C How to Program

by Deitel, Harvey M.; Deitel, Paul J.

• ISBN13: 9780130895721
• ISBN10: 0130895725
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-16
• Publisher: PEARSO

Summary

This is the long-awaited, thorough revision to the world's best-selling introductory C book! Harvey and Paul Deitel have thoroughly updated the book to reflect the latest techniques and ANSI C enhancements, to add detailed introductions to C++, Java, and object-oriented programming, and more. The book's powerful "teach by example" approach is based on more than 10,000 lines of live code, thoroughly explained and illustrated with screen captures showing detailed output. World-renowned corporate trainers and best-selling authors Harvey and Paul Deitel offer the most comprehensive, practical introduction to C ever published -- with hundreds of hands-on exercises, more than 250 complete programs written and documented for easy learning, and exceptional insight into good programming practices, maximizing performance, avoiding errors, debugging, and testing. New features include thorough introductions to C++, Java, and object-oriented programming that build directly on the C skills taught in this book; coverage of graphical user interface development and C library functions; and many new, substantial hands-on projects. For anyone who wants to learn C, improve their existing C skills, and understand how C serves as the foundation for C++, Java, and object-oriented development.

Author Biography

DR. HARVEY M. DEITEL CEO of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has 39 years experience in the computing field including extensive industry and academic experience. He is one of the world's leading computer science instructors and seminar presenters. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from Boston University. He worked on the pioneering virtual memory operating systems projects at IBM and MIT that developed techniques widely implemented today in systems like UNIX®, Windows NT™, OS/2 and Linux. He has 20 years of college teaching experience including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc. with Paul J. Deitel. He is author or co-author of dozens of books and multimedia packages and is currently writing many more. With translations published in Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Elementary Chinese, Advanced Chinese, Korean, French, Portuguese, Polish and Italian the Deitels' texts have earned international recognition.

PAUL J. DEITEL, Executive Vice President of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan School of Management where he studied Information Technology. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc. he has delivered Java, C, C++, Internet and World Wide Web courses for industry clients including Compaq, Sun Microsystems, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Computervision, Stratus, Fidelity, Cambridge Technology Partners, Open Environment Corporation, Once Wave, Hyperion Software, Lucent Technologies, Adra Systems, Entergy, CableData Systems, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storm Laboratory, IBM and many other organizations. He has lectured on C++ and Java for the Boston Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery, and has taught satellite-based Java courses through a cooperative venture of Deitel & Associates, Inc., Prentice Hall and the Technology Education Network. He and his father, Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, are two of the world's best-selling Computer Science authors.

The Deitels are co-authors of the best-selling introductory college computer-science programming language textbooks, C++ How to Program: Third Edition, Java How to Program: Third Edition, Visual Basic 6 How to Program (co-authored with Tem R. Nieto) and Internet and World Wide Web How to Program (co-authored with Tem R. Nieto). The Deitels are also co-authors of the C++ Multimedia Cyber Classroom: Third Edition (the first edition of this was Prentice Hall's first multimedia-based textbook), the Java 2 Multimedia Cyber Classroom: Third Edition, the Visual Basic 6 Multimedia Cyber Classroom and the Internet and World Wide Web programming Multimedia Cyber Classroom. The Deitels are also co-authors of The Complete C++ Training Course: Third Edition, The Complete Visual Basic 6 Training Course, The Complete Java 2 Training Course: Third Edition and The Complete Internet and World Wide Web Programming Training Course—these products each contain the corresponding How to Program Series textbook and the corresponding Multimedia Cyber Classroom.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxx
Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web	1	(25)
Introduction	2	(2)
What Is a Computer?	4	(1)
Computer Organization	4	(1)
Evolution of Operating Systems	5	(1)
Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing	6	(1)
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-level Languages	7	(1)
The History of C	8	(1)
The C Standard Library	9	(1)
The Key Software Trend: Object Technology	10	(1)
C++ and C++ How to Program	11	(1)
Java and Java How to Program	12	(1)
Other High-level Languages	13	(1)
Structured Programming	13	(1)
The Basics of a typical C Program Development Environment	14	(2)
Hardware Trends	16	(1)
History of the Internet	17	(1)
History of the World Wide Web	18	(1)
General Notes About C and this Book	19	(7)
Introduction to C Programming	26	(30)
Introduction	27	(1)
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text	27	(4)
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers	31	(4)
Memory Concepts	35	(2)
Arithmetic in C	37	(3)
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators	40	(16)
Structured Program Development in C	56	(44)
Introduction	57	(1)
Algorithms	57	(1)
Pseudocode	58	(1)
Control Structures	58	(2)
The if Selection Structure	60	(2)
The if/else Selection Structure	62	(4)
The while Repetition Structure	66	(1)
Formulating Algorithms: Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition)	67	(2)
Formulating Algorithms with Top-down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition)	69	(6)
Formulating Algorithms with Top-down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures)	75	(2)
Assignment Operators	77	(3)
Increment and Decrement Operators	80	(20)
C Program Control	100	(42)
Introduction	101	(1)
The Essentials of Repetition	101	(1)
Counter-Controlled Repetition	102	(2)
The for Repetition Structure	104	(2)
The for Structure: Notes and Observations	106	(1)
Examples Using the for Structure	107	(4)
The switch Multiple-Selection Structure	111	(5)
The do/while Repetition Structure	116	(2)
The break and continue Statements	118	(2)
Logical Operators	120	(2)
Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators	122	(2)
Structured Programming Summary	124	(18)
C Functions	142	(54)
Introduction	143	(1)
Program Modules in C	143	(2)
Math Library Functions	145	(1)
Functions	146	(1)
Function Definitions	147	(4)
Function Prototypes	151	(2)
Header Files	153	(1)
Calling Functions: Call by Value and Call by Reference	154	(1)
Random Number Generation	155	(4)
Example: A Game of Chance	159	(3)
Storage Classes	162	(2)
Scope Rules	164	(3)
Recursion	167	(3)
Example Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series	170	(4)
Recursion vs. Iteration	174	(22)
C Arrays	196	(53)
Introduction	197	(1)
Arrays	197	(2)
Declaring Arrays	199	(1)
Examples Using Arrays	199	(12)
Passing Arrays to Functions	211	(5)
Sorting Arrays	216	(2)
Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays	218	(3)
Searching Arrays	221	(5)
Multiple-Subscripted Arrays	226	(23)
C Pointers	249	(57)
Introduction	250	(1)
Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization	250	(1)
Pointer Operators	251	(3)
Calling Functions by Reference	254	(4)
Using the const Qualifier with Pointers	258	(6)
Bubble Sort Using Call by Reference	264	(5)
Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic	269	(3)
The Relationship between Pointers and Arrays	272	(4)
Arrays of Pointers	276	(1)
Case Study: A Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation	277	(4)
Pointers to Functions	281	(25)
C Characters and Strings	306	(46)
Introduction	307	(1)
Fundamentals of Strings and Characters	307	(2)
Character Handling Library	309	(5)
String Conversion Functions	314	(5)
Standard Input/Output Library Functions	319	(4)
