Building Electro-Optical Systems: Making It all Work, 2nd Edition

by Philip C. D. Hobbs (IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center)

• ISBN13: 9780470466322
• ISBN10: 0470466324
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-07-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Constructing modern electro-optical instruments such as microscopes, cameras, optical inspection equipment, spectrometers, and CD and DVD players is one of the most interdisciplinary activities in engineering. This book fills the gap between physics, electrical engineering, optical engineering, and computer science to demonstrate to a broad audience the "hows" and "whys" of building electro-optical systems with a minimum of trial and error.Written in an engaging and conversational style, this Second Edition has been updated and expanded to reflect the latest advancements that have occurred since publication of the previous edition. Key features of this new edition include:- Expanded coverage of detectors, lasers, photon budgets, signal processing scheme planning, and front ends- A brand new chapter on mechanics and motion- Coverage of basic theory and measurement principles to optical and electronic design, debugging and system integration- Chapter problems that are highly relevant to real-world design- A discussion of low-light level detectorsEach chapter begins with an introduction and an appendix is included at the back of the book pointing readers toward valuable reading to further enhance their knowledge of the presented material. Building Electro-Optical Systems: Making It All Work, Second Edition is essential reading for researchers, scientists, students, and various professionals who work in optical design.

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Basic Optical Calculations

Introduction

Wave Propagation

Calculating Wave Propagation in Real Life

Detection

Coherent Detection

Interferometers

Photon Budgets and Operating Specifications

Signal Processing Strategy

Sources and Illuminators

Introduction

The Spectrum

Radiometry

Continuum Sources

Interlude: Coherence

More Sources

Incoherent Line Sources

Using Low-Coherence Sources: Condensers

Lasers

Gas Lasers

Solid-State Lasers

Diode Lasers

Laser Noise

Diode Laser coherence control

Optical Detection

Introduction

Photodetection in Semiconductors

Signal to Noise Ratios

Detector figures of merit

Quantum detectors

Quantum Detectors with Gain

Thermal Detectors

Image intensifiers

Silicon Array Sensors

How do I know which noise source dominates?

Hacks

Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors

Introduction

Optical Materials

Light Transmission

Surface Quality

Windows

Pathologies of Optical Elements

Fringes

Mirrors

Glass Prisms

Prism Pathologies

Lenses

Complex Lenses

Other Lenslike Devices

Coatings, Filters, and Surface Finishes

Introduction

Metal Mirrors

Transmissive Optical Coatings

Simple Coating Theory

Absorptive Filters

Beam Dumps and Baffles

White Surfaces and Diffusers

Polarization

Introduction

Polarization of Light

Interaction of Polarization with Materials

Absorption polarizers

Brewster Polarizers

Birefringent Polarizers

Double-Refraction Polarizers

TIR Polarizers

Retarders

Polarization Control

Exotic Optical Components

Introduction

Gratings

Grating Pathologies

Types of Gratings

Resolution of Grating Instruments

Fine Points of Gratings

Holographic optical elements

Retroreflective Materials

Scanners

Modulators

Fibre Optics

Introduction

Fibre Characteristics

Fibre Theory

Fibre Types

Other Fibre Properties

Working eith Fibres

Fibre Devices

Diode lasers and fibre optics

Fibre Optic Sensors

Intensity Sensors

Spectrally Encoded Sensors

Polarimetric Sensors

Fibre Interferometers

Two-Beam

Multiple Beam Fibre Interferometers

Phase and Polarization Stabilization

Multiplexing and Smart Structures

Fibre Sensor Hype

Optical Systems

Introduction

What, exactly, does a lens do?

Diffraction

Aberrations

Representing Aberrations

Optical Design Advice

Practical Applications

Illuminators

Optical Measurements

Introduction

Grass on the Empire State Building

Detection Issues: When Exactly Is Background Bad?

Measure the Right Thing

Getting More Signal Photons

Reducing the Background Fluctuations

Optically Zero Background Measurements

Electronically Zero Background Measurements

Labelling Signal Photons

Closure

Designing Electro-Optical Systems

Introduction

Do You Really Want To Do This?

Very Basic Marketing

Classes of Measurement

Technical Taste

Instrument Design

Guiding Principles

Design For Alignment

Turning a Prototype into A Product

Building Optical Systems

Introduction

Build What You Designed

Assembling Lab Systems

Alignment and Testing

Optical Assembly and Alignment Philosophy

Collimating Beams

Focusing

Aligning beams with other beams

Advanced Tweaking

Aligning Laser Systems

Adhesives

Cleaning

Environmental Considerations

Signal Processing

Introduction

Analogue Signal Processing Theory

Modulation and Demodulation

Amplifiers

Departures from Linearity

Noise and Interference

Frequency Conversion

Filtering

Signal Detection

Reducing Interference and noise

Data Acquisition and Control

Electronic Building Blocks

Introduction

Resistors

Capacitors

Transmission Lines

Transmission Line Devices

Diodes and Transistors

Signal Processing Components

Digitizers

Analogue Behaviour of Digital Circuits

Electronic Subsystem Design

Introduction

Design Approaches

Perfection

Feedback Loops

Signal Detectors

Phase Locked Loops

Calibration

Filters

Other Stuff

More Advanced Feedback Techniques

Hints

Linearizing

Digital Control and Communication

Miscellaneous Tricks

Bulletproofing

Electronic Construction Techniques

Introduction

Circuit Strays

Stray Coupling

Ground Plane Construction

Technical Noise and Interference

Product Construction

Getting Ready

Prototyping

Surface Mount Prototypes

Prototyping Filters

Tuning, or, You Can't Optimize What You Can't See

Digital Post-Processing

Introduction

Elementary Post-Processing

Dead Time Correction

Fourier Domain Techniques

Power spectrum estimation

Digital Filtering

Deconvolution

Resampling

Fixing Space-Variant Instrument Functions

Finite Precision Effects

Pulling Data Out of Noise

Phase Recovery Techniques

Front Ends

Introduction

Photodiode Front Ends

Key Idea: Reduce the Swing Across CD

Transimpedance Amplifiers

How to go faster

Advanced Photodiode Front Ends

Other Types of Front End

Hints

Bringing Up The System

Introduction

Avoiding Catastrophe

Debugging and Troubleshooting

Getting Ready

Indispensable Equipment

Analogue Electronic Troubleshooting

Oscillations

Other Common Problems

Debugging and Troubleshooting Optical Subsystems

Localizing the Problem

Good Books

Topic Index

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