Cancer

by Devita, Vincent T.; Hellman, Samuel; Rosenberg, Steven A.

• ISBN13: 9780397515745
• ISBN10: 039751574X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-01-01
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary

Acclaimed by the worldwide medical community as "the ultimate authority on cancer" (JAMA), Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology is now in its Seventh Edition. This completely revised, updated classic reflects the latest breakthroughs in molecular biology, cancer prevention, and multimodality treatment of every cancer type. New chapters examine molecular biologic techniques including proteomics, genomics, targeted therapies, RNA interference, cDNA arrays, and tissue arrays. New sections discuss bioinformatics and societal issues in oncology, including regulatory issues, telemedicine, and international differences in oncology. Coverage also includes new information on functional and metabolic imaging, vaccines, and antiangiogenesis agents. A bound-in CD-ROM includes the full text, color slides, and PubMed links.

Table of Contents

PART 1 ESSENTIALS OF MODERN ONCOLOGIC SCIENCE
Essentials of Molecular Biology	3	(32)
Janelle Cortner
George F. Vande Woude
Biology of Genes	3	(4)
Techniques in Molecular Biology	7	(5)
Gene Product Detection	12	(3)
Molecular Cloning of DNA	15	(2)
cDNA Libraries	17	(2)
Gene Mapping and Identification of the Candidate Locus	19	(2)
The Human Genome Project	21	(2)
Animal Model Systems	23	(3)
New Strategies for Treatment	26	(9)
Essentials of Signal Transduction	35	(12)
David C. Heimbrook
Allen Oliff
Jackson B. Gibbs
Family of GTP-Binding Proteins	36	(2)
Protein-Protein Interactions	38	(1)
Cytoplasmic Protein Kinases and Phosphatases	39	(1)
Second Messengers	40	(2)
Nuclear Receptor Superfamily	42	(1)
Conclusion	43	(4)
Essentials of Immunology	47	(32)
Nicholas P. Restifo
John R. Wunderlich
T Cells and Cellular Immunity	47	(1)
Antigen Presentation to T Cells	48	(6)
Specialized Antigen-Presenting Cells	54	(1)
T-Cell Recognition of Antigens	55	(2)
T-Cell Maturation	57	(2)
Activation of Mature T Cells	59	(2)
Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance	61	(1)
States of Mature T Cells	62	(1)
Functions of Mature T Cells	63	(1)
Cytotoxic Effector Cell Mechanisms	64	(3)
B Cells and Humoral Immunity	67	(3)
Summary	70	(9)
PART 2 PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
Molecular Biology of Cancer: Oncogenes	79	(24)
Archibald S. Perkins
David F. Stern
Identification of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes	79	(9)
Functions of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes	88	(15)
Molecular Biology of Cancer: Cytogenetics	103	(18)
Michelle M. Le Beau
Genetic Consequences of Chromosomal Rearrangements	103	(2)
Chromosome Nomenclature	105	(1)
Myeloid Leukemias	106	(3)
Malignant Lymphoid Disorders	109	(3)
Solid Tumors	112	(9)
Molecular Biology of Cancer: The Cell Cycle	121	(14)
Michael B. Kastan
Control of the Cell Cycle	121	(8)
Implications for Cancer	129	(6)
Molecular Biology of Cancer: Invasion and Metastasis	135	(18)
Isaiah J. Fidler
Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis	135	(1)
Intial Growth of Neoplasms and Angiogenesis	136	(2)
Tumor Cell Invasion	138	(1)
Lymphatic Metastasis	139	(1)
Hematogenous Metastasis	139	(1)
Nitric Oxide and Hematogenous Metastasis	140	(1)
Tumor Cell Arrest, Adhesion, and Extravasation	140	(1)
Growth	141	(1)
Dormancy of Metastasis	141	(1)
Biologic Heterogeneity of Neoplasms	141	(1)
Metastatic Heterogeneity of Neoplasms	142	(1)
Genetic and Phenotypic Instability of Metastatic Cells	143	(1)
Clonal Origin of Cancer Metastases	143	(1)
Regulation of Metastasis by the Organ Environment	143	(1)