String Manipulation Functions of the String Handling Library	323	(2)
Comparison Functions of the String Handling Library	325	(3)
Search Functions of the String Handling Library	328	(5)
Memory Functions of the String Handling Library	333	(4)
Other Functions of the String Handling Library	337	(15)
C Formatted Input/Output	352	(28)
Introduction	353	(1)
Streams	353	(1)
Formatting Output with printf	354	(1)
Printing Integers	354	(2)
Printing Floating-Point Numbers	356	(1)
Printing Strings and Characters	357	(1)
Other Conversion Specifiers	358	(2)
Printing with Field Widths and Precisions	360	(2)
Using Flags in the printf Format-Control String	362	(3)
Printing Literals and Escape Sequences	365	(1)
Formatting Input with scanf	366	(14)
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations	380	(35)
Introduction	381	(1)
Structure Definitions	381	(3)
Initializing Structures	384	(1)
Accessing Members of Structures	384	(2)
Using Structures with Functions	386	(1)
typedef	386	(1)
Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation	387	(2)
Unions	389	(3)
Bitwise Operators	392	(8)
Bit Fields	400	(3)
Enumeration Constants	403	(12)
C File Processing	415	(35)
Introduction	416	(1)
The Data Hierarchy	416	(2)
Files and Streams	418	(1)
Creating a Sequential-Access File	419	(5)
Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File	424	(5)
Random-Access Files	429	(1)
Creating a Randomly Accessed File	429	(2)
Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File	431	(2)
Reading Data Randomly from a Randomly Accessed File	433	(2)
Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program	435	(15)
C Data Structures	450	(52)
Introduction	451	(1)
Self-Referential Structures	452	(1)
Dynamic Memory Allocation	452	(2)
Linked Lists	454	(7)
Stacks	461	(6)
Queues	467	(6)
Trees	473	(29)
C Preprocessor	502	(12)
Introduction	503	(1)
The #include Preprocessor Directive	503	(1)
The #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants	504	(1)
The #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros	504	(2)
Conditional Compilation	506	(1)
The #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives	507	(1)
The # and ## Operators	507	(1)
Line Numbers	508	(1)
Predefined Symbolic Constants	508	(1)
Assertions	509	(5)
Advanced C Topics	514	(22)
Introduction	515	(1)
Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX and DOS Systems	515	(1)
Variable-Length Argument Lists	516	(2)
Using Command-Line Arguments	518	(2)
Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs	520	(1)
Program Termination with exit and atexit	521	(2)
The volatile Type Qualifier	523	(1)
Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants	523	(1)
More on Files	523	(3)
Signal Handling	526	(2)
Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc	528	(1)
The Unconditional Branch: goto	529	(7)
C++ as a ``Better C''	536	(27)
Introduction	537	(1)
C++	537	(1)
A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers	538	(2)
C++ Standard Library	540	(1)
Header Files	541	(2)
Inline Functions	543	(2)
References and Reference Parameters	545	(4)
Default Arguments and Empty Parameter Lists	549	(2)
Unary Scope Resolution Operator	551	(3)
Function Overloading	554	(1)
Function Templates	555	(8)
C++ Classes and Data Abstraction	563	(47)
Introduction	564	(1)
Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class	565	(7)
Class Scope and Accessing Class Members	572	(1)
Separating Interface from Implementation	573	(4)
Controlling Access to Members	577	(3)
Access Functions and Utility Functions	580	(3)
Initializing Class Objects: Constructors	583	(1)
Using Default Arguments with Constructors	584	(4)
Using Destructors	588	(1)
When Constructors and Destructors Are Called	588	(3)
Using Data Members and Member Functions	591	(5)
A Subtle Trap: Returning a Reference to a private Data Member	596	(2)
Assignment by Default Memberwise Copy	598	(2)
Software Reusability	600	(10)
C++ Classes: Part II	610	(40)
Introduction	611	(1)
const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions	611	(9)
Composition: Objects as Members of Classes	620	(5)
friend Functions and friend Classes	625	(3)
Using the this Pointer	628	(5)
Dynamic Memory Allocation with Operators new and delete	633	(2)
static Class Members	635	(5)
