The Call to Write, Brief

by Trimbur, John

• ISBN13: 9780321203052
• ISBN10: 0321203054
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Table of Contents

Guide to Visual Design	xxxi
Preface	xxxv
PART 1 WRITING AND READING	1	(104)
Introduction: The Call to Write	2	(1)
Identifying and Responding to the Call to Write	3	(1)
Factors That Writers Take Into Account	4	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing: The Call to Write	5	(2)
What Is Writing? Analyzing Literacy Events	7	(30)
Reflecting on Your Writing: What Is Writing?	8	(1)
Writing in Everyday Life	8	(2)
Analyzing Writing in Everyday Life: A Shopping List	8	(2)
Writing in the Workplace	10	(6)
Analyzing Writing in the Workplace: David F. Gallagher, ``Just Say No to H2O''	11	(5)
Writing in the Public Sphere	16	(6)
Ethics of Writing	17	(2)
Analyzing Writing in the Public Sphere: Newsletter	19	(3)
Writing in School	22	(7)
Analyzing Writing in School: Samples from Grade 3	22	(1)
Going Online: Organizing Worldwide Networks	23	(2)
Samples of Writing in School	25	(1)
Sample 1: High School Research Paper	26	(2)
Sample 2: College Response Paper	28	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing: Four Contexts	29	(1)
Analyzing a Literacy Event	29	(6)
Frederick Douglass, from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass	30	(1)
Eudora Welly, from One Writer's Beginnings	31	(1)
Margaret J. Finders, from Just Girls: Hidden Literacies and Life in Junior High	32	(3)
Writing Assignment: Analyzing a Literacy Event	35	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	36	(1)
Reading for Academic Purposes: Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation	37	(24)
Reading as Research: Working with Sources	38	(1)
Getting Started: Previewing	38	(1)
Strategies for Close Reading	39	(8)
Ethics of Reading: Boredom and Persistence	39	(1)
Underlining	40	(1)
Annotation	40	(1)
Jonathan Kozol, from Distancing the Homeless	40	(2)
Summarizing	42	(1)
Sample Summary of Distancing the Homeless	42	(1)
Exploratory Writing	43	(1)
Sample Exploratory Writing	43	(1)
Outlining	43	(1)
Sample Outline	44	(1)
Describing the Writer's Strategy	44	(1)
Writing Strategies: What a Writer Does	45	(1)
Sample Description of the Writer's Strategy	46	(1)
Working Together: Analyzing an Argument	46	(1)
Strategies for Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation	47	(8)
Using Background Information	47	(1)
The Context of Issues	47	(1)
Going Online: Evaluating Web Sites	48	(2)
The Writer	50	(1)
The Publication	51	(1)
Analyzing the Writer's Purpose and Relationship to Readers	52	(1)
Analyzing the Writer's Language	53	(1)
Tone	53	(1)
Denotation/Connotation	53	(1)
Figures of Speech	54	(1)
Stereotypes	55	(1)
Sample Analysis of a Rhetorical Situation	55	(4)
Kevin Powell, ``My Culture at the Crossroads''	56	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis of ``My Culture at the Crossroads''	57	(2)
Writing Assignment: Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation	59	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	60	(1)
Persuasion and Responsibility: Analyzing Arguments	61	(44)
Working Together: Successful Persuasion	62	(1)
Understanding Argument	63	(6)
What Is Argument?: Dealing with Reasonable Differences	63	(1)
Ethics of Writing: The Writer's Responsibility	64	(1)
Darcy Peters and Marcus Boldt: Exchange of Letters	64	(2)
Working Together: Looking at Differences	66	(1)
What Do Readers Expect from Arguments?	66	(3)
Entering a Controversy	69	(4)
Analyzing Issues	69	(1)
Types of Issues	70	(1)
Issues of Substantiation	71	(1)
Issues of Evaluation	71	(1)
Issues of Policy	72	(1)
Taking a Position: From Issues to Claims	73	(1)
Developing a Persuasive Position	74	(5)
What Are the Rhetorical Appeals?	74	(1)
Analysis of Persuasive Appeals in ``The Ballot or the Bullet''	75	(1)
Malcolm X, from ``The Ballot or the Bullet''	76	(1)
Constructing an Appropriate Rhetorical Stance	77	(1)
Sample Letters of Application	78	(1)
