Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Engineering, is a Faculty member in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University. Dr. Young received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering, his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in theoretical and applied mechanics from Iowa State, and has taught both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics for many years. In addition to being named a Distinguished Professor in the College of Engineering, Dr. Young has also received the Standard Oil Foundation Outstanding Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation. He has been engaged in fluid mechanics research for more than 45 years, with special interest in similitude and modeling and the interdisciplinary field of biomedical fluid mechanics. Dr. Young has contributed to many technical publications and is the author or coauthor of two textbooks on applied mechanics. He is a Fellow of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Bruce R. Munson, Professor Emeritus of Engineering Mechanics, has been a faculty member at Iowa State University since 1974. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees fro Purdue University and his Ph.D. degree from the Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Department of the University of Minnesota in 1970.
From 1970 to1974, Dr. Munson was on the mechanical engineering faculty of Duke University. From 1964 to 1966, worked as an engineer in the jet engine fuel control department of Bendix Aerospace Corporation, South Bend Indiana.
Dr. Munson's main professional activity has been in the area of fluid mechanics education and research. He has been responsible for the development of many fluid mechanics courses for studies in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science, and agricultural engineering and is the recipient of an Iowa State University Superior Engineering Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation.

He ha authored and coauthored many theoretical and experimental technical papers on hydrodynamic stability, low Reynolds number flow, secondary flow, and the applications of viscous incompressible flow. He is a member of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, The American Physical Society, and The American Society for Engineering Education.

Theodore H. Okiishi, Associate Dean of Engineering and past Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University has taught fluid mechanics courses there since 1967. He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Iowa State.
From 1965 to 1967, Dr. Okiishi served as a U.S. Army officer with duty assignments at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, where he participated in rocket nozzle heat transfer research, and at the Combined Intelligence Center Saigon, Republic of South Vietnam, where he studied seasonal river flooding problems.
Professor Okiishi is active in research on turbomachinery fluid dynamics. Heand his graduate students and other colleagues have written a number of journal articles based on their studies. Some of these projects have involved significant collaboration with government and industrial laboratory researchers with one technical paper winning the ASME Melville Medal.

Dr. Okiishi has received several awards fo teaching. He has developed undergraduate and graduate courses in classical fluid dynamics as well as the fluid dynamics of turbomachines.
He is a licensed professional engineer. His technical society activities include having been chair of the board of directors of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)International Gas Turbine Institute. He is a fellow member of the ASME and the technical editor of the Journal of Turbomachinery.

Wade W. Huebsch has been a faculty member in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virginia University since 2001. He received his B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from San Jose State University where he played college baseball. He received his M.S. degree in mechanical engineering and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University in 2000.

