C For Dummies

by Gookin, Dan

• ISBN13: 9780764570681
• ISBN10: 0764570684
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-05-07
• Publisher: For Dummies

Summary

while (dead_horse) beat (): If you're like most people, the above seems like nonsense. Actually, it's computer sense-C programming. After digesting C For Dummies, 2 nd Edition, you'll understand it. C programs are fast, concise and versatile. They let you boss your computer around for a change. So turn on your computer, get a free compiler and editor (the book tells you where), pull up a chair, and get going. You won't have to go far (page 13) to find your first program example. You'll do short, totally manageable, hands-on exercises to help you make sense of: All 32 keywords in the C language (that's right-just 32 words) The functions-several dozen of them Terms like printf(), scanf(), gets (), and puts () String variables, numeric variables, and constants Looping and implementation Floating-point values In case those terms are almost as intimidating as the idea of programming, be reassured that C For Dummies was written by Dan Gookin, bestselling author of DOS For Dummies, the book that started the whole library. So instead of using expletives and getting headaches, you'll be using newly acquired skills and getting occasional chuckles as you discover how to: Design and develop programs Add comments (like post-it-notes to yourself) as you go Link code to create executable programs Debug and deploy your programs Use lint, a common tool to examine and optimize your code A helpful, tear-out cheat sheet is a quick reference for comparison symbols, conversion characters, mathematical doodads, C numeric data types, and more. C For Dummies takes the mystery out of programming and gets you into it quickly and painlessly.

Author Biography

Dan Gookin (Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) wrote the first-ever For Dummies book, DOS For Dummies, as well as the bestselling PCs For Dummies and Word For Dummies. He wrote C For Dummies Volumes One and Two. Dan's books have been translated into 32 languages and have more than 11 million copies in print.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
"What Will Understanding C Do for Me?"	1	(1)
About This Here Dummies Approach	2	(1)
How to Work the Examples in This Book	2	(1)
Foolish Assumptions	3	(1)
Icons Used In This Book	3	(1)
What's New with This Edition?	4	(1)
Final Thoughts	4	(3)
Part I: Introduction to C Programming	7	(66)
Chapter 1: Up from the Primordial C	9	(10)
An Extremely Short and Cheap History of the C Language	9	(2)
The C Development Cycle	11	(1)
From Text File to Program	11	(5)
The source code (text file)	12	(1)
Creating the GOODBYE.C source code file	13	(1)
The compiler and the linker	14	(1)
Compiling GOODBYE.C	15	(1)
Running the final result	16	(1)
Save It! Compile and Link It! Run It!	16	(3)
Chapter 2: C of Sorrow, C of Woe	19	(10)
The Required Woes of Editing and Recompiling	19	(3)
Reediting your source code file	20	(1)
Recompiling (or the C equivalent of the "do-over")	21	(1)
Dealing with the Heartbreak of Errors	22	(7)
Yikes! An error! But, before you shoot yourself	22	(1)
The autopsy	23	(1)
Repairing the malodorous program	24	(2)
Now try this errors	26	(3)
Chapter 3: C Straight	29	(10)
The Big Picture	29	(1)
C Language Pieces' Parts	30	(2)
The C Language Itself - the Keywords	32	(2)
Other C Language Components	34	(1)
Pop Quiz!	35	(1)
The Helpful RULES Program	36	(3)
The importance of being /n	36	(1)
Breaking up lines\ is easy to do	37	(2)
Chapter 4: C What I/0	39	(16)
Introduce Yourself to Mr. Computer	39	(2)
Compiling WHORU.C	40	(1)
The reward	41	(1)
More on printf( )	41	(8)
Printing funky text	42	(2)
Escape from printf( )!	44	(2)
The f means "formatted"	46	(1)