Modulation of Angiogenesis by the Organ Microenvironment	144	(1)
Organ-Specific Modulation of the Invasive Phenotype of Metastatic Carcinoma Cells	145	(1)
Host Immunity and Cancer Metastasis	145	(1)
Modulation of the Response of Metastases to Chemotherapy by the Organ Microenvironment	146	(1)
Predicting the Metastatic Potential of Individual Patients' Neoplasms	146	(1)
Conclusion	147	(6)
Etiology of Cancer: Viruses	153	(32)
RNA Viruses	153	(15)
Eric Murnane Poeschla
Flossie Wong-Staal
Retroviral Genetics: Selective Access to the Growth Control of the Cell	154	(2)
Mechanisms of Oncogenesis	156	(7)
HIV-Related Neoplasms	163	(1)
Human Retroviruses: The Past as Prologue	164	(4)
DNA Viruses	168	(17)
Peter M. Howley
Don Ganem
Elliott Kieff
Hepadnaviruses and Hepatocellular Carcinoma	168	(3)
Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer	171	(6)
Epstein-Barr Virus	177	(3)
Viruses and Kaposi's Sarcoma	180	(5)
Etiology of Cancer: Chemical Factors	185	(18)
Stuart H. Yuspa
Peter G. Shields
The Nature of Chemical Carcinogens: Chemistry and Metabolism	185	(1)
Animal Model Systems and Multistage Carcinogenesis	186	(4)
Protection Against Chemical Carcinogens: DNA Repair, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Transforming Growth Factor β	190	(1)
Genetic Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis in Experimental Models	190	(1)
Determination of Chemical Carcinogens for Humans and Population-Based Risk Assessment	191	(1)
Molecular Epidemiology: Exposure Assessment, Internal Dosimetry, and Host Susceptibility Factors	192	(5)
Mutational Spectrum of Human Cancers	197	(1)
Aflatoxin and Liver Cancer: A Paradigm for Carcinogenesis Research From Bench to Prevention	198	(5)
Etiology of Cancer: Physical Factors	203	(16)
Eric J. Hall
Ionizing Radiations	203	(7)
Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis	210	(2)
Asbestos	212	(2)
Electric and Magnetic Fields	214	(1)
Hypothermia and Erythema Ab Igne	215	(4)
Etiology of Cancer: Hormonal Factors	219	(12)
Brian E. Henderson
Leslie Bernstein
Ronald Ross
Breast Cancer	219	(3)
Endometrial Cancer	222	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	223	(1)
Prostate Cancer	224	(2)
Adolescent and Young Adult Genital Cancer	226	(1)
Cervical Cancer	226	(1)
Thyroid Cancer	227	(1)
Osteosarcoma	227	(1)
Conclusion	227	(4)
Epidemiology of Cancer	231	(28)
Dimitrios Trichopoulos
Loren Lipworth
Eleni Petridou
Hans-Olov Adami
Human Carcinogenesis: The Nature of the Evidence	231	(4)
Cancer Epidemiology by Site	235	(14)
An Overview of Cancer Causes	249	(10)
Principles of Cancer Management: Molecular Pathology	259	(26)
Jeffrey L. Sklar
Jose C. Costa
Immunohistochemistry	260	(2)
DNA Content	262	(1)
Diagnostic Molecular Genetics	263	(1)
Techniques in the Molecular Genetic Diagnosis of Cancer	263	(6)
Molecular Markers in Cancer Diagnosis	269	(10)
Small Mutations	279	(1)
Future Expectations	280	(5)
Principles of Cancer Management: Cancer Genetics	285	(10)
Allen E. Bale
Frederick P. LI
Cancer as a Genetic Disease	285	(1)
Mechanisms of Cancer Predisposition	285	(3)
Clinical Characteristics of Cancer Families	288	(1)
Multisystem Genetic Syndromes With a High Risk of Cancer	289	(3)
Nonsyndromic Hereditary Cancer	292	(3)
Principles of Cancer Management: Surgical Oncology	295	(12)
Steven A. Rosenberg
Historical Perspective	295	(1)
The Operation	296	(5)
Roles for Surgery	301	(6)
Principles of Cancer Management: Radiation Therapy	307	(26)
Samuel Hellman
Physical Considerations	307	(7)
Biologic Considerations	314	(7)
Tumor Radiobiology	321	(4)
Clinical Considerations	325	(8)
Principles of Cancer Management: Chemotherapy	333	(16)
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.