Letter 1	78	(1)
Letter 2	78	(1)
Working Together: Rhetorical Stance	79	(1)
Making an Argument	79	(11)
What Are the Parts of an Argument?	80	(1)
Claims, Evidence, and Enabling Assumptions	80	(2)
Questions to Ask About Evidence	82	(1)
Enabling Assumptions	83	(1)
Working Together: Analyzing Claims, Evidence, and Enabling Assumptions	84	(1)
Working Together: Backing an Argument	85	(1)
Differing Views	86	(1)
Summarize Differing Views Fairly and Accurately	86	(1)
Refuting Differing Views	86	(1)
Conceding Differing Views	87	(1)
Negotiating Differing Views	87	(1)
Qualifiers	88	(1)
Putting the Parts Together	88	(2)
Working Together: Analyzing the Making of an Argument	90	(1)
Negotiating Differences	90	(12)
``Vigilant Neighbors or Big Brother Informants''	91	(1)
Beyond the Pro and Con	92	(1)
Dialogue with Others	93	(1)
An Electronic Exchange of Views	94	(1)
Recognizing Ambiguities and Contradictions	95	(1)
Going Online: Handling Differences	96	(1)
Anna Quindlen, ``Abortion Is Too Complex to Feel All One Way About''	96	(2)
Locating Common Ground	98	(1)
``Call for Moratorium on Executions''	99	(3)
Sample Rhetorical Analysis of an Argument	102	(1)
Writing Assignment: Analyzing an Argument	103	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	104	(1)
PART 2 WRITING PROJECTS	105	(316)
Introduction: Genres of Writing	106	(1)
Genre Choices	107	(1)
Understanding Genres of Writing	107	(1)
The Arrangement of the Chapters	108	(1)
Letters: Establishing and Maintaining Relationships	109	(38)
Thinking About the Genre	109	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	111	(1)
Readings: Letters on Iraq	111	(5)
``Project for the New American Century to President William J. Clinton''	111	(2)
``Mary A. Wright to Secretary of State Colin Powell''	113	(1)
U.S. Navy Corpsman ``Email from Iraq''	114	(2)
Analysis: Identifying the Rhetorical Situation	116	(1)
Readings: Letters to the Editor	116	(5)
Mark Patinkin, ``Commit a Crime, Suffer the Consequences''	117	(1)
Kristin Tardiff, Letter to the Editor	118	(1)
John N. Taylor, Letter to the Editor	119	(1)
Analysis: A Public Forum	120	(1)
Readings: A Correspondence on Sweatshops	121	(3)
John Peretti, ``No Sweat, No Slang''	121	(3)
Analysis: Transforming the Customer Letter	124	(1)
Readings: Open Letter	124	(4)
James Baldwin, ``My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew''	125	(2)
Analysis: Private and Public Audiences	127	(1)
Visual Design: Letter of Appeal from Doctors Without Borders	128	(4)
Analysis: The Visual Design of Letters of Appeal	129	(2)
Ethics of Writing: Using the Internet	131	(1)
Further Exploration: Letters	132	(1)
Genre Choices	132	(1)
Working Together: Designing a Letter of Appeal	132	(1)
Going Online: Instant Messages	132	(1)
Writing Assignment	133	(10)
Composing a Letter	133	(1)
Alternative Assignments	134	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	134	(1)
Working with Sources	134	(1)
Invention	134	(1)
Identifying the Call to Write	134	(2)
Understanding Your Readers	136	(1)
Background Research: Finding Models	136	(1)
Planning	137	(1)
Establishing the Occasion	137	(1)
Arranging Your Material	138	(1)
Working Draft	138	(1)
Beginnings and Endings: Using an Echo Effect	139	(1)
Using Topic Sentences	139	(1)
Peer Commentary	140	(1)
Revising	141	(1)
Strengthening Topic Sentences for Focus and Transition	141	(2)
Writers' Workshop	143	(3)
Michael Brody, Letter to the Editor	143	(1)
Michael Brody's Commentary	144	(1)
Workshop Questions	145	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	146	(1)
A Closing Note	146	(1)
Memoirs: Recalling Personal Experience	147	(39)
Thinking About the Genre	147	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	149	(1)
Readings	149	(17)
Gary Sato, ``Black Hair''	149	(6)
Analysis: A Moment of Revelation	155	(1)
Annie Dillard, ``Throwing Snowballs''	156	(2)
Analysis: Re-creating Experience	158	(1)
Tariq Ali, ``An Atheist Childhood''	159	(7)
Analysis: Using Episodes	166	(1)