Data Abstraction and Information Hiding	640	(3)
Example: Array Abstract Data Type	641	(1)
Example: String Abstract Data Type	642	(1)
Example: Queue Abstract Data Type	642	(1)
Container Classes and Iterators	643	(7)
C++ Operator Overloading	650	(32)
Introduction	651	(1)
Fundamentals of Operator Overloading	652	(1)
Restrictions on Operator Overloading	653	(2)
Operator Functions as Class Members vs. as friend Functions	655	(1)
Overloading Stream-Insertion and Stream-Extraction Operators	656	(3)
Overloading Unary Operators	659	(1)
Overloading Binary Operators	659	(1)
Case Study: An Array Class	660	(12)
Converting between Types	672	(1)
Overloading ++ and --	673	(9)
C++ Inheritance	682	(38)
Introduction	683	(2)
Inheritance: Base Classes and Derived Classes	685	(2)
Protected Members	687	(1)
Casting Base-Class Pointers to Derived-Class Pointers	687	(6)
Using Member Functions	693	(1)
Overriding Base-Class Members in a Derived Class	693	(5)
Public, Protected and Private Inheritance	698	(1)
Direct Base Classes and Indirect Base Classes	699	(1)
Using Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes	699	(4)
Implicit Derived-Class Object to Base-Class Object Conversion	703	(1)
Software Engineering with Inheritance	704	(1)
Composition vs. Inheritance	705	(1)
``Uses A'' and ``Knows A'' Relationships	706	(1)
Case Study: Point, Circle, Cylinder	706	(14)
C++ Virtual Functions and Polymorphism	720	(23)
Introduction	721	(1)
Type Fields and switch Statements	721	(1)
Virtual Functions	722	(1)
Abstract Base Classes and Concrete Classes	723	(1)
Polymorphism	723	(2)
New Classes and Dynamic Binding	725	(1)
Virtual Destructors	726	(1)
Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation	726	(9)
Polymorphism, virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding ``Under the Hood''	735	(8)
C++ Stream Input/Output	743	(45)
Introduction	745	(1)
Streams	745	(3)
Iostream Library Header Files	746	(1)
Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects	746	(2)
Stream Output	748	(4)
Stream-Insertion Operator	748	(2)
Cascading Stream-Insertion/Extraction Operators	750	(1)
Output of char * Variables	751	(1)
Character Output with Member Function put; Cascading puts	752	(1)
Stream Input	752	(6)
Stream-Extraction Operator	752	(3)
get and getline Member Functions	755	(3)
istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore	758	(1)
Type-Safe I/O	758	(1)
Unformatted I/O with read, gcount and write	758	(1)
Stream Manipulators	759	(5)
Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase	759	(1)
Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision)	760	(2)
Field Width (setw, width)	762	(1)
User-Defined Manipulators	763	(1)
Stream Format States	764	(10)
Format State Flags	764	(1)
Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (ios: : showpoint)	765	(1)
Justification (ios::left, ios::right, ios::internal)	766	(2)
Padding (fill, setfill)	768	(2)
Integral Stream Base (ios::dec, ios::oct, ios::hex, ios::showbase)	770	(1)
Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific Notation (ios::scientific, ios::fixed)	771	(1)
Uppercase/Lowercase Control (ios::uppercase)	772	(1)
Setting and Resetting the Format Flags (flags, setiosflags, resetiosflags)	772	(2)
Stream Error States	774	(2)
Typing an Output Stream to an Input Stream	776	(12)
C++ Templates	788	(13)
Introduction	789	(1)
Class Templates	789	(6)
Class Templates and Nontype Parameters	795	(1)
Templates and Inheritance	796	(1)
Templates and friends	796	(1)
Templates and static Members	797	(4)
C++ Exception Handling	801	(33)
Introduction	802	(2)
When Exception Handling Should Be Used	804	(1)
Other Error-Handling Techniques	805	(1)
Basics of C++ Exception-Handling: try, throw, catch	806	(1)
A Simple Exception-Handling Example: Divide by Zero	806	(3)
Throwing an Exception	809	(1)
Catching an Exception	810	(3)
Rethrowing an Exception	813	(2)
Exception Specifications	815	(1)
Processing Unexpected Exceptions	815	(1)
Stack Unwinding	816	(1)
Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling	817	(1)
Exceptions and Inheritance	818	(1)
Processing new Failures	818	(4)
Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation	822	(2)
Standard Library Exception Hierarchy	824	(10)