History	333	(1)
Chemotherapy as Part of the Initial Treatment of Cancer	334	(1)
Clinical Endpoints in Evaluating Response to Chemotherapy	334	(1)
Principles Governing the Use of Combination Chemotherapy	335	(2)
Response to Chemotherapy Is Affected by the Biology of Tumor Growth	337	(1)
The Cell Cycle, Drug Resistance, and the P53 Tumor Suppressor Gene Pathway	338	(4)
The Concept of Dose Intensity	342	(2)
In Vitro Drug-Response Assays	344	(5)
Principles of Cancer Management: Biologic Therapy	349	(26)
Steven A. Rosenberg
Basic Principles of Tumor Immunology	349	(1)
Cells of the Immune System	349	(1)
Immune Effector Mechanisms Resulting in Cell Destruction	350	(1)
Cytokines	350	(5)
Tumor Antigens	355	(5)
Immunotherapy	360	(4)
Interferons	364	(1)
Interleukin-2 and Adoptive Immunotherapy	365	(10)
Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapy	375	(138)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics	375	(10)
Mark J. Ratain
Pharmacokinetics	375	(5)
Pharmacodynamics	380	(1)
Rational Use of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data in Clinical Oncology	380	(3)
Conclusion	383	(2)
Cancer Drug Discovery and Development	385	(10)
Michael R. Grever
Bruce A. Chabner
Drug Discovery	385	(7)
Drug Development	392	(1)
Conclusion	393	(2)
Hormonal Therapies	395	(10)
Charles Erlichman
Charles L. Loprinzi
Antiestrogens	395	(3)
Aromatase Inhibitors	398	(2)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues	400	(1)
Antiandrogens	401	(1)
Other Hormonal Therapies	401	(4)
Antitumor Alkylating Agents	405	(13)
Beverly A. Teicher
Mechanism of Action	405	(1)
Mustards	406	(3)
Nitrosoureas	409	(2)
Tetrazines	411	(1)
Aziridines	412	(1)
Nonclassic Antitumor Alkylating Agents	413	(1)
Resistance to Antitumor Alkylating Agents	414	(4)
Cisplatin and Its Analogues	418	(14)
Peter J. O'Dwyer
Steven W. Johnson
Thomas C. Hamilton
Platinum Chemistry and Analogue Development	418	(3)
Mechanism of Action	421	(1)
Resistance	422	(3)
Clinical Pharmacology	425	(3)
Modulation of Toxicity and Activity	428	(4)
Antimetabolites	432	(20)
Carmen J. Allegra
Jean L. Grem
Methotrexate	432	(4)
New Antifolates	436	(1)
5-Fluoropyrimidines	437	(4)
Cytarabine	441	(3)
Azacitidine	444	(1)
Gemcitabine	445	(1)
6-Thiopurines	446	(2)
Hydroxyurea	448	(4)
Topoisomerase Interactive Agents	452	(15)
Clinton F. Stewart
Mark J. Ratain
Overview of DNA Topoisomerases	452	(1)
Mechanism of Action of Topoisomerase Interactive Agents	453	(14)
Antimicrotubule Agents	467	(16)
Eric K. Rowinsky
Ross C. Donehower
Microtubules	467	(1)
Vinca Alkaloids	468	(4)
The Taxanes	472	(6)
Estramustine	478	(1)
Novel Natural Product Antimicrotubule Agents	479	(4)
Differentiation Agents	483	(7)
Raymond P. Warrell, Jr.