Visual Design: American Splendor: Comics as Memoir	166	(3)
Analysis: Mixing Genres	169	(1)
Further Exploration: Memoirs	169	(2)
Genre Choices	169	(1)
Working Together: Creating a Time Capsule	170	(1)
Going Online: Visiting Home Pages	170	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Bearing Witness	171	(1)
Writing Assignment	171	(11)
Writing Memoir	171	(1)
Alternative Assignments	172	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	172	(1)
Working with Sources	172	(1)
Invention	173	(1)
Sketching	173	(1)
Working Together: Creating a Sketch	174	(1)
Guidelines for Sketching	174	(1)
Past and Present Perspectives	174	(2)
Background Research: Putting Events in Context	176	(1)
Planning	177	(1)
Arranging Your Material	177	(1)
Working Draft	178	(1)
Beginnings and Endings: Framing Your Memoir	178	(1)
Selecting Detail	179	(1)
Peer Commentary	180	(1)
Revising	180	(1)
From Telling to Showing	181	(1)
Writers' Workshop	182	(3)
Jennifer Plante's Commentary	182	(1)
Jennifer Plante, ``Sunday Afternoons''	183	(1)
Workshop Questions	184	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	185	(1)
A Closing Note	185	(1)
Public Documents: Codifying Beliefs and Practices	186	(34)
Thinking About the Genre	186	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	187	(1)
Readings	188	(17)
Encounters with Public Documents	188	(1)
Abraham Verghese, from My Own Country	188	(3)
Ellen Cushman, from The Struggle and the Tools	191	(3)
Analysis: Encountering Public Documents as Literacy Events	194	(1)
Manifestos	195	(1)
``Call of the World Social Movements''	196	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Plain Language	197	(3)
The Mentor, ``Hacker's Manifesto, or the Conscience of a Hacker''	200	(1)
Analysis: The Rhetorical Situation	201	(1)
Gallery of Petitions	202	(1)
Kerwood Wolf Education Centre, ``Stop the Aerial Slaughter of Alaska's Wolves!''	202	(1)
Amnesty International, ``Call for Human Rights in Russia''	203	(1)
Jason Pierce, ``Tiger Woods---Stand Up for Equality---Augusta National Golf Club''	204	(1)
Analysis: Looking at Voice in Petitions	205	(1)
Visual Design: Paula Scher, ``Defective Equipment: The Palm Beach County Ballot''	205	(2)
Analysis: Breaking Visual Design Conventions	206	(1)
Further Exploration: Public Documents	207	(2)
Genre Choices	207	(1)
Working Together: Writing a Class Charter	207	(1)
Going Online: WPA Outcomes Statement for First-Year Composition	208	(1)
Writing Assignment	209	(7)
Invention	209	(1)
Clarifying Purpose and Genre	209	(1)
Background Research: Understanding the Rhetorical Situation	210	(1)
Planning	210	(1)
Readability and the Visual Design of Public Documents	211	(1)
Working Draft	212	(1)
Tone and Rhetorical Distance	212	(2)
Peer Commentary	214	(1)
For Manifestos, Petitions, and Class Charters	214	(1)
For Analysis of a Document	214	(1)
Revising	214	(1)
For Manifestos, Petitions, and Class Charters	214	(1)
For Analysis of a Document	215	(1)
Locating Common Ground	215	(1)
Writers' Workshop	216	(3)
The Warehouse State Honor Code	216	(2)
Workshop Questions	218	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	219	(1)
A Closing Note	219	(1)
Profiles: Creating a Dominant Impression	220	(41)
Thinking About the Genre	220	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	222	(1)
Readings	222	(23)
Molly O'Neill, ``A Surgeon's War on Breast Cancer''	222	(4)
Analysis: Open Form to Create a Dominant Impression	226	(2)
Mike Rose, ``I Just Wanna Be Average''	228	(3)
Analysis: Claim and Evidence	231	(1)
Paul Buhle, ``Insurgent Images: Mike Alewitz'', Muralist	232	(4)
Analysis: Using Cultural and Historical Background	236	(1)
Roy Blount Jr. ``Memphis Minnie: Her Own Blues''	237	(6)
Analysis: Contested Meanings	243	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Responsibility to the Writer's Subject	244	(1)
Visual Design---Profiles in Public Campaigns	245	(2)
Analysis: Using Profiles to Personalize Issues	246	(1)
Further Exploration: Profiles	247	(1)