Introduction to Java Applications and Applets	834	(54)
Introduction	835	(1)
Basics of a Typical Java Environment	836	(3)
General Notes about Java and This Book	839	(1)
A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text	840	(8)
Another Java Application: Adding Integers	848	(5)
Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit	853	(6)
The TicTacToe Applet	854	(2)
The DrawTest Applet	856	(2)
The Java2D Applet	858	(1)
A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String	859	(7)
Two More Simple Applets: Drawing Strings and Lines	866	(2)
Another Java Applet: Adding Integers	868	(20)
Beyond C & C++: Operators, Methods & Arrays in Java	888	(58)
Introduction	889	(1)
Primitive Data Types and Keywords	889	(2)
Logical Operators	891	(5)
Method Definitions	896	(5)
Java API Packages	901	(5)
Random Number Generation	906	(3)
Example: A Game of Chance	909	(8)
Methods of Class JApplet	917	(2)
Declaring and Allocating Arrays	919	(1)
Examples Using Arrays	920	(9)
References and Reference Parameters	929	(2)
Multiple-Subscripted Arrays	931	(15)
Java Object-Based Programming	946	(38)
Introduction	947	(1)
Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class	948	(8)
Class Scope	956	(1)
Creating Packages	956	(4)
Initializing Class Objects: Constructors	960	(1)
Using Set and Get Methods	961	(7)
Using the this Reference	968	(3)
Finalizers	971	(1)
Static Class Members	971	(13)
Java Object-Oriented Programming	984	(53)
Introduction	985	(2)
Superclasses and Subclasses	987	(2)
protected Members	989	(1)
Relationship between Superclass Objects and Subclass Objects	989	(8)
Implicit Subclass-Object-to-Superclass-Object Conversion	997	(1)
Software Engineering with Inheritance	997	(2)
Composition vs. Inheritance	999	(1)
Introduction to Polymorphism	999	(1)
Type Fields and switch Statements	999	(1)
Dynamic Method Binding	999	(1)
final Methods and Classes	1000	(1)
Abstract Superclasses and Concrete Classes	1000	(1)
Polymorphism Example	1001	(2)
New Classes and Dynamic Binding	1003	(1)
Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation	1004	(6)
Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces	1010	(5)
Inner Class Definitions	1015	(11)
Notes on Inner Class Definitions	1026	(1)
Type-Wrapper Classes for Primitive Types	1026	(11)
Java Graphics and Java2D	1037	(41)
Introduction	1038	(2)
Graphics Contexts and Graphics Objects	1040	(1)
Color Control	1041	(7)
Font Control	1048	(6)
Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals	1054	(4)
Drawing Arcs	1058	(2)
Drawing Polygons and Polylines	1060	(3)
The Java2D API	1063	(1)
Java2D Shapes	1063	(15)
Java Graphical User Interface Components	1078	(72)
Introduction	1079	(2)
Swing Overview	1081	(2)
JLabel	1083	(3)
Event Handling Model	1086	(2)
JTextField and JPasswordField	1088	(6)
How Event Handling Works	1093	(1)
JTextArea	1094	(3)
JButton	1097	(4)
JCheckBox	1101	(3)
JComboBox	1104	(2)
Mouse Event Handling	1106	(5)
Layout Managers	1111	(8)
FlowLayout	1111	(3)
BorderLayout	1114	(3)
GridLayout	1117	(2)
Panels	1119	(2)
Creating a Self-Contained Subclass of JPanel	1121	(6)
Windows	1127	(2)
Using Menus with Frames	1129	(21)
Java Multimedia: Images, Animation and Audio	1150	(30)
Introduction	1151	(1)
Loading, Displaying and Scaling Images	1152	(3)
Loading and Playing Audio Clips	1155	(3)
Animating a Series of Images	1158	(4)
Animation Issues	1162	(2)
Customizing Applets via the HTML param Tag	1164	(5)
Image Maps	1169	(2)
Java Plug-In	1171	(3)
Internet and World Wide Web Resources	1174	(6)
A Internet and Web Resources	1180	(11)
A.1 C/C++ Resources	1180	(1)
A.2 C++ Tutorials	1181	(1)
A.3 C/C++ FAQs	1182	(1)
A.4 Visual C++	1182	(1)
A.5 comp.lang.c++	1182	(2)
A.6 C/C++ Compilers	1184	(1)
A.7 C++ Development Tools	1185	(1)
A.8 Java Resources	1185	(2)
A.9 Java Products	1187	(1)
A.10 Java FAQs	1187	(1)
A.11 Java Tutorials	1187	(1)
A.12 Java Magazines	1188	(1)
A.13 Java Applets	1188	(1)
A.14 Multimedia	1189	(1)
A.15 Java Newsgroups	1189	(2)
B C99 Internet and Web Resources	1191	(2)
B.1 C99 Resources	1191	(2)
C Operator Precedence Charts	1193	(5)
D ASCII Character Set	1198	(1)
E Number Systems	1199	(13)
E.1 Introduction	1200	(3)
E.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers	1203	(1)
