Building on Community Bilingualism

by Freeman, Rebecca D.; Cummins, Jim

• ISBN13: 9780972750707
• ISBN10: 0972750703
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Caslon Inc

Table of Contents

Part I Promoting multilingualism in the United States	1	(86)
Why U.S. schools should promote multilingualism	6	(16)
Promoting heritage and community language development	7	(6)
Changing language needs	13	(3)
The benefits of bilingualism	16	(6)
Developing school language policies that promote bilingualism	22	(18)
Language planning and policy development in the United States	23	(10)
The Heritage Languages Initiative	33	(2)
Language planning and policy development on the local levels	35	(5)
Reviewing the research on language education programs	40	(23)
Bilingual education	41	(9)
English as a second language	50	(4)
World language education	54	(9)
Language planning for educational and social change	63	(24)
Schools as socializing agents	63	(5)
Language planning from the bottom up	68	(13)
Challenging ideologies that do not promote bilingualism	81	(6)
Part II Exploring language ideologies in North Philadelphia	87	(62)
Spanish and English in two students' lives	95	(18)
Claudia's life	96	(9)
Silvia's life	105	(3)
Building on Claudia's and Silvia's strengths	108	(5)
Language and identity in the Puerto Rican community	113	(15)
Exploring El Bloque de Oro	113	(5)
A brief history of the Puerto Rican community in North Philadelphia	118	(3)
Resisting dominant discourses	121	(7)
Understanding language ideologies: A basis for action	128	(21)
Who are the students	129	(3)
How do students use languages in their everyday lives	132	(11)
Contradictions as a basis for action	143	(6)
Part III Translating policies and programs into practice	149	(76)
Promoting academic literacy development in English	156	(23)
The context	157	(6)
Reading and writing our lives	163	(13)
Making connections	176	(3)
Providing initial literacy instruction in Spanish	179	(22)
The context	180	(6)
Learning to read and write in Spanish	186	(13)
The importance of first language literacy instruction	199	(2)
Elevating the status of Spanish and Spanish speakers	201	(24)
The context	202	(2)
Redefining what it means to be a Spanish speaker at school	204	(3)
Negotiating language, negotiating participant role	207	(15)
A need for appropriate policies and programs	222	(3)
Part IV Dual language planning for social change on the local level	225	(124)
Language planning and policy making in the School District of Philadelphia	235	(22)
Complementing top-down initiatives with bottom-up planning	236	(4)
Developing context-responsive language plans for the target schools	240	(10)
Formulating a language policy that promotes bilingualism	250	(4)
Language planning and policy making for educational and social change	254	(3)
Initiating two-way Immersion programs	257	(23)
Decisions, decisions, decisions	257	(12)
Questioning biliteracy development in two-way immersion programs	269	(5)
Two-way immersion programs in North Philadelphia	274	(6)
Addressing the challenges of implementation	280	(17)
Dual language teachers talking	281	(9)
Assessing two-way immersion students, practices, and programs	290	(7)
Promoting community languages at school	297	(28)
Introducing the target populations	298	(4)
Clarifying goals and anticipating outcomes	302	(6)
Planning the language programs and practices	308	(9)
Addressing ideological and practical challenges	317	(8)
Developing enriched language education programs in other contexts	325	(24)
Competing discourses about the education of English language learners	326	(2)
Who are the language planners and how should they work together	328	(1)
Who are the target populations and what are the goals for these populations	329	(5)
How is the school currently addressing students' language education needs	334	(2)
What type of program is appropriate for the school and community	336	(5)
A call for action	341	(8)
Glossary	349	(5)
Resources for language educators	354	(1)
Bibliography	355	(7)
Author Index	362	(1)
Subject Index	363