Building Construction : Principles, Materials, and Systems

by Mehta, Medan; Armpriest, Diane; Scarborough, Walter

• ISBN13: 9780130494214
• ISBN10: 0130494216
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The authors have combined their diverse professional and educational backgrounds to produce a resource that presents the complexity of building construction in an accessible volume. It clearly provides the basics of building science as applied to the art of transforming materials and systems into constructible buildings. The book appropriately addresses each of the primary building assemblies - foundations, walls, floors, ceilings, and roofs - and how they join, seal and integrate with other components. The performance of building enclosures and systems is reviewed in detail, which enhances the reader's understanding of the comprehensive, integrated nature of the building design and construction process. Almost all building materials and systems have been covered in depth. The book is unique among other books on the subject because it is joining efforts of three authors, two of whom are engaged full time in academia, and the third who has an extensive background in the profession.Offers a new approach to construction principles, materials and methods. Divided into two parts to illustrate current and traditional practices of construction:Part I10 chapters deal primarily with the principles of building materials'and building assemblies'performance;Part II25 chapters deal primarily with specific materials and assemblies. This book will serve as an indispensable reference for practitioners of architecture, engineering and construction.

Author Biography

Diane Armpriest is Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture, University of Idaho.

Table of Contents

Principles of Construction
An Overview of the Building Delivery Process-How Building Come into Being	p. 3
Project Delivery Phases	p. 4
Predesign Phase	p. 4
Design Phase	p. 5
CSI MasterFormat and Specifications	p. 9
Preconstruction (Bid Negotiation) Phase	p. 11
Construction Phase	p. 15
Construction Contract Administration	p. 16
Postconstruction (Project Closeout) Phase	p. 18
Alternative Project Delivery Methods	p. 19
Construction Management (CM) Method	p. 19
CM at Risk (CMAR) Method	p. 21
Design-Build (DB) Method	p. 22
Governmental Constraints on Construction	p. 25
Objectives of a Building Code	p. 26
Enforcement of a Building Code	p. 29
Prescriptive and Performance Codes	p. 32
Model Codes	p. 33
Contents of a Building Code	p. 35
Application of a Building Code	p. 36
Construction Standards	p. 40
Other Major Governmental Constraints	p. 42
Zoning Ordinance	p. 43
Building Accessibility-Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)	p. 44
Principles in Practice: Code Allowable Area and Height of Building	p. 46
Loads on Buildings	p. 53
Dead Loads	p. 55
Live Loads	p. 55
Rain Loads	p. 56
Wind Load Basics	p. 57
Factors That Affect Wind Loads	p. 61
Roof Snow Load	p. 63
Earthquake Load	p. 64
Factors That Affect Earthquake Loads	p. 68
Wind versus Earthquake Resistance of Buildings	p. 69
Principles in Practice: Dead Load and Live Load Estimation	p. 71
Load Resistance-The Structural Properties of Materials	p. 79
Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Materials	p. 80
Ductility and Brittleness	p. 83
Yield Strength of Materials	p. 85
Elasticity and Plasticity	p. 86
Modulus of Elasticity	p. 87
Bending Strength of Materials	p. 88
Shear Strength of Materials	p. 92
Bearing Strength of Materials	p. 93
Structural Failures	p. 94
Structural Safety	p. 96