A bit of justification	47	(2)
scanf Is Pronounced "Scan-Eff"	49	(6)
Putting scanf together	49	(2)
The miracle of scanf( )	51	(1)
Experimentation time!	52	(3)
Chapter 5: To C or Not to C	55	(10)
Adding Comments	55	(3)
A big, hairy program with comments	56	(2)
Why are comments necessary?	58	(1)
Comment Styles of the Nerdy and Not-Quite-Yet-Nerdy	58	(3)
Bizarr-o comments	59	(1)
C++ comments	60	(1)
Using Comments to Disable	61	(1)
The Perils of "Nested" Comments	62	(3)
Chapter 6: C More I/0 with gets O and puts( )	65	(8)
The More I Want, the More I gets( )	65	(2)
Another completely rude program example	66	(1)
And now, the bad news about gets( )	67	(1)
The Virtues of puts( )	67	(8)
Another silly command-prompt program	68	(1)
puts( ) and gets( ) In action	68	(1)
More insults	69	(1)
puts( ) can print variables	70	(3)
Part II: Run and Scream from Variables and Math	73	(58)
Chapter 7: A + B = C	75	(18)
The Ever-Changing Variable	75	(2)
Strings change	76	(1)
Running the KITTY	77	(1)
Welcome to the Cold World of Numeric Variables	77	(9)
Hello, integer	78	(1)
Using an integer variable in the Methuselah program	79	(1)
Assigning values to numeric variables	80	(1)
Entering numeric values from the keyboard	81	(1)
The atoi( ) function	81	(2)
So how old is this Methuselah guy, anyway?	83	(2)
You and Mr. Wrinkles	85	(1)
A Wee Bit o' Math	86	(7)
Basic mathematical symbols	86	(2)
How much longer do you have to live to break the
Methuselah record?	88	(2)
Bonus modification on the final Methuselah program!	90	(1)
The direct result	91	(2)
Chapter 8: Charting Unknown Cs with Variables	93	(14)
Cussing, Discussing, and Declaring Variables	93	(8)
"Why must I declare a variable?"	94	(1)
Variable names verboten and not	95	(1)
Presetting variable values	96	(2)
The old random-sampler variable program	98	(1)
Maybe you want to chance two pints?	99	(1)
Multiple declarations	100	(1)
Constants and Variables	101	(6)
Dreaming up and defining constants	101	(1)
The handy shortcut	102	(2)
The #define directive	104	(2)
Real, live constant variables	106	(1)
Chapter 9: How to C Numbers	107	(14)
There Are Numbers, and Then There Are Numbers	107	(6)
Numbers In C	108	(2)
Why use integers? Why not just make every number floating-point?	110	(1)
Integer types (short, long, wide, fat, and so on)	110	(1)
Signed or unsigned, or "Would you like a minus sign with that, Sir?"	111	(2)
How to Make a Number Float	113	(5)
"Hey, Carl, let's write a floating-point number program!"	114	(2)
The E notation stuff	116	(2)
Bigger than the Float, It's a Double!	118	(1)
Formatting Your Zeroes and Decimal Places	119	(2)
Chapter 10: Cook That C Variable Charred, Please	121	(10)
The Other Kind of Variable Type, the char	121	(4)
Single-character variables	122	(1)
Char in action	123	(1)
Stuffing characters into character variables	124	(1)
Reading and Writing Single Characters	125	(3)
The getchar( ) function	126	(1)
The putchar( ) function	127	(1)
Character Variables As Values	128	(3)
Part III: Giving Your Programs the Ability to Run Amok	131	(120)
Chapter 11: C More Math and the Sacred Order of Precedence	133	(14)
An All-Too-Brief Review of the Basic C Mathematical Operators	133	(4)
The old "how tall are you" program	135	(1)
Unethical alterations to the old "how tall are you" program	136	(1)
The Delicate Art of Incrementation (Or, "Just Add One to It")	137	(4)
Unhappily incrementing your weight	138	(2)
Bonus program! (One that may even have a purpose in life)	140	(1)
The Sacred Order of Precedence	141	(6)
A problem from the pages of the dentistry final exam	141	(1)
What's up, Sally?	142	(2)
The confounding magic-pellets problem	144	(1)
Using parentheses to mess up the order of precedence	145	(2)
Chapter 12: C the Mighty if Command	147	(18)
If Only	147	(10)
The computer-genie program example	148	(2)
