Calculation Methods for Industrial Hygiene

by Dinardi, Salvatore R.

• ISBN13: 9780471286219
• ISBN10: 0471286214
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-02-01
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc

Summary

Calculation Methods for Industrial Hygiene Written in easy-to-understand language, students as well as practicing environmental health professionals will find that problem solving becomes a sixth sense after using Calculation Methods for Industrial Hygiene. Calculation Methods begins with a discussion of the fundamental units of mass, length, and time, and moves on to develop an understanding of the fundamental physical chemistry of gases and vapors - enabling environmental health professionals to develop new methods to solve "real world problems." Understanding of algebraic methods is the cornerstone upon which the author builds a common foundation for problem solving. After working through this book the reader will be able to: Employ dimensional analysis in solving problems Develop computational skills using a rigorous scientific basis Integrate basic principles of physical chemistry with industrial hygiene, toxicology, and air pollution studies Develop exposure assessment data Validate exposure assessments A technical and laboratory reference manual on physical chemistry and calculation techniques used in industrial hygiene and toxicology, Calculation Methods for Industrial Hygiene pays meticulous attention to the use of dimensions to solve complex problems with minimal errors. Over 180 examples and problems are completely solved and explained.

Table of Contents

Goals and Outcomes	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Abbreviations and Symbols	xvii
Arithmetic and Algebra Review	1	(20)
Purpose	1	(1)
Fractions	2	(2)
Manipulating Units as Numbers	4	(1)
Dimensional Analysis	5	(3)
Significant Figures	8	(3)
Geometry Review	11	(10)
Bibliography	12	(1)
Problem Set	12	(9)
The SI System of Units	21	(13)
Purpose	21	(1)
The International System of Units	22	(1)
Computing Derived SI Units	23	(1)
Some General Rules on Using the SI System	24	(1)
Exceptions in the SI System	25	(2)
Prefixes and Suffixes	27	(1)
Concentration	27	(1)
Temperature	27	(1)
Summary	28	(6)
Bibliography	28	(1)
Problem Set	28	(6)
Behavior of Gases and Vapors	34	(24)
Purpose	34	(1)
Temperature	35	(2)
Standard Atmosphere	37	(1)
Introduction to Ideal Gases	37	(2)
Charles' or Gay-Lussac's Law	39	(3)
Equations of State for Ideal Gases	42	(1)
Definitions	43	(2)
Dalton's Law	45	(1)
The Composition of Air	46	(1)
Moist Air	46	(1)
Standard Air	47	(1)
The Apparent Molecular Weight of Air	48	(1)
Density	49	(1)
Gas Density	50	(2)
Specific Gravity	52	(6)
Bibliography	53	(1)
Problem Set	54	(4)
Pressure Measurements	58	(13)
Introduction to Pressure Measurements	58	(1)
Pressure	59	(1)
Working Fluids	60	(4)
Pressure Measurement	64	(1)
Introduction to Barometers	65	(1)
Principle of Operation	65	(1)
Reading Barometric Pressure with the Barometer	66	(1)
Introduction to Manometers	66	(3)
Dalton's Law	69	(1)
Absolute Pressure	70	(1)
Bibliography	70	(1)
Gas and Vapor Concentration in Air	71	(53)
Introduction	71	(4)
Concentration of Gases and Vapors	75	(5)
Gas and Vapor Concentration and Ideal Gases	80	(1)
Concentration in Parts per Million and Milligrams per Cubic Meter	80	(4)
Calculating the Concentration of Vapors in Air	84	(2)
Preparation of Known Atmospheres	86	(2)
Calibration of a Continuous Monitor	88	(2)
Air Sampling Containers	90	(1)
Air Sampling with Bags	91	(1)
Static Dilution of Gases and Vapors	92	(2)
Dynamic Dilution of Gases and Vapors	94	(30)
Bibliography	97	(1)
Problem Set	97	(27)
Temperature and Pressure Effects	124	(41)
Introduction	124	(1)
Volume and Volume Flowrate	125	(1)
Derivation of Temperature Effect Factor	126	(1)
Derivation of Pressure Effect Factor	127	(1)
Derivation of Pressure Effect Factor for Altitude	128	(5)
Combined Temperature and Pressure Effects	133	(1)
Combined Temperature and Pressure Effects on Volume Flowrate	133	(1)
Applying Temperature and Pressure Correction to Volume	134	(12)
Effect of Volume Correction on Mass Concentration	146	(5)
Temperature and Pressure Correction to Mass Concentration	151	(6)
Temperature and Pressure Effects on Gas Density	157	(8)
Bibliography	159	(1)
Problem Set	159	(6)
Fundamentals of Air Sampling	165	(13)
Introduction	165	(1)
Air Sample Volume	166	(1)
Limit of Detection	167	(1)
Limit of Quantification	167	(1)
Coefficient of Variation and Relative Standard Deviation	168	(10)
Bibliography	174	(2)
Problem Set	176	(2)
Exposure Assessment	178	(35)
Introduction	178	(1)
Time Weighted Average Calculations	179	(3)
Sampling for Eight Hour Exposures	182	(10)
Sampling for Short-Term Exposures	192	(2)
Sampling Instantaneous (Ceiling Limit) Exposures	194	(6)
Evaluation of the Sampling Data	200	(13)
Bibliography	202	(1)
Problem Set	203	(10)
Dilution Ventilation and Simple Models in Air	213	(48)
Modeling	214	(1)
Dilution Ventilation I	215	(7)
Dilution Ventilation II	222	(4)
Concentration Variation with Time: Part I	226	(3)
Concentration Variation with Time: Part II	229	(8)
Concentration Variation with Volume	237	(4)
Ventilation to Maintain Acceptable Indoor Air Quality	241	(1)
Indoor Air Quality Models for Ventilation	241	(20)
Bibliography	254	(1)
Problem Set	254	(7)
Glossary	261	(18)
Appendix
1. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors	273	(1)
2. Miscellaneous Physical Constants	274	(1)
3. Gravitational Acceleration as a Function of Latitude	274	(1)
4. Gravitational Acceleration as a Function of Altitude	275	(1)
5. Calculated Pressure Correction Factors for Altitudes to 10000 Meters	275	(1)
6. Vapor Pressure of Mercury (mm Hg)	276	(1)
7. Absolute Density of Mercury (15C to 35C)	276	(1)
8. Density and Vapor Pressure of Water	277	(2)
Index	279