Mark Whitman, Towson University

Preface to the 2004 Edition

vii

Contents

ix

General Introduction

xv

Part One: Prelude: The Forebears of Brown

1

(36)

I. Charles Sumner: Argument in Roberts v. City of Boston (1849)

3

(4)

II. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): The Bad Seed

7

(11)

1. Brief for Plaintiff-Albion Tourgee

8

(4)

2. Brief for Plaintiff-Samuel F. Phillips

12

(2)

3. Majority Opinion of Justice Henry Brown

14

(1)

4. Justice John Marshall Harlan, Dissenting

15

(3)

III. Brief by Charles H. Houston and Thurgood Marshall: University of Maryland v. Murray (1936)

18

(3)

IV. Gunnar Myrdal: An American Dilemma (1944)

21

(6)

V. The NAACP's Brief: Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

27

(6)

VI. Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)

33

(4)

Part Two: The Trial Level

37

(68)

Introduction

39

(9)

I. The Doll Man and His Critics

48

(11)

1. Testimony of Kenneth Clark-Briggs Trial

49

(3)

2. Edmond Cahn-"Jurisprudence" (1955)

52

(2)

3. Note: "Grade School Segregation: The Latest Attack on Discrimination"-Yale Law Journal (1952)

54

(1)

4. Ernest van den Haag and Ralph Ross-The Fabric of Society (1957)

55

(2)

5. Reply by Kenneth Clark-Prejudice and Your Child (1963)

57

(2)

II. The Social Scientists Speak

59

(14)

1. Louisa Holt-Brown Trial

59

(3)

2. David Krech-Briggs Trial

62

(2)

3. M. Brewster Smith-Davis Trial

64

(3)

4. Wilbur B. Brookover-Brown Trial

67

(2)

5. Isidor Chefin-Davis Trial

69

(1)

6. Hugh W. Speer-Brown Trial

70

(3)

III. Rebuttal in Virginia

73

(13)

1. John Nelson Buck

74

(5)

2. William H. Kelly

79

(1)

3. Henry Garrett

80

(3)

4. Colgate Darden

83

(3)

IV. Mr. Moore's Antics

86

(7)

1. Cross-Examination of Kenneth Clark

87

(3)

2. Cross-Examination of Isidor Chefin

90

(1)

3. Cross-Examßnation of John Julian Brooks

91

(2)

V. The Preliminary Decisions

93

(12)

1. Briggs v. Elliott

94

(4)

2. Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

98

(1)

3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

99

(2)

4. Belton v. Gebhart

101

(4)

Part Three: At the Bar of the Supreme Court: The First Argument

105

(60)

Introduction

107

(12)

I. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

119

(14)

1. Appellants' Brief

120

(5)

2. Appellees' Brief

125

(3)

3. Oral Argument

128

(5)

II. Briggs v. Elliott

133

(16)

1. Appellants' Brief

134

(4)

2. Appellees' Brief

138

(4)

3. Oral Argument

142

(7)

III. Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

149

(9)

1. Appellees' Brief

149

(4)

2. Appellants' Brief

153

(3)

3. Oral Argument

156

(2)

IV. Postscript: Belton v. Gebhart: What Happens When You Win?

158

(3)

1. NAACP Brief

158

(1)

2. Oral Argument-Louis Redding

159

(2)

V. A Friend of the Court: Brief of the American Jewish Congress

161

(4)

Part Four: The Supreme Court: Reargument

165

(112)

Introduction

167

(28)

I. The Controversy Over "whr"

195

(10)

1. "A Random Thought on the Desegregation Cases"

196

(2)

2. Rehnquist's Letter to Senator James O. Eastland, December 8, 1971

198

(2)

3. The Brooke Memorandum

200

(5)

II. A Slight Digression: The Matter of Original Intent

205

(14)

1. Robert Bork-"The Constitution, Economic Rights and Original Intent" (1986)

206

(4)

2. Terrance Sandalow-"Constitutional Interpretation" (1981)

210

(9)

III. Double Perspectives

219

(25)

1. Alfred Kelly-"An Inside View of Brown v. Board of Education" (1961)

219

(8)

2. Alfred Kelly-"The Fourteenth Amendment Reconsidered: The Segregation Question" (1956)

227

(7)

3. Alexander Bickel-Letter to Justice Frankfurter (1953)

234

(2)

4. Alexander Bickel-"The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision" (1955)

236

(6)

5. Endnote-Kelly's Rebuttal to Bickel (1956)

242

(2)

IV. Reargument: The Central Conflict

244

(16)

1. Briggs v. Elliott-Appellees' Brief on Reargument

245

(3)

2. Reargument Brief-Davis v. County School Board

248

(2)

3. Appellants' Brief on Reargument-The Constitutional Issue

250

(5)

4. The Oral Argument

255

(5)

V. Reargument: The Remedy

260

(17)

1. Supplemental Brief for the United States on Re-argument

261

(2)

2. Oral Argument on Behalf of the United States-J. Lee Rankin

263

(4)

3. Appellants' Brief on Reargument-The Remedy

267

(5)

4. Phillip Elman-"The Solicitor General's Office, Justice Frankfurter, and Civil Rights Litigation, 1946-1960: An Oral History" (1987)

272

(5)

Conclusion: The Riddle of Brown

277

(65)

Introduction

279

(13)

I. Countdown to May 17, 1954

292

(18)

1. Memorandum by Justice Robert H. Jackson (March 15, 1954)

292

(8)

2. Felix Frankfurter-Undated Memorandum

300

(1)

3. Phillip Elman-"The Solicitor General's Office, Justice Frankfurter, and Civil Rights Litigation"

301

(4)

4. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

305

(5)

II. The Debate Over Brown

310

(25)

1. Herbert Wechsler-"Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law" (1959)

311

(2)

2. Louis H. Pollak-"Racial Discrimination and Judicial Integrity: A Reply to Professor Wechsler" (1959)

313

(5)

3. John Kaplan-"Segregation Litigation and the Schools," Part II: "The General Northern Problem" (1963)

318

(2)

4. Charles L. Black-"The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions" (1960)

320

(11)

5. Owen M. Fiss-"Racial Imbalance in the Public Schools: The Constitutional Concepts" (1965)

331

(4)

III. Bolling v. Share: The Court's Commentary on Brown?

335

(7)

1. Brief for Petitioners-Bolling v. Sharpe

336

(3)

2. Bolling v. Sharpe (1954)

339

(1)

3. Rejoinder-Owen M. Fiss (1965)

340

(2)

Afterword

342

(3)

List of Detailed Sources

345

(5)

For Further Reading

350

(5)

Acknowledgements

355

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