The if keyword, up close and impersonal	150	(4)
A question of formatting the if statement	154	(1)
The final solution to the income-tax problem	155	(2)
If It Isn't True, What Else?	157	(8)
Covering all the possibilities with else	158	(1)
The if format with else	159	(1)
The strange case of else - if and even more decisions	160	(3)
Bonus program! The really, really smart genie	163	(2)
Chapter 13: What If C==C?	165	(10)
The World of if without Values	165	(9)
Which is greater: S or T, $ or -?	166	(2)
The problem with getchar( )	168	(2)
Fixing GREATER.C to easily read standard input	170	(1)
"Can I get getchar( ) to read only one character?"	171	(1)
Meanwhile, back to the GREATER problem	171	(2)
Another, bolder example	173	(1)
Using the if Keyword to Compare Two Strings	174	(1)
Chapter 14: Iffy C Logic	175	(10)
Exposing Flaws In logic	175	(2)
If, And, Or, But	177	(8)
A solution (but not the best one)	177	(1)
A better solution, using logic	178	(2)
The if command's logical friends	180	(3)
A logical AND program for you	183	(2)
Chapter 15: C You Again	185	(16)
For Going Loopy	185	(8)
Repetitive redundancy, I don't mind	187	(1)
For doing things over and over, use the for keyword	188	(2)
Tearing through OUCH.C a step at a time	190	(2)
Having fun whilst counting to 100	192	(1)
I'm Bustin' Outta Here!	193	(8)
At last - the handy ASCII program	193	(2)
Beware of infinite loops!	195	(2)
Breaking out of a loop	197	(1)
The break keyword	198	(3)
Chapter 16: C the Loop, C the Loop++	201	(14)
The Art of Incrementation	201	(3)
Cryptic C operator symbols, Volume I: The inc operator (++)	202	(1)
Another look at the LARDO.C program	203	(1)
The Mysterious Practice of Decrementation	204	(5)
O, to count backward	205	(1)
How counting backward fits into the for loop	206	(1)
Cryptic C operator symbols, Volume II: The dec operator (- -)	207	(1)
A final improvement to OLLYOLLY.C	208	(1)
More Incrementation Madness	209	(6)
Leaping loops!	210	(1)
Counting to 1,000 by fives	211	(1)
Cryptic C operator symbols, Volume III: The madness continues	211	(2)
The answers	213	(2)
Chapter 17: C You in a While Loop	215	(10)
The Lowdown on while Loops	215	(8)
Whiling away the hours	216	(2)
The while keyword (a formal introduction)	218	(1)
Deciding between a while loop and a for loop	219	(1)
Replacing those unsightly for (;;) loops with elegant while loops	220	(2)
C from the inside out	222	(1)
Not to Beat a Dead Horse or Anything	223	(2)
Chapter 18: Do C While You Sleep	225	(14)
The Down-Low on Upside-Down do while Loops	225	(6)
The devil made me do while it!	226	(1)
do-while details	227	(1)
A flaw in the COUNTDWN.C program	228	(1)
The always kosher number-checking do while loop	229	(2)
Nested Loops and Other Bird-Brained Concepts	231	(4)
Adding a tense, dramatic delay to the COUNTDWN.C program	231	(3)
The nitty GRID.C of nested loops	234	(1)
Break the Brave and Continue the Fool	235	(4)
Please continue	236	(1)
The continue keyword	237	(2)
Chapter 19: Switch Case, or, From 'C' to Shining 'c'	239	(12)
The Sneaky switch -case Loops	239	(2)
The switch -case Solution to the LOBBY Program	241	(2)
The Old switch-case Trick	243	(5)
The Special Relationship between while and switch - case	248	(3)
Part IV: C Level	251	(86)
Chapter 20: Writing That First Function	253	(12)
Meet Mr. Function	253	(5)
A silly example you don't have to type	254	(1)
A potentially redundant program in need of a function	255	(1)
The noble jerk( ) function	256	(1)
How the jerk( ) function works in BIGJERK2.C	257	(1)
Prototyping Your Functions	258	(4)
Prototypical prototyping problems	259	(1)
A sneaky way to avoid prototyping problems	260	(2)
The Tao of Functions	262	(3)
The function format	262	(1)
How to name your functions	263	(2)
Chapter 21: Contending with Variables in Functions	265	(10)
Bombs Away with the BOMBER Program!	265	(4)
