Cachexia and Wasting

by Mantovani, Giovanni; Anker, Stefan D.; Inui, Akio; Morley, John E.; Fanelli, Filippo Rossi

• ISBN13: 9788847004719
• ISBN10: 8847004713
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-10-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Cachexia may well represent the flip side of the tremendous achievements of modern medicine. Many diseases rapidly leading patients to death just a few years ago, are now better controlled by new therapies, and even if we cannot cure and eradicate them, their natural history has significantly increased by months and years. Although these new therapeutic strategies represent a remarkable advantage over the standards of care, it is impossible to ignore that many more patients are now facing the nutritional consequences of prolonged immunological and metabolic challenges deriving from ongoing diseases and aggressive therapies. Aim of the volume, written by world-renowned scientists, is to provide the best available evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutic approach of cachexia, and to facilitate the understanding of the complex yet unequivocal clinical role of this syndrome, that truly represents a disease, or, better still, a disease within other different diseases.

Author Biography

Professor Mantovani is Full Professor of Medical Oncology and Chief of the Division and Laboratory of Medical Oncology at University of Cagliari, School of Medicine, Cagliari, Italy. His research interests include treatment of cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress, combined-modality therapy of human cancers and cancer immunotherapy. He is first author of more than 200 publications in top-rated cancer journals. Many colleagues from all over the world are acting as co-editors.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xiii
Index of Contributors	xxi
1. ANATOMY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Functional Anatomy of the `Adipose Organ'	3	(20)
Saverio Cinti
Body Silhouette and Body Fat Distribution	23	(8)
Angela Faga
Historic Views on Cachexia in Humans with Special Reference to Cardiac Cachexia	31	(8)
Wolfram Doehner
Epidemiology of Cachexia	39	(8)
Giovanni Mantovani
Clelia Madeddu
2. BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND `CLINICS' OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
Energy Values of Foods	47	(6)
Gianni Tomassi
Nicolo Merendino
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis	53	(6)
Gianni Tomassi
Nicolo Merendino
3. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Biochemical Parameters of Nutrition	59	(14)
Emine M. Inelmen
Giuseppe Sergi
Nitrogen Balance and Protein Requirements: Definition and Measurements	73	(8)
Paolo Tessari
Plasma Proteins and Protein Catabolism	81	(12)
Paolo Tessari
Renato Millioni
Nutritional Status Assessment	93	(18)
Daniele Scevola
Angela Di Matteo
Omar Giglio
Silvia Scevola
Immunological Parameters of Nutrition	111	(14)
Clelia Madeddu
Giovanni Mantovani
Functional Parameters of Nutrition	125	(14)
Max Dahele
Kenneth C.H. Fearon
4. THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF WASTING IN HUMANS
Anorexia	139	(10)
Alessandro Laviano
Michael M. Meguid
Filippo Rossi Fanelli
Starvation: Social, Voluntary, and Involuntary Causes of Weight Loss	149	(12)
Daniele Scevola
Angela Di Matteo
Omar Giglio
Filippo Uberti
Cachexia Related to Multiple Causes	161	(2)
Giovanni Mantovani
Clelia Madeddu
Non-AIDS Lipodistrophy Syndrome	163	(12)
Giuliano Enzi
Luca Busetto
Giuseppe Sergi