Thermal Properties of Materials	p. 101
Units of Energy	p. 103
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation	p. 104
R-Value of a Building Component	p. 105
R-Value of a Multilayer Component	p. 109
Surface Emissivity	p. 110
U-Value of an Assembly	p. 113
Where and How Much to Insulate	p. 116
Thermal Capacity	p. 120
The Most Effective Face of the Envelope for Instilation	p. 122
Principles in Practice: Insulating Materials	p. 123
Air Leakage and Water Vapor Control	p. 133
Air Leakage Fundamentals	p. 134
Air Retarder	p. 135
Water Vapor in Air	p. 137
Condensation of Water Vapor	p. 140
Control of Condensation	p. 140
Materials Used as Vapor Retarders	p. 141
Location of Vapor Retarder and Ventilation in the Space Beyond the Vapor Retarder	p. 143
Vapor Retarder under a Concrete Slab-on-Ground	p. 144
Principles in Practice: Where Dew Point Occurs in an Assembly	p. 146
Fire-Related Properties	p. 151
Fire Code and Building Code	p. 153
Combustible and Noncombustible Materials	p. 154
Products Given Off in a Building Fire	p. 154
Fire-Rated Assemblies and Compartmentalization of a Building	p. 156
Types of Construction	p. 157
Fire-Stopping of Penetrations and Fire-Sealing of Joints	p. 161
Fire-Test Response Characteristics of Interior Finishes	p. 162
Role of Sprinklers	p. 164
Acoustical Properties of Materials	p. 167
Frequency, Speed, and Wavelength of Sound	p. 168
The Decibel Scale	p. 169
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sounds	p. 169
Airborne Sound Insulation-Sound-Transmission Class	p. 170
Structure-Borne Sound Insulation-Impact Insulation Class	p. 173
Sound Absorption-Noise-Reduction Coefficient	p. 174
Principles of Joints and Sealants (Expansion and Contraction Control)	p. 177
Types of Movement Joints	p. 178
Building Separation Joints and Seismic Joints	p. 179
Movement Joints in Building Components	p. 182
Thermal Movement	p. 184
Moisture Movement	p. 186
Elastic Deformation and Creep	p. 188
Total Joint Dimension	p. 189
Principles of Joint Detailing	p. 190
Components of a Sealed Joint	p. 191
Types and Properties of Joint Sealants	p. 192
Principles of Sustainable Construction	p. 197
Fundamentals of Sustainable Architecture	p. 200
Ecolabeling of Buildings	p. 200
Characteristics of Green Building Products	p. 202
Ecolabeling of Building Products	p. 206
Materials and Systems
Materials for Wood Construction - 1 (Lumber)	p. 211
Introduction	p. 212
Growth Rings and Wood's Microstructure	p. 215
Softwoods and Hardwoods	p. 217
From Logs to Finished Lumber	p. 221
Drying of Lumber	p. 223
Lumber Surfacing	p. 226
Nominal and Actual Dimensions of Lumber	p. 227
Board Foot Measure	p. 227
Softwood Lumber Classification	p. 229
Lumber's Strength and Appearance	p. 229
Lumber Grading	p. 231
Durability of Wood	p. 234
Fungal Decay	p. 234
Termite Control	p. 235
Preservarive-Treated Wood	p. 237
Fire-Retardant-Treated-Wood	p. 239
Principles in Practice: Typical Grade Stamps of Visually Graded Lumber	p. 241
Materials for Wood Construction-II (Manufactured Wood Products, Fasteners, and Connectors)	p. 245
Glulam Members	p. 246
Structural Composite Lumber-LVL and PSL	p. 249
Wood I-Joists	p. 250
Wood Trusses	p. 251
Wood Panels	p. 255
Plywood Panels	p. 255
OSB Panels	p. 257
Specifying Wood Panels-Panel Ratings	p. 259
Fasteners for Connecting Wood Members	p. 261
Sheet Metal Connectors	p. 265
Wood Light Frame Construction-I	p. 269
Evolution of Wood Light Frame Construction	p. 270
Contemporary Wood Light Frame-The Platform Frame	p. 272
Frame Configuration and Spacing of Members	p. 274
Essentials of Wall Framing	p. 275
Framing Around Wall Openings	p. 278