Genre Choices	247	(1)
Working Together: Analyzing Profiles in Documentary Films	247	(1)
Going Online: Researching Muralists	248	(1)
Writing Assignment	248	(9)
Creating a Profile	248	(1)
Alternative Assignments	249	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	249	(1)
Working with Sources	249	(1)
Invention	250	(1)
Finding a Subject	250	(1)
Clarifying Your Purpose	251	(1)
Background Research: Deciding What Information You Need	251	(1)
Planning	252	(1)
Deciding on the Dominant Impression	252	(1)
Arranging Your Material	253	(1)
Working Draft	253	(1)
Beginnings and Endings: Using Figurative Language	253	(1)
Comparing and Contrasting	254	(1)
Peer Commentary	255	(1)
Revising	256	(1)
Establishing Perspective from the Beginning	256	(1)
Writers' Workshop	257	(3)
Richard Quitadamo, ``A Lawyer's Crusade Against Tobacco''	257	(2)
Richard Quitadamo's Commentary	259	(1)
Workshop Questions	260	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	260	(1)
A Closing Note	260	(1)
Reports: Informing and Explaining	261	(42)
Thinking About the Genre	261	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	263	(1)
Readings	263	(23)
News Reports	263	(1)
Associated Press, ``Mentally Ill People Aren't More Violent, Study Finds''	263	(1)
Fox Butterfield, ``Studies of Mental Illness Show Links to Violence''	264	(2)
Analysis: Framing the Story	266	(1)
Reports from the Antiglobalization Movement	267	(1)
Fifty Years Is Enough: U.S. Network for Global Economic Justice, ``World Bank/IMF Fact Sheet''	267	(4)
Global Exchange, ``Saipan Campaign''	271	(1)
Analysis: Information and Persuasion	272	(1)
Reports on Graphic Design	273	(1)
Steven Heller and Karen Pomeroy, ``I Shop Therefore I Am---Barbara Kruger''	274	(2)
``Dylan---Milton Glaser''	276	(1)
Analysis: Object Lessons	277	(1)
Report on Scientific Research	278	(1)
Analysis: Explaining Scientific Research	279	(1)
Daniel Pauly and Reg Watson, ``Counting the Last Fish''	280	(6)
Visual Design: ``The Triangle Factory Fire'': An Informational Web Site	286	(2)
Analysis: Information Design	287	(1)
Further Exploration: Reports	288	(1)
Genre Choices	288	(1)
Working Together: Designing an Informational Web Site	288	(1)
Going Online: Reading the News Online	288	(1)
Writing Assignment	289	(6)
The Report	289	(1)
Alternative Assignment	290	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	290	(1)
Invention	290	(1)
Clarifying Your Purpose and Your Readers' Need to Know	291	(1)
Background Research: Surveying the Information at Hand	291	(1)
Planning: Organizing the Information	292	(1)
Exercise: Organizing Your Report	292	(1)
Drafting: Introducing the Topic	293	(1)
Peer Commentary	293	(1)
Revising	294	(1)
Getting the Right Order	294	(1)
Writers' Workshop	295	(7)
Michael E. Crouch, ``Lost in a Smog''	296	(6)
Reflecting on Your Writing	302	(1)
A Closing Note	302	(1)
Commentary: Identifying Patterns of Meaning	303	(35)
Thinking About the Genre	303	(3)
Exploring Your Experience	305	(1)
Ethics of Writing: In Whose Interest?	305	(1)
Readings	306	(13)
Eric Liu, ``Remember When Public Spaces Didn't Carry Brand Names?''	306	(1)
Analysis: Conversing with Readers	307	(1)
``Half.com, Oregon''	308	(1)
Lundy Braun, ``How to Fight the New Epidemics''	309	(2)
Analysis: Explaining Causes and Effects	311	(1)
Salim Muwakkil, ``Throwing Away the Key''	312	(2)
Analysis: Drawing on Research Studies	314	(2)
Susan Faludi, ``An American Myth Rides into the Sunset''	316	(2)
Analysis: Making Interpretive Judgments	318	(1)
Visual Design: Political Posters	319	(2)
Analysis: Combining Text and Image	320	(1)
Further Exploration: Commentary	321	(2)
Genre Choices	321	(1)
Going Online: Following a Thread	322	(1)
Working Together: Assembling a Casebook	322	(1)
Writing Assignment	323	(10)
Writing Commentary	323	(1)
Alternative Assignments	324	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	324	(1)
Working with Sources	324	(1)
Invention	325	(1)
Naming the Topic	325	(1)