Will the dual variable BOMBER.C program bomb?	267	(1)
Adding some important tension	267	(2)
How We Can All Share and Love with Global Variables	269	(6)
Making a global variable	270	(1)
An example of a global variable in a real, live program	271	(4)
Chapter 22: Functions That Actually Funct	275	(18)
Marching a Value Off to a Function	275	(5)
How to send a value to a function	276	(1)
An example (and It's about time!)	277	(2)
Avoiding variable confusion (must reading)	279	(1)
Sending More than One Value to a Function	280	(2)
Functions That Return Stuff	282	(7)
Something for your troubles	282	(2)
Finally, the computer tells you how smart it thinks you are	284	(1)
Return to sender with the return keyword	285	(2)
Now you can understand the main( ) function	287	(1)
Give that human a bonus!	288	(1)
No Need to Bother with This C Language Trivia If You're in a Hurry	289	(4)
Chapter 23: The Stuff That Comes First	293	(12)
Please Don't Leave Me Out!	294	(8)
Say! Aren't you the #include construction?	294	(3)
What's up with STDIO.H?	297	(1)
Writing your own dot-H file	298	(2)
A final warning about header files	300	(2)
What the #defines Are Up To	302	(1)
Avoiding the Topic of Macros	303	(2)
Chapter 24: The printf( ) Chapter	305	(8)
A Quick Review of printf( )	305	(1)
The Old Displaying-Text-with-printf( ) Routine	306	(1)
The printf( ) Escape Sequences	306	(4)
The printf( ) escape-sequence testing program deluxe	307	(1)
Putting PRINTFUN to the test	308	(2)
The Complex printf( ) Format	310	(1)
The printf( ) Conversion Characters	311	(2)
Chapter 25: Math Madness!	313	(12)
More on Math	313	(6)
Taking your math problems to a higher power	314	(1)
Putting pow( ) into use	315	(2)
Rooting out the root	317	(2)
Strange Math? You Got It!	319	(1)
Something Really Odd to End Your Day	320	(5)
The perils of using a++	320	(2)
Oh, and the same thing applies to a - -	322	(1)
Reflections on the strange ++a phenomenon	322	(3)
Chapter 26: The Old Random-Number Function	325	(12)
On Being Random	325	(8)
Using the rand( ) function	326	(2)
Planting a random-number seed	328	(1)
Randoming up the RANDOM program	329	(2)
Streamlining the randomizer	331	(2)
The Diabolical Dr. Modulus	333	(2)
Rolling the Dice with the Final RANDOM Program	335	(2)
Part V: Part of Tens	337	(22)
Chapter 27: Ten More Things You Need to Know about the C Language	339	(8)
Arrays	339	(1)
Strings	340	(1)
Structures	341	(2)
Pointers	343	(1)
Linked Lists	343	(1)
Binary Operators	344	(1)
Interacting with the Command Line	345	(1)
Disk Access	345	(1)
Interacting with the Operating System	345	(1)
Building Big Programs	346	(1)
Chapter 28: Ten Tips for the Budding Programmer	347	(6)
Use the Command-Line History	347	(1)
Keep Your Editor Open in Another Window	348	(1)
Use a Context-Colored Text Editor	348	(1)
Know the Line-Number Commands in Your Editor	349	(1)
Keep a Command Prompt Window Open If You're Using the IDF	350	(1)
Know a Few Handy Command-Prompt Commands	350	(1)
Carefully Name Your Variables	351	(1)
Know Your Post- and Pre-Incrementing and Decrementing Riddles	351	(1)
Breaking Out of a Loop	352	(1)
Chapter 29: Ten Ways to Solve Your Own Programming Problems	353	(6)
Work on One Thing at a Time	354	(1)
Break Up Your Code	354	(1)
Simplify	355	(1)
Talk through the Program	355	(1)
Set Breakpoints	356	(1)
Monitor Your Variables	356	(1)
Document Your Work	356	(1)
Use Debugging Tools	357	(1)
Use a C Optimizer	357	(1)
Read More Books!	358	(1)
Appendix A: The Stuff You Need to Know before You Read All the Other Stuff in This Book	359	(12)
Setting Things Up	359	(4)
The C language compiler	360	(1)
The place to put your stuff	361	(2)
Making Programs	363	(8)
Finding your learn directory or folder	363	(1)
Running an editor	364	(1)
Compiling and linking	365	(6)
Appendix 5: ASCII Table	371	(6)
Index	377