Essentials of Floor Framing	p. 281
Roof Types and Roof Slope	p. 285
Essentials of Roof Framing	p. 287
Vaulted Ceilings	p. 291
Sheathing Applied to a Frame	p. 292
Equalizing Cross-Grain Lumber Dimensions	p. 294
Principles in Practice: Constructing a Two-Story Wood Light Frame Building	p. 296
Principles in Practice: How a WLF Building Resists Loads	p. 303
Wood Light Frame Construction-II	p. 311
Exterior Wall Finishes in a WLF Building	p. 312
Horizontal Sidings	p. 313
Vertical Sidings	p. 317
Finishing the Eaves, Rakes, and Ridge	p. 318
Gypsum Board	p. 320
Installing and Finishing Interior Drywall	p. 323
Fire-Resistance Ratings of WLF Assemblies	p. 326
Structural Insulated Panel System	p. 329
Basics of the Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) System	p. 330
SIP Wall Assemblies	p. 331
SIP Floor Assemblies	p. 334
SIP Roof Assemblies	p. 334
Advantages and Limitations of SIPS	p. 336
The Material Steel and Structural Steel Construction	p. 341
Making of Modern Steel	p. 344
Structural Steel Shapes and Their Designations	p. 346
Steel Joists and Joist Girders	p. 350
Steel Roof and Floor Decks	p. 355
Preliminary Layout of Framing Members	p. 360
Bolts and Welds	p. 362
Connections Between Framing Members	p. 364
Steel Detailing and Fabrication	p. 369
Steel Erection	p. 372
Corrosion Protection of Steel	p. 375
Fire Protection of Steel	p. 376
Principles in Practice: Fundamentals of Skeleton Frame Construction	p. 382
Light-Gauge Steel Construction	p. 397
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Members	p. 399
Light-Gauge Steel Framing in Load-Bearing Applications	p. 400
Advantages and Limitations of Light-Gauge Steel Framing	p. 408
Non-Load-Bearing Light-Gauge Steel Framing	p. 409
Lime, Portland Cement, and Concrete	p. 413
Introduction to Lime	p. 414
Types of Lime Used in Construction	p. 416
Portland Cement	p. 418
Air-Entrained and White Portland Cements	p. 420
Basic Ingredients of Concrete	p. 421
Important Properties of Concrete	p. 425
Making Concrete	p. 428
Placing and Finishing Concrete	p. 429
Portland Cement and Water Reaction	p. 433
Water-Reducing Concrete Admixtures	p. 435
High-Strength Concrete	p. 435
Steel Reinforcement	p. 438
Welded Wire Reinforcement	p. 441
Concrete Construction-I (Formwork, Reinforcement, and Slabs-on-Ground)	p. 445
Versatility of Reinforced Concrete	p. 448
Concrete Formwork and Shores	p. 448
Formwork Removal and Reshoring	p. 454
Architectural Concrete and Form Liners	p. 455
Principles of Reinforcing Concrete	p. 456
Splices, Couplers, and Hooks in Bars	p. 459
Corrosion Protection of Steel Reinforcement	p. 461
Reinforcement and Formwork for Columns	p. 463
Reinforcement and Formwork for Walls	p. 464
Types of Concrete Slabs	p. 468
Ground-Supported Isolated Concrete Slab	p. 468
Ground-Supported Stiffened Concrete Slab	p. 472
Concrete Construction-II (Site-Cast and Precast Concrete Framing Systems)	p. 479
Types of Elevated Concrete Floor Systems	p. 480
Beam-Supported Concrete Floors	p. 480
Beamless Concrete Floors	p. 488
Posttensioned Elevated Concrete Floors	p. 491
Introduction to Precast Concrete	p. 493
Mixed Precast Concrete Construction	p. 494
Fire Resistance of Concrete Members	p. 498
Soils; Foundation and Basement Construction	p. 503
Classification of Soils	p. 504
Soil Sampling and Testing	p. 505
Earthwork and Excavation	p. 507
Supports for Deep Excavations	p. 511
Keeping Excavations Dry	p. 518
Foundation Systems	p. 519
Shallow Foundations	p. 520
Deep Foundations	p. 526
Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations	p. 528
Below-Grade Waterproofing	p. 531
