Building in Egypt Pharaonic Stone Masonry

by Arnold, Dieter

• ISBN13: 9780195113747
• ISBN10: 0195113748
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-02-20
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This book traces methods of Egyptian stone construction during the pharaonic period, from the construction of the step pyramids at Saqqara to the obelisks of Tuthmosis III to the temples of Rameses II at Thebes. Dr. Arnold covers all aspects of building, including planning, measuring,quarrying and production, transporting heavy monuments, building, digging shafts, repairing damages, and securing tombs. Richly illustrated with photos and field drawings by the author, ancient representations of building activities, and illustrations of tools and objects in museum collections, thisbook offers a frank appraisal of current knowledge of the process of Egyptian stone construction.

Table of Contents

Introduction	3	(4)
Preparations	7	(20)
Plans	7	(3)
Measuring	10	(6)
Measuring Distances	10	(1)
Measuring the Inclination	11	(2)
Leveling	13	(1)
Constructing the Right Angle	14	(1)
Orientation	15	(1)
Construction Lines and Setting Marks	16	(11)
Setting Lines	16	(1)
Leveling Lines	17	(2)
Inclination Lines	19	(1)
Setting Marks for Columns and Pillars	19	(1)
Distance Marks	20	(1)
Positioning Marks	20	(7)
Production of Stone	27	(30)
Quarrying	27	(14)
Soft Stone	27	(9)
Hard Stone	36	(5)
Dressing	41	(16)
Soft Stone	41	(6)
Hard Stone	47	(10)
Transport of Stone	57	(52)
Carrying	57	(1)
Moving Heavy Monuments	58	(8)
Lifting Stones	66	(7)
Lowering Stones	73	(6)
Construction Roads and Ramps	79	(19)
Pyramid Ramps	98	(11)
Linear Ramp	99	(1)
Staircase Ramp	99	(1)
Spiral Ramp	100	(1)
Reversing Ramp on One Side of a Pyramid	100	(1)
Interior Ramps	101	(8)
Building	109	(102)
Foundations	109	(6)
Laying the Blocks	115	(5)
Joints	120	(4)
Connecting Blocks	124	(4)
Corner Constructions	128	(4)
Bosses	132	(9)
Stone Paving	141	(7)
Masonry Classification	148	(16)
By Cross Section for Freestanding Walls	148	(1)
By Cross Section for Non-freestanding Walls	149	(2)
By Surface Appearance	151	(2)
For Pyramid Masonry	153	(11)
Casing	164	(12)
Core Masonry	176	(3)
Construction Gaps	179	(4)
Roofing	183	(28)
Flat Roofs	183	(1)
Corbeled Roofs	184	(7)
Saddle Roofs	191	(9)
True Stone Vaults	200	(11)
Other Building Activities	211	(40)
Digging Shafts and Tunnels	211	(7)
Securing Tombs	218	(13)
Scaffolding	231	(5)
Repairing Damages	236	(7)
Building a Cofferdam	243	(8)
Tools and Their Application	251	(40)
Measuring Tools	251	(6)
Cubit Rods	251	(1)
Measuring Cords	252	(1)
Plumbs	253	(1)
Builders' Squares	253	(1)
Square Levels	253	(3)
Boning Rods	256	(1)
Cutting Tools	257	(11)
Metal Tools	257	(1)
Stone Tools	258	(6)
Mallets	264	(1)
Drilling Tools	265	(1)
Sawing Tools	266	(2)
Moving Implements	268	(23)
Ropes	268	(2)
Levers	270	(1)
Rockers	271	(2)
Rollers	273	(3)
Sledges	276	(4)
Wedges	280	(1)
Wagons	281	(1)
Bearing Stones for Ropes	282	(9)
Appendix: Mortar and Plaster	291	(4)
Mortar	291	(1)
Plaster	292	(3)
Glossary	295	(4)
Chronology of Dynasties and Rulers	299	(4)
Bibliography	303	(10)
Index	313