Background Research: Assessing Your Knowledge of the Topic	326	(1)
Identifying the Issue	327	(1)
Planning	328	(1)
Framing the Issue	328	(1)
Planning the Introduction	329	(1)
Planning the Ending	330	(1)
Working Draft	330	(1)
Emphasizing Your Main Point and Distinguishing Your Perspective	330	(1)
Peer Commentary	331	(1)
Revising	331	(1)
Maintaining a Reasonable Tone	332	(1)
Writers' Workshop	333	(4)
Rachel Smith, ``Socially Accepted Discrimination?''	333	(2)
Interview with Rachel Smith	335	(1)
Workshop Questions	336	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	337	(1)
A Closing Note	337	(1)
Proposals: Formulating and Solving Problems	338	(47)
Thinking About the Genre	338	(3)
Exploring Your Experience	340	(1)
Readings	341	(23)
Leon Botstein, ``Let Teenagers Try Adulthood''	341	(2)
Analysis: Facing the Facts	343	(1)
Two Fieldwork Proposals	343	(1)
Lucia Trimbur, ``Training Fighters, Making Men: A Study of Amateur Boxers and Their Trainers at Gleason's Gym''	344	(4)
Ryan Chaney, ``Bluegrass, Old Time Music, and the Politics of Regional Culture and Economy''	348	(5)
Analysis: Research Proposals	353	(1)
Henry Jenkins, ``Lessons from Littleton: What Congress Doesn't Want to Hear About Youth and the Media''	354	(9)
Analysis: From Critique to Constructive Proposals	363	(1)
Visual Design: Advocacy Group Appeals	364	(3)
Analysis: Design and Purpose	365	(2)
Further Exploration: Proposals	367	(2)
Genre Choices	367	(1)
Working Together: Advocacy Group Proposals	367	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Problems and Conflicts	368	(1)
Going Online: Proposal Writing Guides	369	(1)
Writing Assignment	369	(10)
Proposing a Problem Solution	369	(1)
Alternative Assignments	370	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	370	(1)
Working with Sources	370	(1)
Invention	371	(1)
Background Research: Formulating the Problem	372	(2)
Assessing Alternatives	374	(1)
Planning	375	(1)
Relative Emphasis on the Problem and the Solution	375	(1)
Developing a Working Outline	376	(1)
Working Draft	377	(1)
Matching Problems and Solutions	377	(1)
Peer Commentary	377	(1)
Revising	378	(1)
Writers' Workshop	379	(5)
Proposal for a Campus Coffee House	379	(4)
Writers' Commentary	383	(1)
Workshop Questions	383	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	384	(1)
A Closing Note	384	(1)
Reviews: Evaluating Works and Performances	385	(36)
Thinking About the Genre	385	(2)
Exploring Your Experience	387	(1)
Readings	387	(17)
Reviews of Reality TV	387	(1)
Joy Press, ``Hunks and Has-Beens''	387	(3)
Mark Andrejevic, ``Reality' Camera Goes from Candid to Cruel''	390	(1)
Analysis: Accounting for a Phenomenon	391	(1)
Maureen Ryan, ``iTunes vs. Legal Napster''	392	(4)
Analysis: Applying Criteria	396	(1)
Stephen Holden, ``After 20 Years, It Still Comes Out Swinging''	397	(1)
Analysis: Creating a Classic	398	(1)
Sandra Tsing Loh, ``Burgher Deluxe''	399	(3)
Analysis: Establishing the Context of Issues	402	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Reviewing as a Partisan Activity	403	(1)
Visual Design: Rating Systems	404	(2)
Analysis: Variations on a Standard Scale	405	(1)
Further Exploration: Reviews	406	(2)
Genre Choices	406	(1)
Working Together: Course Review	406	(1)
Going Online: Rapstation	407	(1)
Writing Assignment	408	(9)
Writing a Review	408	(1)
Alternative Assignments	409	(1)
Rhetorical Analysis	409	(1)
Working with Sources	409	(1)
Invention	410	(1)
Exploring Your Topic	410	(1)
Background Research: Looking at a Body of Work	410	(1)
Establishing Criteria of Evaluation	411	(1)
Applying Your Criteria of Evaluation	412	(1)
Planning	413	(1)
Considering the Relation Between Description and Evaluation	413	(1)
Using Comparison and Contrast	414	(1)
Working Draft	414	(1)
Engaging Others	414	(1)
Peer Commentary	415	(1)
Revising	415	(1)
Options for Meaningful Endings	416	(1)
Writers' Workshop	417	(3)
Denise Sega, Working Draft of ``More Than Just Burnouts''	417	(3)
Reflecting on Your Writing	420	(1)
A Closing Note	420	(1)