Retinoids	483	(4)
Vitamin D3	487	(1)
Polar-Apolar Compounds	487	(1)
Butyrate and Phenylactetate	487	(1)
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate	487	(1)
Cytotoxic Drugs	487	(1)
Cytokines and Other Proteins	488	(1)
Combinations of Differentiations Agents	488	(2)
Miscellaneous Chemotherapeutic Agents	490	(8)
Bruce D. Cheson
Fludarabine	490	(1)
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine	491	(1)
2'-Deoxycoformycin	492	(1)
Homoharringtonine	492	(1)
Suramin	493	(1)
Bleomycin	494	(1)
L-Asparaginase	495	(3)
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance	498	(15)
William T. Beck
William S. Dalton
Antitumor Drug Action	499	(1)
General Concepts of Multidrug Resistance to Natural Product Anticancer Drugs	499	(2)
Clinical Resistance to Natural Product Anticancer Drugs	501	(3)
Non-P-Glycoprotein Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance	504	(4)
Association of Drug Action and Resistance With Cell Cycle Proteins and Programmed Cell Death Pathways	508	(1)
Summary	508	(5)
Clinical Trials in Cancer	513	(32)
Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials	513	(15)
Richard M. Simon
Phase I Clinical Trials	513	(1)
Phase II Clinical Trials	514	(4)
Design of Phase III Clinical Trials	518	(3)
Analysis of Phase III Clinical Trials	521	(7)
Research Data Management	528	(6)
Colin B. Begg
Principles of Study Design	529	(1)
Research Data Management Methodology	530	(3)
Multiinstitutional Studies	533	(1)
Conclusion	533	(1)
Ethical Issues in the Clinical Research of Cancer	534	(11)
Christopher K. Daugherty
Mark J. Ratain
Mark Siegler
Ethical Regulation of Clinical Research: Historical Overview	534	(1)
Informed Consent and the Cancer Patient	535	(2)
Overview of Clinical Trial Research Process for Investigational Anticancer Agents	537	(1)
Ethical Issues in Phase I Trials	537	(1)
Ethical Issues in Phase II Trials	538	(1)
Ethical Issues in Phase III Trials	539	(2)
Conclusion	541	(4)
PART 3 PRACTICE OF ONCOLOGY
Cancer Prevention: Preventing Tobacco-Related Cancers	545	(14)
Alan Blum
Lung Cancer	546	(1)
Laryngeal Cancer	547	(1)
Oral Cancer	548	(1)
Other Cancers	548	(1)
``Less Hazardous'' Cigarettes	549	(1)
Women and Smoking	549	(1)
Involuntary (Passive) Smoking	550	(1)
Spitting Tobacco	551	(1)
Efforts to Curtail Tobacco Use	552	(1)
A Consumerist Approach to Smoking Cessation	553	(1)
Office-Based Strategies	553	(1)
Metaphors That Motivate	554	(1)
Debunking Common Myths	554	(1)
Consumer Advocacy Role	555	(1)
Approach to Adolescents	555	(1)
Ending the Tobacco Pandemic	555	(4)
Cancer Prevention: Diet and Risk Reduction	559	(26)
Fat	559	(7)
Walter C. Willett
Fat and Breast Cancer	560	(2)
Fat and Colon Cancer	562	(1)
Fat and Prostate Cancer	563	(1)
Other Cancers	563	(1)
Summary	564	(2)
Dietary Fiber	566	(7)
Peter Greenwald
Sources and Types of Dietary Fiber	566	(1)
Dietary Fiber and Colorectal Cancer	567	(3)
Dietary Fiber and Breast Cancer	570	(1)
Dietary Fiber and Other Cancers	571	(1)
Public Health Implications	571	(2)
Micronutrients	573	(6)
Frank L. Meyskens, Jr.