Dr. Huebsch specializes in computational fluid dynamics research and has authored multiple journal articles in the areas of aircraft icing, roughness-induced flow phenomena, and boundary layer flow control. He has taught both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics and has developed a new undergraduate course in computational fluid dynamics. He has received multiple teaching awards such as Outstanding Teacher and Teacher of the Year from the College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at WVU as well as the Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award from SAE. He was also named as the Young Researcher of the Year from WVU. He is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Sigma Xi research society, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the American Society of Engineering Education.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Some Characteristics of Fluids	p. 2
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units	p. 2
Systems of Units	p. 5
Analysis of Fluid Behavior	p. 7
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight	p. 8
Density	p. 8
Specific Weight	p. 8
Specific Gravity	p. 9
Ideal Gas Law	p. 9
Viscosity	p. 11
Compressibility of Fluids	p. 15
Bulk Modulus	p. 15
Compression and Expansion of Gases	p. 16
Speed of Sound	p. 17
Vapor Pressure	p. 18
Surface Tension	p. 18
Chapter Summary and Study Guide Problems	p. 21
Fluid Statics	p. 28
Pressure at a Point	p. 29
Basic Equation for Pressure Field	p. 30
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest	p. 31
Incompressible Fluid	p. 32
Compressible Fluid	p. 34
Standard Atmosphere	p. 35
Measurement of Pressure	p. 35
Manometry	p. 37
Piezometer Tube	p. 37
U-Tube Manometer	p. 38
Inclined-Tube Manometer	p. 41
Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices	p. 42
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface	p. 43
Pressure Prism	p. 47
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface	p. 49
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability	p. 52
Archimedes' Principle	p. 52
Stability	p. 53
Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion	p. 55
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 55
References	p. 56
Problems	p. 56
Elementary Fluid Dynamics-The Bernoulli Equation	p. 66
Newton's Second Law	p. 67
F = ma Along a Streamline	p. 68
F = ma Normal to a Streamline	p. 71
Physical Interpretation	p. 73
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure	p. 75
Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation	p. 78
Free Jets	p. 78
Confined Flows	p. 79
Flowrate Measurement	p. 85
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line	p. 88
Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation	p. 90
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 91
Problems	p. 92
Fluid Kinematics	p. 101
The Velocity Field	p. 101
Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions	p. 103
One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows	p. 104
Steady and Unsteady Flows	p. 104
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines	p. 105
The Acceleration Field	p. 108
The Material Derivative	p. 108
Unsteady Effects	p. 111
Convective Effects	p. 111
Streamline Coordinates	p. 112
Control Volume and System Representations	p. 113
The Reynolds Transport Theorem	p. 114
Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem	p. 114
Selection of a Control Volume	p. 117
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 118
References	p. 118
Problems	p. 119
Finite Control Volume Analysis	p. 123
Conservation of Mass-The Continuity Equation	p. 123
Derivation of the Continuity Equation	p. 123
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume	p. 125
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume	p. 129
Newton's Second Law-The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations	p. 130
Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation	p. 130
Application of the Linear Momentum Equation	p. 132
Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation	p. 142
Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation	p. 143
First Law of Thermodynamics-The Energy Equation	p. 150
Derivation of the Energy Equation	p. 150
Application of the Energy Equation	p. 153
Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation	p. 155
Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows	p. 160
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 162
Problems	p. 163
Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow	p. 177
Fluid Element Kinematics	p. 178
Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited	p. 178
Linear Motion and Deformation	p. 179
Angular Motion and Deformation	p. 180
Conservation of Mass	p. 184
Differential Form of Continuity Equation	p. 184
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates	p. 186
The Stream Function	p. 187
Conservation of Linear Momentum	p. 190
Description of Forces Acting on Differential Element	p. 191
Equations of Motion	p. 193
Inviscid Flow	p. 194
Euler's Equations of Motion	p. 194
The Bernoulli Equation	p. 195
Irrotational Flow	p. 197
The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow	p. 197
The Velocity Potential	p. 198
Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows	p. 201
Uniform Flow	p. 203
Source and Sink	p. 203
Vortex	p. 205
Doublet	p. 209
Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows	p. 211
Source in a Uniform Stream-Half-Body	p. 211
Flow around a Circular Cylinder	p. 214
Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis	p. 220
Viscous Flow	p. 221
Stress-Deformation Relationships	p. 221
The Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 222
Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids	p. 223
Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates	p. 223
Couette Flow	p. 226
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes	p. 228
Other Aspects of Differential Analysis	p. 230
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 231
References	p. 232
Problems	p. 233
Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling	p. 240
Dimensional Analysis	p. 241
Buckingham Pi Theorem	p. 242
Determination of Pi Terms	p. 243
Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis	p. 248
Selection of Variables	p. 248
Determination of Reference Dimensions	p. 249
Uniqueness of Pi Terms	p. 249
Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection	p. 250
Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics	p. 251
Correlation of Experimental Data	p. 252
Problems with One Pi Term	p. 252
Problems with Two or More Pi Terms	p. 253
Modeling and Similitude	p. 255
Theory of Models	p. 256
Model Scales	p. 259
Distorted Models	p. 260
Some Typical Model Studies	p. 262
Flow through Closed Conduits	p. 262
Flow around Immersed Bodies	p. 264
Flow with a Free Surface	p. 266
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 269
References	p. 270
Problems	p. 270
Viscous Flow in Pipes	p. 278
General Characteristics of Pipe Flow	p. 279
Laminar or Turbulent Flow	p. 279
Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow	p. 281
Fully Developed Laminar Flow	p. 282
From F = ma Applied to a Fluid Element	p. 282
From the Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 286
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow	p. 286
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	p. 287
Turbulent Shear Stress	p. 288
Turbulent Velocity Profile	p. 289
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow	p. 289
Major Losses	p. 290
Minor Losses	p. 294
Noncircular Conduits	p. 301
Pipe Flow Examples	p. 303
Single Pipes	p. 303
Multiple Pipe Systems	p. 310
Pipe Flowrate Measurement	p. 311
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 315
References	p. 317
Problems	p. 317
Flow Over Immersed Bodies	p. 326
General External Flow Characteristics	p. 327
Lift and Drag Concepts	p. 328
Characteristics of Flow Past an Object	p. 330
Boundary Layer Characteristics	p. 333
Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate	p. 333
Prandt1/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution	p. 335
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate	p. 337
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	p. 340
Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow	p. 341
Effects of Pressure Gradient	p. 343
Drag	p. 346
Friction Drag	p. 347
Pressure Drag	p. 347
Drag Coefficient Data and Examples	p. 348
Lift	p. 361
Surface Pressure Distribution	p. 361
Circulation	p. 365
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 367
References	p. 367
Problems	p. 368
Open-Channel Flow	p. 376
General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow	p. 376
Surface Waves	p. 377
Wave Speed	p. 377
Froude Number Effects	p. 379
Energy Considerations	p. 380
Specific Energy	p. 381
Uniform Depth Channel Flow	p. 384
Uniform Flow Approximations	p. 384
The Chezy and Manning Equations	p. 384
Uniform Depth Examples	p. 387
Gradually Varied Flow	p. 392
Rapidly Varied Flow	p. 392
The Hydraulic Jump	p. 393
Sharp-Crested Weirs	p. 397
Broad-Crested Weirs	p. 399
Underflow Gates	p. 402
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 403
References	p. 404
Problems	p. 405
Turbomachines	p. 410
Introduction	p. 410
Basic Energy Considerations	p. 411
Basic Angular Momentum Considerations	p. 415
The Centrifugal Pump	p. 417
Theoretical Considerations	p. 417
Pump Performance Characteristics	p. 421
System Characteristics and Pump Selection	p. 423
Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws	p. 426
Specific Speed	p. 429
Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps	p. 430
Turbines	p. 433
Impulse Turbines	p. 434
Reaction Turbines	p. 440
Compressible Flow Turbomachines	p. 443
Chapter Summary and Study Guide	p. 444
References	p. 445
Problems	p. 446
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flowlab	p. 454
Physical Properties of Fluids	p. 469
Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere	p. 475
Reynolds Transport Theorem	p. 477
General Reynolds Transport Theorem	p. 477
General Control Volume Equations	p. 479
Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors	p. 483
Online Appendix List	p. 487
Video Library
Review Problems
Laboratory Problems
CFD Driven Cavity Example
Flowlab Tutorial and User's Guide
Flowlab Problems
Answers	p. 488
Index	p. 493
Index of Fluids Phenomena Videos	p. 504
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