PART 3 WRITING AND RESEARCH PROJECTS	421	(112)
Introduction: Doing Research	422	(1)
Research Techniques	423	(1)
Scale of Research	423	(1)
Need to Know	424	(5)
Donna Gaines, from Teenage Wasteland	425	(4)
The Research Process: Critical Essays and Research Projects	429	(40)
Understanding the Genre: Critical Essays and Research Projects	429	(2)
What Are Faculty Looking For? Understanding Academic Writing	430	(1)
Sample Student Papers for Analysis	431	(20)
Sample Critical Essay	431	(1)
Jacqueline Perkins, ``The Dilemma of Empire''	432	(4)
Analysis: Working with Sources	436	(1)
Sample Research Paper in MLA Format	436	(1)
Ben Marsh, ``Learning from Serpent Handlers: An Alternate Model of Christian Community''	437	(5)
Analysis: Creating a Research Space	442	(1)
Checklist for MLA and APA Style	443	(1)
Sample Research Paper in APA Format	444	(1)
Jennie Chen, ``Defining Disease: The Case of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome''	445	(5)
Analysis: Identifying a Central Controversy	450	(1)
The Research Process: An Overview	451	(6)
Getting Started: Analyzing the Assignment	452	(1)
Following a Research Path: Analyzing the Assignment	453	(1)
Preliminary Research	453	(2)
Following a Research Path: Preliminary Research	455	(1)
Developing a Research Question	455	(1)
Evaluating a Research Question	455	(1)
Following a Research Path: Defining the Research Question	456	(1)
Writing a Proposal	456	(1)
Following a Research Path: Writing a Proposal	457	(1)
Finding Sources to Shape Your Research Question	457	(5)
Keeping a Working Bibliography	457	(1)
Following a Research Path: Finding Sources	458	(4)
Integrating Sources into Your Research Project	462	(4)
Analyzing Your Sources	463	(1)
Taking Notes	464	(1)
Following a Research Path: Taking Notes	465	(1)
Keeping an Open Mind	465	(1)
Following a Research Path: Exploratory Writing	466	(1)
Planning and Drafting Your Project	466	(1)
Following a Research Path: Making an Outline	467	(1)
A Closing Note	467	(2)
Working with Sources	469	(30)
Working with Sources to Answer Your Research Question	469	(4)
Ethics of Writing: Plagiarism	471	(1)
Integrating Sources	472	(1)
Paraphrasing	472	(1)
Summarizing	472	(1)
Quoting	472	(1)
Sample Paraphrase and Summary	472	(1)
Working with Quotations	473	(2)
Short Quotations	473	(1)
Words	473	(1)
Phrases	474	(1)
Sentences	474	(1)
Long Quotations	474	(1)
Citing the Author	475	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	475	(1)
Fitting Quotations to Your Sentences	476	(2)
Ellipses	476	(1)
Brackets	476	(1)
Quotations Within Quotations	477	(1)
Revising Your Research Project	478	(2)
Do You Need the Quote?	478	(1)
Is It Clear Where Sources Start and Stop?	478	(1)
Are Sources Used Purposefully or Just Strung Together?	479	(1)
Do You Provide Commentary Where It Is Needed?	479	(1)
In-Text Citations	480	(4)
Sources with One Author	481	(1)
Sources with Multiple Authors	482	(1)
Sources with No Author Listed	483	(1)
Indirect Quotations	484	(1)
Works Cited (MLA) and References (APA)	484	(15)
Books	484	(5)
Articles in Periodicals	489	(2)
Miscellaneous Sources	491	(2)
Online and Electronic Sources	493	(6)
A Guide to Print, Electronic, and Other Sources	499	(10)
Books and Periodicals	499	(3)
Understanding Types of Print Sources	500	(1)
Books	500	(1)
Periodicals	500	(2)
Learning About the Library	502	(2)
Searching the Library Catalog	502	(1)
Using General and Specialized Encyclopedias	502	(1)
Using Bibliographies	503	(1)
Using Indexes	503	(1)
Exploring the Web	504	(2)
Going Online: Web Directories	505	(1)
Using Search Engines	505	(1)
How to Use Key Words	506	(1)
Government Publications	506	(1)
Other Sources	507	(2)
Performances and Events	507	(1)
Museums	507	(1)
Media	508	(1)
Fieldwork and the Research Report	509	(24)
Ethics of Writing	510	(1)
Understanding the Genre: Research Reports	510	(8)
Luis Ramirez, ``Food Sources in South Providence''	511	(5)
Analysis: A Detailed Look at the Genre	516	(2)
Designing A Field Research Project	518	(1)
