Building in the 21st Century

by Cooke, Robert

• ISBN13: 9781405156554
• ISBN10: 1405156554
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-10-29
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This new, easy to read textbook provides the fundamentals of building in the 21st century. Full of colour photographs, drawings and details, it has been prepared for students following BTEC / EdEXCEL units of the National Award, Certificate and Diploma in Construction. GCSE and Higher National students should also find it of practical use.The topics of Sustainable Development, Energy and Utilities are considered from a global viewpoint down to regional and local levels. Social and political aspects are considered against an environmental background.The innovative approach concentrates on the fundamentals providing reasons as to "why?", and practical solutions to the problems of measurement, design, and construction. Throughout the book, issues of health and safety have been integrated, emphasising the importance of the subject to everyone in the construction industry.The book opens with the topic of surveying, from the measurement of what exists such as land and buildings, to setting out for the builders, including worked examples of the maths and short work sheets. This is followed by an elemental approach to structures, including construction techniques and site issues.

Author Biography

Robert Cooke is currently a lecturer at Barking College in the School of the Built Environment teaching construction students from GCSE through to BTEC/Edexcel Higher National Certificate. He has over 35 years experience in the construction industry, starting off as an apprenticed shopfitter/carpenter/joiner both on the bench and as a site fixer, and later becoming a setter out in the drawing office. To gain wider experience he became a site carpenter for a local builder in the days when virtually everything was done by hand.

Making a career change he trained as a surveyor and technical representative for a timber preservative and damp-proofing company and then spent many years as a technical and architectural representative for an international glass and glazing company, working mainly in the commercial sector. For almost a decade before teaching full time he changed direction to become a technical and architectural representative for a national Aircrete manufacturer. He has plenty of experience attending site, working on design details with architects, engineers, quantity surveyors and contractors.

After spending many years teaching part time at the College of Technology at Southend-on-Sea, he took up a full time lecturing post at Barking College in the late 1980s. He has a particular interest in environmental and sustainable development issues. Building is not just a career for him it is an obsession according to his wife, Ann. Even when on holiday he is always going off to look at the local building sites.

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Surveying processes

Part A

The role of the surveyor

Land surveying

The survey

Location

Reasons for land surveys

Equipment

Health and safety issues

Land survey methods

Optical method

Lineal method

Measuring irregular edges

Method

Booking

Drawing office procedure

Measuring over sloping distances

Method for using an Abney level

Method of measuring plan length

Part B

Levelling surveys

Levelling equipment

Setting up an optical level

Adjusting for parallax

Taking readings

Flying levels (line levelling

Height of collimation method

HOC method

Booking method

Rise and fall method

Booking method

Which method is better -- HOC or R&F?

Change points

CP method

Booking method

Inverse levels

Method

Booking method

HOC method

R&F method

Invert levels

Health and safety

Levelling instruments

Optical and electronic levels

Other levelling devices

Topographical surveys

Measuring angles

Setting up a theodolite or total station

Measuring vertical angles

Method

Measuring heights using angles

Method

Calculations

Example

Measuring horizontal angles

Method

Whole circle bearings

Method

Drawing office work

Coordinates

Polar coordinates

Rectangular coordinates

Setting out

Setting out a small building

Setting out drainage runs

Traversing

Open traverse

Closed traverse

Building surveying

Part A

Types of building survey

Valuation surveys

Conditions surveys

Dilapidations surveys

Maintenance surveys

Approach to carrying out a conditions survey

Health and safety

Equipment

Conditions survey procedure

Checklist

Roofs

Protrusions

Guttering

Fascias and soffits

Windows

Glazing -- and identifying rot in painted timber

Cracks in masonry

Spandrel panels

Doors, door frames, etc

Ceilings

Elevations

Services and heating systems

Part B

Structural surveys

Equipment

The actual structural survey

Change in moisture content

Lateral support has been removed

Party Wall Act survey

Measured survey

Approach to carrying out a measured survey

The actual measured survey

Foundations

Introduction

Foundation function

Considerations

Foundation types

Spread footings

Strip foundations

Simple raft

Pad

Short bore pile and beam

Foundations on an incline

How to calculate loadings

Example

Roof loading

Wall loading

Floor loading

Natural loadings

Using spreadsheets to calculate loadings

Foundation loading

Foundation design theory

Ground surveys

Trial pit tests

Borehole tests

Desk top surveys

Foundation materials

Concrete mixes

Aggregates

Portland cement

Blastfurnace slag cement

Commercial concrete manufacture

Concrete for foundations

Testing fresh concrete and aggregates

Useful British Standards and Eurocodes

0 Health and safety relating to concrete and cement

Personal protective equipment

1 Problems with foundations

Tree root problems

Chemical attack

2 Soils and substrata

Rock

Gravel and sand

Shifting sand

Plate tectonics

Effects of climate

3 Safe loads in subsoils

Walls and openings

Wall types

Traditional construction

Wall design

Wall functions

Materials used

Designs and stability

Openings

Lintels

Windows

Sound insulation

Thermal insulation

How to calculate U values

Fire insulation

Floors and stairs

Floors

Solid floors

Suspended ground floors

Block and beam

Suspended timber ground floors

Suspended timber upper floors

Detailing for fire resistance

Stairs

Roofs

Roofs

Functions

Materials used

Pitched roofs

Ventilation

Flat roofs

Construction details

Roof terminology

Cut roofs

Trussed roofs (new type

Cold deck flat roofs

Warm deck flat roofs

Inverted flat roofs

Stability

Fire insulation

Construction techniques

Traditional masonry

Cross wall construction

Modern timber frame

Modern panel type

Condensation

Finishing timber frame buildings

Fire precautions

Stick type

Infestation

Historical perspective

Steel frame

Advantages of steel framed structures

Disadvantages of steel framed structures

Skeletal frame cast in-situ reinforced concrete

Fire resistance

Cast in-situ beams

Pouring concrete

Skeletal frame precast reinforced concrete

Assembly

Low rise commercial buildings

Portal frame

Cladding

Stairs

Walling

Masonry wall to column detail

Health and safety issues with cast in-situ concrete

Toughened glass assemblies

Metal and glass curtain walling

Metal cladding

Laminated timber skeletal framed building

Site issues

Site planning

Pre-contract site planning

Post-contract site planning

Health and safety

Site security

Security

Good neighbour policy

Site plant

Temporary water removal

Construction and the environment

Natural environment

Soil

Fresh water

Air

What causes pollution?

What is thought to cause global warming?

Ozone and other greenhouse gases

The Kyotol Protocol

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs

Pollution from fossil fuels

Green belt

Air pollution

Air pollution today

Local air pollution

Regional air pollution

What makes acid rain?

Global air pollution

Environmental audit

Running costs

Waste disposal

End of life

What effect will the project have on the natural environment?

Is timber frame so environmentally friendly?

What is sustainable construction?

Energy

The science of energy

Energy calculations

How is energy converted into electricity?

Wind power

Wave power and sea pressures

Tidal power

Hydroelectric power

Water current power

Solar power

Evacuated tubes

Photovoltaic cells

Geothermal energy

Fossil fuel combustion

Coal

Oil

Natural gas -- including carbon sequestration

Nuclear

Incineration and waste

Biomass as fuel

Hydrogen as fuel

Utilities

Introduction

Water

Why is so much water lost to leakage from the water mains?

Water falls as rain so why should we pay for it?

Desalination plants

Potable water supply

Plumbing -- hot and cold water supply

Gas

Natural gas supply

Electricity

Mains electricity supply

Domestic supply

Sewage

Domestic sewers

Drainage

Telecommunications

Street identification

Index

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