E.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers	1204	(1)
E.4 Converting from Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal to Decimal	1204	(1)
E.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal	1205	(1)
E.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two's Complement Notation	1206	(6)
Index	1212

Excerpts

PrefaceWelcome to ANSI/ISO Standard C, and to C++ and Java , too! This book is by an old guy and a young guy. The old guy (HMD; Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1967) has been programming and/or teaching programming for 39 years. The young guy (PJD; MIT 1991) has been programming for 18 years and has .caught the teaching and writing "bug." The old guy programs and teaches from experience; the young guy does so from an inexhaustible reserve of energy. The old guy wants clarity; the young guy wants performance. The old guy appreciates elegance and beauty; the young guy wants results. We got together to produce a book we hope you will find informative, interesting and entertaining. Why We Wrote C How to Program:In most educational environments, C is taught to people who know how to program. Many educators believe that the complexity of C, and a number of other difficulties, make C unworthy for a first programming course--precisely the target course for this book. So why did we write this text?Dr. Harvey M. Deitel taught introductory programming courses in college environments for two decades with an emphasis on developing clearly written, well-structured programs. Much of what is taught in these courses is the basic principles of structured programming, with an emphasis on the effective use of control structures and functionalization. We have presented this material exactly the way HMD has done in his college courses. Students are highly motivated by the fact that they are learning a language that will be immediately useful to them as they leave the university environment.Our goal was clear: Produce a C programming textbook for introductory university-level courses in computer programming for students with little or no programming experience, yet offer the deep and rigorous treatment of theory and practice demanded by traditional C courses. To meet these goals, we produced a book larger than other C texts--this because our text also patiently teaches structured programming principles. Hundreds of thousands of students worldwide learned C from the earlier editions of this book.The book contains a rich collection of examples, exercises and projects drawn from many fields to provide the student with a chance to solve interesting real-world problems. The book also concentrates on the principles of good software engineering and stresses program clarity through use of the structured programming methodology. We teach by example. C How to Program: Third EditionThe material fromC How to Program: Third Editionhas been meticulously reviewed by many industry and academic experts, including the head of the ANSI C committee. We have considerably polished the material from the second edition, especially the chapter on pointers.In the second edition ofC How to Program,we included a seven-chapter introduction to C++ and Object-Oriented Programming. In the interim, many universities have decided to incorporate an introduction to C++ and Object-Oriented Programming into their C courses. So in this edition, we have expanded our C++ treatment to nine chapters--sufficient text, exercises and laboratories for a one-semester course. We have also added seven chapters on object-oriented programming with Java, including discussions of graphics programming, graphical user interface (GUI) with Java Swing components and multimedia programming.In 1999, the International Standards Organization approved anew version of C, known as C99; but as of this writing, no C99 compilers were available. Therefore, we were not able to make our code examples compatible with C99. When C99 compilers become available, we will test every program in the textbook and list any discrepancies on our Web site (www.deitel.com). We will also post code examples with explanations of the new C99 features on that Web site. Appendix B contain