Writing a Proposal	519	(1)
Observation	519	(3)
The Process of Observation	519	(1)
Planning	519	(1)
Three Considerations to Take Into Account When You Do Observations	520	(1)
Conducting Observations	520	(1)
Analyzing Your Notes	521	(1)
Fieldwork Practice: Observation	521	(1)
Interviews	522	(4)
The Interview Process	523	(1)
Planning	523	(1)
Four Types of Interviews	524	(1)
Setting Up the Interview	525	(1)
Conducting an In-Person or Telephone Interview	525	(1)
After the Interview	525	(1)
Analyzing the Transcript	526	(1)
A Final Note on Interviews	526	(1)
Fieldwork Practice: Interviewing	526	(1)
Surveys	526	(7)
The Process of Designing and Conducting a Survey	527	(1)
Getting Background Information	527	(1)
Selecting Participants	527	(1)
Ethics of Research: Loaded Questions	528	(1)
Designing the Questionnaire	529	(1)
Types of Questions	529	(2)
Conducting the Survey	531	(1)
Compiling, Analyzing, and Presenting Results	531	(1)
Fieldwork Practice: Conducting a Survey	532	(1)
PART 4 WRITERS AT WORK	533	(66)
Introduction: Managing Your Writing Projects	534	(2)
Writing Habits	536	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing: Describing Your Writing Habits	537	(1)
The Writing Process: A Case Study of a Writing Assignment	538	(19)
Understanding the Writing Process	538	(2)
Reflecting on Your Writing: How You Managed a Writing Task	539	(1)
Collaborating on Your Writing Projects	540	(2)
Ethics of Collaboration Writing: Responsibilities of Writers and Readers	541	(1)
Exploring Your Experience	542	(1)
Case Study of a Writing Assignment	542	(13)
Invention	542	(1)
Understanding the Call to Write	542	(2)
Understanding Readers	544	(1)
Exploring the Topic	545	(1)
Krista's Exploratory Writing	545	(1)
Planning	546	(1)
Krista's Brief Outline	546	(1)
Drafting	547	(1)
Krista's Working Draft	547	(1)
Peer Commentary	548	(1)
Describe the Writer's Strategy	548	(1)
Analyze the Organization	549	(1)
Evaluate the Argument	550	(1)
Revising	551	(3)
Krista's Revisions to Working Draft	554	(1)
Final Touches	555	(1)
Directions for Editing	555	(1)
Directions for Proofreading	555	(1)
Talking to Teachers	555	(1)
Going to the Writing Center	556	(1)
The Shape of the Essay: How Form Embodies Purpose	557	(29)
Thinking About Form	557	(1)
Three Patterns of Organization	558	(10)
Exercise: Analyzing Patterns of Organization	559	(1)
Sara Boxer, ``I Shop, Ergo I Am: The Mall as Society's Mirror''	559	(3)
Ellen Goodman, ``Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance''	562	(2)
Joan Didion, ``Los Angeles Notebook''	564	(4)
Seeing Patterns of Organization: How Form Embodies Purpose	568	(2)
A Note on Mixed Form	570	(1)
Putting the Parts Together	570	(6)
Introductions	570	(1)
Endings	571	(1)
Connecting the Parts: Keeping Your Purposes Visible	572	(1)
Use Reasons to Explain	573	(1)
Laurie Ouellette, from ``Building the Third Wave''	573	(1)
Create Topic Chains	574	(1)
Use Transitions	575	(1)
Common Types of Transitions	576	(1)
Designing Paragraphs	576	(6)
Seeing Paragraphs: The Visual Dimension	577	(1)
Unity and Coherence: The Psychological Dimension	578	(1)
Topic Sentences and Unity	579	(1)
Discussion and Unity and Coherence	579	(2)
A Note on the Placement of Topic Sentences	581	(1)
How Paragraphs Make Patterns of Organization Easy to Recognize	582	(4)
Narration	582	(1)
Description	583	(1)
Definition	583	(1)
Classification	584	(1)
Comparison and Contrast	584	(2)
Working Together: Collaborative Writing Projects	586	(13)
Collaborative Writing	586	(4)
Exploring Your Experience	588	(1)
Guidelines for Collaborating in Groups	588	(1)
Recognize That Group Members Need to Get Acquainted and That Groups Take Time to Form	588	(1)
Clarify Group Purposes and Individual Roles	588	(1)
Recognize That Members Bring Different Styles to the Group	588	(1)
Recognize That You May Not Play the Same Role in Every Group	589	(1)
Monitor Group Progress and Reassess Goals and Procedures	589	(1)
Quickly Address Problems in Group Dynamics	589	(1)