Principles in Practice: Unified Soil Classification	p. 535
Mansonry Materials-I (Mortar and Brick)	p. 541
Masonry Mortar	p. 543
Mortar Materials and Specifications	p. 546
Mortar Joint Thickness and Profiles	p. 550
Manufacture of Bricks	p. 552
Dimensions of Masonry Units	p. 555
Types of Clay Bricks	p. 556
Bond Patterns in Masonry Walls	p. 559
The Importance of the IRA of Bricks	p. 562
The Craft and Art of Brick Masonry Construction	p. 562
Efflorescence in Brick Walls	p. 565
Expansion Control in Brick Walls	p. 565
Masonry Materials-II (Concrete Masonry Units, Natural Stone, and Glass Masonry Units)	p. 569
Concrete Masonry Units-Sizes and Shapes	p. 570
Concrete Masonry Units-Manufacturing and Specifications	p. 576
Construction of a CMU Wall	p. 578
Shrinkage Control in CMU Walls	p. 579
Grout	p. 583
Calcium Silicate Masonry Units	p. 584
Natural Stone	p. 585
From Blocks to Finished Stone	p. 588
Stone Selection	p. 590
Bond Patterns in Stone Masonry Walls	p. 591
Glass Masonry Units	p. 592
Fire Resistance of Masonry Walls	p. 595
Masonry and Concrete Bearing Wall Construction	p. 599
Traditional Masonry Bearing Wall Construction	p. 601
Importance of Vertical Reinforcement in Masonry Walls	p. 604
Bond Beams in a Masonry Bearing Wall Building	p. 605
Wall Layout in a Bearing Wall Building	p. 606
Floor and Roof Decks-Connections to Walls	p. 610
Limitations of Masonry Bearing Wall Construction	p. 613
Bearing Wall and Column-Beam System	p. 616
Reinforced-Concrete Bearing Wall Construction	p. 617
Reinforced Concrete Tilt-Up Wall Construction	p. 619
Connections in a Tilt-Up Wall Building	p. 623
Aesthetics of Tilt-Up Wall Buildings	p. 626
Principles in Practice: The Middle-Third Rule	p. 627
Rainwater Infiltration Control in Exterior Walls	p. 631
Rainwater Infiltration Control-Basic Strategies	p. 632
Bartier Wall Versus Drainage Wall	p. 634
Rain-Screen Exterior Cladding	p. 637
Exterior Wall Cladding-I (Masonry, Precast Concrete, GFRC, and Prefabricated Mansonry)	p. 643
Masonry Veneer Assembly-General Considerations	p. 644
Brick Veneer with a CMU or Concrete Backup Wall	p. 654
Brick Veneer with a Steel Stud Backup Wall	p. 661
CMU Backup Versus Steel Stud Backup	p. 668
Aesthetics of Brick Veneer	p. 669
Precast Concrete (PC) Curtain Wall	p. 670
Connecting the PC Curtain Wall to a Structure	p. 673
Brick and Stone-Faced PC Curtain Wall	p. 675
Detailing a PC Curtain Wall	p. 678
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Curtain Wall	p. 680
Fabrication of GFRC Panels	p. 683
Detailing a GFRC Curtain Wall	p. 685
Prefabricated Brick Curtain Wall	p. 687
Exterior Wall Cladding-II (Stucco, EIFS, Natural Stone, and Insulated Metal Panels)	p. 693
Portland Cement Plaster (Stucco) Basics	p. 694
Stucco on Steel-or Wood-Stud Walls	p. 695
Stucco on Masonry and Concrete Substrates	p. 700
Limitations and Advantages of Stucco	p. 701
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) Basics	p. 702
Application of Polymer-Based EIFS	p. 703
Impact-Resistant and Drainable EIFS	p. 707
Exterior Cladding with Dimension Stone	p. 709
Field Installation of Stone-Standard-Set Method	p. 710
Field Installation of Stone-Vertical Support Channel Method	p. 714
Prefabricated Stone Curtain Walls	p. 717
Thin Stone Cladding	p. 719
Insulated Metal Panels	p. 722
Transparent Materials (Glass and Light-Transmitting Plastics)	p. 727
Manufacture of Flat Glass	p. 730
Types of Heat-Modified Glass	p. 732
Glass and Solar Radiation	p. 736
Types of Tinted and Reflective Glass	p. 737
Glass and Long-Wave Radiation	p. 739
Insulating Glass Unit	p. 740
R-Value (or U-Value) of Glass	p. 742
Glass and Glazing	p. 743