Sabrina Pigozzo
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF WASTING/CACHEXIA
Body Composition: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Methods of Evaluation	175	(10)
Giuseppe Sergi
Pietro Bonometto
Alessandra Coin
Giuliano Enzi
Protein Metabolism in Cachexia	185	(6)
Michael J. Tisdale
Lipid Metabolism in Cachexia	191	(4)
Enzo Manzato
Giovanna Romanato
Glucose Metabolism	195	(10)
Antonio Maccio
Clelia Madeddu
Giovanni Mantovani
Cytokines in Cachexia	205	(4)
Giovanni Mantovani
Cytokines in Chronic Inflammation	209	(10)
Wolfgang Langhans
Biochemistry of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides, Secretagogues and Ghrelin	219	(16)
Cyril Y. Bowers
Jaw-Kang Chang
Shaoxing Wu
Klaus D. Linse
David L. Hurley
Johannes D. Veldhuis
Ghrelin as a New Factor in the Central Network Controlling Appetite and Food Intake	235	(12)
Fabio Broglio
Cristina Gottero
Flavia Prodam
Elisa Me
Silvia Destefanis
Fabrizio Riganti
Federico Ragazzoni
Maria Angela Seardo
Aart J. van der Lely
Ezio Ghigo
Leptin and Des-acyl Ghrelin: Their Role in Physiological Body Weight Regulation and in Pathological State	247	(12)
Simona Perboni
Giovanni Mantovani
Akio Inui
Brain Mechanisms in Wasting and Cachexia	259	(10)
Carlos R. Plata-Salaman
Body Weight Regulation and Hypothalamic Neuropeptides	269	(14)
Flavia Prodam
Elisa Me
Fabrizio Riganti
Maria Angela Seardo
Barbara Lucatello
Mario Maccario
Ezio Ghigo
Fabio Broglio
6. MEDICAL CAUSES OF WASTING/CACHEXIA
Diabetes	283	(8)
Takeshi Ohara
Endocrine Disorders	291	(10)
Laura Gianotti
Andrea Picu
Fabio Lanfranco
Francesco Tassone
Matteo Baldi
Roberta Giordano
Ezio Ghigo
Mauro Maccario
Psychiatric Diseases and Depression	301	(4)
Adelio Lucca
Enrico Smeraldi
Cachexia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex and Reverse Epidemiology	305	(22)
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
Joel D. Kopple
Gastrointestinal Diseases	327	(12)
Hiroyuki Okano
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) and Treatment of COPD-Related Cachexia	339	(10)
Emiel F.M. Wouters
Cachexia in Cardiovascular Illness	349	(16)
Sabine Strassburg
Stefan D. Anker
7. CACHEXIA AND AGEING
Epidemiology of Malnutrition in the Elderly	365	(4)
Shing-Shing Yeh
Michael W. Schuster
Pathophysiology of Body Composition Changes in Elderly People	369	(8)
Alessandra Coin
Giuseppe Sergi
Emine M. Inelmen
Giuliano Enzi
The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Elderly Cachectic (Cancer) Patients	377	(6)
Dario Cova
Vito Lorusso
Nicola Silvestris
Pathophysiology of Cachexia in the Elderly	383	(14)
Osama Qubaiah
John E. Morley
Cytokines and Disability in Older Adults	397	(10)
David R. Thomas
8. CACHEXIA AND HIV INFECTION/AIDS
HIV Infection-Related Cachexia and Lipodystrophy	407	(22)
Daniele Scevola
Angela Di Matteo
Omar Giglio
Filippo Uberti
Treatment of AIDS Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome and Lipodystrophy	429	(30)
Daniele Scevola
Omar Giglio
Silvia Scevola
9. CANCER-RELATED CACHEXIA
Cancer Cachexia and Fat Metabolism	459	(8)
Josep M. Argiles
Vanessa Almendro
Silvia Busquets
Francisco J. Lopez-Soriano
The Role of Cytokines in Cancer Cachexia	467	(10)
Josep M. Argiles
Silvia Busquets
Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
Francisco J. Lopez-Soriano
Proinflammatory Cytokines: Their Role in Multifactorial Cancer Cachexia	477	(6)
Giovanni Mantovani
Clelia Madeddu
Proteolysis-Inducing Factor in Cancer Cachexia	483	(6)
Michael J. Tisdale
Lipid Mobilising Factor in Cancer Cachexia	489	(6)