Encourage Differences of Opinion	589	(1)
How to Work Together on Collaborative Writing Projects	590	(5)
Organizing the Group	590	(1)
Group Size	590	(1)
Group Composition	590	(1)
The First Meeting	590	(1)
Division of Labor, or Integrated Team?	591	(1)
Organizing the Project	591	(1)
The Proposal	591	(2)
Productive Meetings	593	(1)
Progress Reports	593	(1)
Confidential Self-Evaluation	593	(1)
Drafting, Revising, and Editing	593	(1)
Giving Credit	594	(1)
Final Presentation	594	(1)
Online Collaboration	594	(1)
Ethics of Writing: Giving Credit and Taking Responsibility	595	(1)
Identifying the Call to Write: Types of Projects	595	(3)
Reports and Recommendations	596	(1)
Proposals for Grant Funding	597	(1)
Informative Writing	597	(1)
Other Possibilities	598	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	598	(1)
PART 5 PRESENTING YOUR WORK	599	(80)
Introduction: Communicating with Your Readers	600	(2)
Visual Design	602	(34)
How Visual Design Embodies Purposes	603	(14)
Identification	603	(2)
Information	605	(1)
Textual Graphics	605	(2)
Representational Graphics	607	(1)
Numerical Graphics	607	(3)
Ethics of Information Design	610	(4)
Persuasion	614	(3)
Visual Design: Four Basic Principles	617	(11)
Group Similar Items Together	617	(1)
Align Visual Elements	618	(1)
Use Repetition and Contrast to Create Consistent Visual Patterns	619	(4)
Add Visual Interest	623	(1)
Working with Type	624	(1)
Serif and Sanserif Typefaces	625	(1)
Display Typefaces	626	(1)
Mixing Typefaces	626	(2)
Visual Design Projects	628	(6)
Preliminary Considerations	628	(1)
Working Sketches	628	(2)
From Sketch to Document: Some Examples	630	(1)
Flyers	630	(1)
Newsletters	631	(1)
Brochures	632	(2)
Writers' Workshop	634	(2)
Kevin Candiloro, ``Eating Disorders: Learning to Break the Cycle''	634	(1)
Workshop Questions	635	(1)
Web Design	636	(10)
The Rhetorical Purposes of Web Design	636	(3)
Identification	637	(1)
Information	638	(1)
Persuasion	638	(1)
The Structure of Web Design	639	(2)
Exercise: Analyzing Web Structure	641	(1)
The Visual Design of Web Sites	641	(2)
Writing Assignment	643	(2)
Planning a Web Site	643	(1)
Identifying the Call to Write	643	(1)
Understanding Your Audience	643	(1)
Understanding the Genre	644	(1)
Designing Web Structure	644	(1)
Drafting and Revising	645	(1)
Reflecting on Your Writing	645	(1)
Oral Presentations	646	(8)
Understanding the Differences Between Writing and Oral Presentations	646	(1)
Developing an Oral Presentation	647	(2)
Preliminary Considerations	647	(1)
Planning the Oral Presentation	648	(1)
Identifying the Call to Write	648	(1)
Defining Your Audience	648	(1)
Planning the Introduction	648	(1)
Arranging Your Material	648	(1)
Planning the Ending	649	(1)
Being Prepared for Questions	649	(1)
Designing and Using Visual Aids	649	(2)
Rehearsing Your Presentation	651	(1)
Delivering Your Presentation	652	(2)
Going Online: PowerPoint Tutorials	653	(1)
Essay Exams	654	(13)
Preparing for Essay Exams	655	(1)
Working Together: Preparing for Exams	656	(1)
Analyzing Essay Exams	656	(3)
Surveying the Format	656	(1)
Analyzing Exam Questions	657	(1)
Identification Items (IDs)	657	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	657	(1)
Guidelines for Analyzing Exam Questions	658	(1)
Essay Questions	659	(1)
Working Together: Analyzing Essay Questions	659	(1)
Planning Your Answer	659	(1)
Writing a Good Answer	660	(7)
Common Essay Exam Questions	661	(2)
Sample Essay Answers	663	(3)
Working Together: Analyzing an Essay Answer	666	(1)
Writing Portfolios	667	(12)
What to Include in a Portfolio	668	(1)
Amount of Writing to Include	668	(1)
Type of Writing to Include	668	(1)
Some Options for a Writing Portfolio	668	(9)
A Reflective Letter	668	(2)
Revised Writing Assignments	670	(1)
A Case Study	670	(5)
Peer Commentary	675	(1)
Commentary on Collaborative Writing	675	(2)
Samples of Exploratory Writing	677	(1)
Miscellaneous	677	(1)
Online Portfolios	677	(2)
Credits	679	(10)
Index	689