Safety Glass	p. 745
Laminated Glass	p. 746
Structural Performance of Glass	p. 747
Fire-Resistant Glass	p. 747
Plastic Glazing	p. 750
Glass for Special Purposes	p. 750
Criteria for the Selection of Glass	p. 752
Anatomy of a Glazing Pocket	p. 752
Principles in Practice: Important Facts about Radiation	p. 756
Principles in Practice: Condensation-Resistance Factor	p. 757
Windows and Doors	p. 761
Window Styles	p. 763
Window Materials	p. 764
Performance Ratings of Windows	p. 767
Window Installation and Surrounding Details	p. 769
Classification of Doors	p. 773
Door Frames	p. 780
Fire-Rated Doors and Windows	p. 783
Principles in Practice: A Note on Aluminum	p. 786
Glass-Aluminum Wall Systems	p. 791
Glass-Aluminum Curtain Walls	p. 792
Anchorage of a Stick-Built Glass Curtain Wall to a Structure	p. 794
Stick-Built Glass Curtain Wall Details	p. 800
Structural Performance of a Glass Curtain Wall	p. 809
Other Performance Criteria of a Glass Curtain Wall	p. 810
Nontraditional Glass Curtain Walls	p. 812
Other Glass-Aluminum Wall Systems	p. 812
Roofing-I (Low-Slope Roofs)	p. 817
Low-Slope and Steep Roofs Distinguished	p. 818
Low-Slope Roof Fundamentals	p. 819
Built-Up Roof Membrane	p. 820
Modified Bitumen Roof Membrane	p. 825
Single-Ply Roof Membrane	p. 829
Rigid-Board Insulation and Membrane Attachment	p. 832
Insulating Concrete and Membrane Attachment	p. 835
Low-Slope Roof Flashings	p. 837
Base Flashing Details	p. 838
Curb and Flange Flashing Details	p. 840
Protected Membrane Roof	p. 841
Low-Slope-Roof Design Considerations	p. 842
Principles in Practice: Shingling of Built-Up Roof Felts	p. 846
Roofing-II (Step Roofs)	p. 851
Steep-Roof Fundamentals	p. 852
Asphalt Shingles and Roof Underlayment	p. 854
Installation of Asphalt Shingles	p. 856
Valley Treatment in an Asphalt Shingle Roof	p. 859
Ridge and Hip Treatment in an Asphalt Shingle Roof	p. 862
Flashings in an Asphalt Shingle Roof	p. 863
Essentials of Clay and Concrete Roof Tiles	p. 866
Clay and Concrete Tile Roof Details	p. 869
Types of Architectural Metal Roofs	p. 872
Contemporary Architectural Metal Roofs	p. 873
Stairs	p. 879
Stair Fundamentals	p. 881
Wood Stairs	p. 886
Steel Stairs	p. 888
Concrete Stairs	p. 898
Subfloors	p. 904
Selection Criteria for Floor Coverings	p. 905
Ceramic and Stone Tile Flooring	p. 906
Stone Panel Flooring	p. 914
Terrazzo Flooring	p. 916
Carpet and Carpet Tile Flooring	p. 918
Wood Flooring	p. 921
Resilient Flooring	p. 924
Resinous-Flooring	p. 926
Other Floor-Covering Materials	p. 927
Underlayments	p. 927
Resilient Accessories-Wall Base and Moldings	p. 928
Principles in Practice: Showers and Tile	p. 930
Ceilings	p. 933
Selection Criteria for Ceiling Finish Materials	p. 934
No Ceiling Finish-Exposed to Above	p. 936
Ceilings Attached to Building Structure	p. 936
Ceilings Suspended from Building Structure	p. 937
SI System and U.S. System of Units	p. 949
Rules of Grammar in the SI System	p. 950
Length, Thickness, Area, and Volume	p. 951
Fluid Capacity	p. 951
Mass, Force, and Weight	p. 951
Pressure and Stress	p. 951
Unit Weight of Materials	p. 952
Temperature and Energy	p. 952
Conversion from the U.S. System to the SI System	p. 952
Preliminary Sizing of Structural Members	p. 955
Conventional Wood Light Frame (WLF) Buildings	p. 956
Conventional Light-Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) Buildings	p. 958
Structural Steel Frame Buildings	p. 959
Site-Cast Concrete Frame Buildings	p. 960
Precast-Prestressed Concrete Members	p. 962
Load-Bearing Masonry and Concrete Buildings	p. 962
Glossary	p. 963
Index	p. 977
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