Epidemiology	574	(1)
Multistage Carcinogenesis and Cancer Formation	574	(2)
Mechanisms of Action	576	(1)
Pharmacologic Issues	576	(1)
Clinical Trials	577	(1)
Future	577	(2)
Dietary Carcinogens	579	(6)
Peter Greenwald
Naturally Occurring Dietary Carcinogens	579	(2)
Mycotoxins	581	(1)
Carcinogens Formed During Food Preparation	582	(1)
Naturally Occurring Dietary Anticarcinogens	583	(2)
Cancer Prevention: Chemopreventive Agents	585	(24)
Retinoids and Carotenoids	585	(14)
Susan Taylor Mayne
Scott M. Lippman
Historical Perspective	585	(1)
Retinoid Biology and Pharmacology	586	(1)
Carotenoid Biology and Actions	587	(2)
Clinical Trials	589	(6)
Translational and Intermediate Endpoint Studies in Retinoid Chemoprevention	595	(1)
New Retinoids and Carotenoids	596	(1)
Conclusion	597	(2)
Use of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Risk of Cancer Development	599	(10)
I-Min Lee
Charles H. Hennekens
Julie E. Buring
Analytic Epidemiologic Studies	599	(6)
Discussion	605	(4)
Cancer Prevention: Hormones	609	(10)
Leslie Bernstein
Ronald Ross
Brian E. Henderson
Oral Contraceptives	609	(3)
Hormone Replacement Therapy	612	(1)
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists	613	(1)
Tamoxifen	613	(2)
Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer	615	(4)
Cancer Screening	619	(14)
Barbara K. Rimer
Joellen Schildkraut
What Is Cancer Screening?	619	(1)
Evaluation of a Screening Test	619	(2)
Breast Cancer Screening	621	(4)
Cervical Cancer Screening	625	(1)
Skin Cancer Screening	625	(2)
Prostate Cancer Screening	627	(1)
Colorectal Cancer Screening	628	(1)
The Future of Screening	629	(4)
Imaging Techniques in Cancer Management	633	(64)
Overview	633	(10)
Ronald A. Castellino
Expectation Versus Reality	633	(2)
Uses of Diagnostic Imaging	635	(4)
Accuracy	639	(4)
Computed Tomography	643	(12)
Elliot K. Fishman
Liver and Biliary Tree	643	(2)
Pancreas	645	(1)
Kidney	646	(1)
Adrenal Gland	647	(1)
Small Bowel and Colon	648	(1)
Esophagus and Stomach	649	(1)
Lung and Mediastinum	650	(3)
Musculoskeletal	653	(1)
Brain and Spinal Cord	653	(1)
Conclusion	653	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	655	(8)
Lawrence H. Schwartz
Ronald A. Castellino
Basic Principles	655	(1)
Clinical Applications	655	(8)
Radionuclide Imaging	663	(6)
Steven M. Larson
Instrumentation	663	(1)
Applications in Oncology	664	(5)
Ultrasound	669	(4)
R. Brooke Jeffrey, Jr.
Technique	669	(1)
Abdominal Malignancies	670	(2)
Genitourinary Tract Tumors	672	(1)
Functional and Metabolic Imaging	673	(9)
R. Edward Coleman
H. Dirk Sostman
Technology for Functional and Metabolic Imaging	673	(1)
Characterization of Tumor Tissue Beyond Anatomy	674	(5)
Treatment Planning	679	(1)
Prognostic Information	679	(1)
Treatment Response	680	(1)
Future Developments	680	(2)
Interventional Radiology	682	(15)
Jose F. Botet
Diagnostic Procedures	682	(3)
Therapeutic Procedures	685	(12)
Specialized Techniques of Cancer Diagnosis and Management	697	(28)
Endoscopy	697	(15)
Robert C. Kurtz
Robert J. Ginsberg
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy	697	(4)
Sigmoidoscopy	701	(1)
Colonoscopy	701	(1)
Laparoscopy	702	(1)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography	703	(2)
Small Intestinal Endoscopy: Enteroscopy	705	(1)
Bronchoscopy	705	(3)
Mediastinoscopy	708	(1)
Anterior Mediastinotomy (Chamberlain Procedure)	709	(1)
Thoracoscopy	709	(3)
Laparoscopic Resection	712	(13)
Frederick L. Greene
Historical Overview	712	(1)
Diagnostic Laparoscopy as a Prelude to Resection	712	(1)
Laparoscopic Resection for Gastric Cancer	713	(1)
Laparoscopic Colectomy for Cancer	713	(4)