Alessandro Laviano
Maurizio Muscaritoli
Filippo Rossi Fanelli
Dietary Intake, Resting Energy Expenditure, Weight Loss, and Survival in Cancer Patients	495	(8)
Kent Lundholm
Ingvar Bosaeus
The Ubiquitin/Proteasome System in Cancer Cachexia	503	(6)
Maurizio Muscaritoli
Maurizio Bossola
Giovanni B. Doglietto
Filippo Rossi Fanelli
Non-GI-Malignancy-Related Malabsorption Leads to Malnutrition and Weight Loss	509	(12)
Susumu Suzuki
Carolina G. Goncalves
Eduardo J.B. Ramos
Akihiro Asakawa
Akio Inui
Michael M. Meguid
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Cancer Anorexia, and Hypothalamic Gene Expression	521	(16)
Eduardo J.B. Ramos
Carolina G. Goncalves
Susumu Suzuki
Akio Inui
Alessandro Laviano
Michael M. Meguid
The Role of Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Cancer Cachexia	537	(10)
Paolo Lissoni
Luca A. Fumagalli
Fernando Brivio
Gianstefano Gardani
Angelo Nespoli
Eating-Related Distress of Patients with Advanced, Incurable Cancer and of Their Partners	547	(4)
Florian Strasser
Challenges of Geriatric Oncology	551	(12)
Lodovico Balducci
10. TREATMENT OF CANCER CACHEXIA
The Current Management of Cancer Cachexia	563	(18)
Giovanni Mantovani
The Role of Artificial Nutrition Support in the Cancer Patient	581	(12)
Federico Bozzetti
The Role of Appetite Stimulants for Cancer-Related Weight Loss	593	(6)
Jamie H. Von Roenn
Palliative Management of Anorexia/Cachexia and Associated Symptoms	599	(4)
Florian Strasser
Pharmaco-Nutritional Supports for the Treatment of Cancer Cachexia	603	(16)
Max Dahele
Kenneth C.H. Fearon
A Critical Assessment of the Outcome Measures and Goals of Intervention in Cancer Cachexia	619	(12)
Kenneth C.H. Fearon
Richard J.E. Skipworth
Meeting the Amino Acid Requirements for Protein Anabolism in Cancer Cachexia	631	(4)
Vickie E. Baracos
The role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Serotonin Antagonists in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer Cachexia	635	(8)
Alessandro Laviano
Antonia Cascino
Michael M. Meguid
Isabella Preziosa
Filippo Rossi Fanelli
An Update on Therapeutics: The Cancer Anorexia/Weight Loss Syndrome in Advanced Cancer Patients	643	(6)
Aminah Jatoi
Karin F. Giordano
Phuong L. Nguyen
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Cancer Cachexia	649	(4)
Giorgio Lelli
Benedetta Urbini
Daniela Scapoli
Germana Gilli
Progestagens and Corticosteroids in the Management of Cancer Cachexia	653	(14)
Davide Tassinari
Marco Maltoni
COX-2 Inhibitors in Cancer Cachexia	667	(6)
Giovanni Mantovani
Anti-TNF-α Antibody and Cancer Cachexia	673	(12)
Mark de Witte
Mark Anderson
Don Robinson
A Phase II Study with Antioxidants, both in the Diet and Supplemented, Pharmaco-nutritional Support, Progestagen and Anti-COX-2 Showing Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Cancer-Related Anorexia-Cachexia and Oxidative Stress	685	(16)
Giovanni Mantovani
Clelia Madeddu
Antonio Maccio
Giulia Gramignano
Maria Rita Lusso
Elena Massa
Giorgio Astara
Roberto Serpe
11. TREATMENT OF CACHEXIA IN THE ELDERLY
Treatment of Weight Loss and Cachexia in the Elderly	701	(18)
Shing-Shing Yeh
Michael W. Schuster
Treatment of Sarcopenia and Cachexia in the Elderly	719	(12)
Charles P. Lambert
William J. Evans
Dennis H. Sullivan
Management of Weight Loss in Older Persons	731	(10)
Osama QuBaiah
John E. Morley
12. A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CACHEXIA
Cachexia: Therapeutic Immunomodulation Beyond Cytokine Antagonism	741	(14)
Stephan von Haehling
Stefan D. Anker
Subject Index	755