Laparoscopic Management of Pancreatobiliary Lesions	717	(1)
Lymph Node Biopsy and Lymphadenectomy	718	(1)
Laparoscopic Splenectomy	719	(1)
Laparoscopic Resection of Adrenal Masses	720	(1)
Thoracoscopic Resection	721	(4)
Vascular Access and Specialized Techniques of Drug Delivery	725	(10)
H. Richard Alexander
Types of Catheters	725	(1)
Patient Selection and Preoperative Preparation	726	(1)
Catheter Selection	726	(1)
Technique of Insertion	727	(1)
Routine Postoperative Maintenance	728	(1)
Catheter Occlusion and Persistent Withdrawal Occlusion	729	(1)
Catheter-Related Venous Thrombosis	730	(1)
Catheter-Related Infections	731	(1)
Drug Delivery Systems	732	(3)
Cancer of the Head and Neck	735	(114)
Molecular Biology of Head and Neck Tumors	735	(6)
David Sidransky
Cytogenetic Alterations	735	(1)
Protooncogenes	736	(1)
Growth Factors	736	(1)
Tumor Suppressor Genes	736	(2)
Field Cancerization	738	(1)
Molecular Epidemiology	738	(1)
Diagnostics	738	(3)
Tumors of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses, Nasopharynx, Oral Cavity, and Oropharynx	741	(61)
Stimson P. Schantz
Louis B. Harrison
Arlene A. Forastiere
Anatomy	741	(1)
Pathology	741	(1)
Staging and Screening	742	(3)
Treatment	745	(16)
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses	761	(4)
Nasopharynx	765	(6)
Oral Cavity	771	(11)
Oropharynx	782	(20)
Tumors of the Larynx and Hypopharynx	802	(28)
Roy B. Sessions
Louis B. Harrison
Arlene A. Forastiere
Larynx	802	(19)
Hypopharynx	821	(9)
Tumors of the Salivary Glands and Paragangliomas	830	(19)
Roy B. Sessions
Louis B. Harrison
Arlene A. Forastiere
Major Salivary Glands	830	(9)
Minor Salivary Gland Tumors	839	(2)
Paragangliomas	841	(8)
Cancer of the Lung	849	(102)
Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer	849	(9)
John D. Minna
Yoshitaka Sekido
Kwun M. Fong
Adi F. Gazdar
Dominant Oncogenes	849	(2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes (Recessive Oncogenes)	851	(2)
Other Genetic Changes in Lung Cancer	853	(1)
Potential Clinical Application of the Findings of Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer	854	(4)
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer	858	(53)
Robert J. Ginsberg
Everett E. Vokes
Adam Raben
Epidemiology	858	(5)
Pathology	863	(3)
Clinical Features	866	(2)
Dignosis and Staging	868	(8)
Occult Disease	876	(1)
Chemoprevention	877	(1)
Management	877	(34)
Small Cell Lung Cancer	911	(40)
Daniel C. Ihde
Eli Glastein
Harvey I. Pass
Epidemiology and Etiology	911	(1)
Pathology and Small Cell Lung Cancer	911	(1)
Cellular Biology	912	(1)
Clinical Features	913	(2)
Staging Evaluation and Prognostic Factors	915	(3)
Treatment of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung	918	(33)
Neoplasms of the Mediastinum	951	(20)
Geoffrey B. Blossom
Zwi Steiger
Larry W. Stephenson
Anatomy	951	(1)
Incidence and Pathology	951	(1)
Diagnostic Considerations	952	(3)
Thymic Neoplasms	955	(6)
Germ Cell Tumors	961	(3)
Mesenchymal Tumors	964	(1)
Neurogenic Tumors	964	(7)
Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract	971	(282)
Molecular Biology of Gastrointestinal Cancers	971	(9)
Neal Rosen
Gastrointestinal Tumors	971	(1)
Colorectal Cancer as a Model	972	(1)
Allelotyping of Colorectal Carcinomas	972	(1)
Familial Dispositions to Colon Cancer	973	(2)
Protooncogene Activation and Overexpression	975	(1)
Summary and Implications for Tumor Progression	976	(1)
Other Gastrointestinal Malignancies	976	(1)
Clinical Implications	977	(1)
Early Diagnosis	977	(1)
Prognostic Markers	977	(1)
New Treatments	978	(2)
Cancer of the Esophagus	980	(41)
Jack A. Roth
Joe B. Putnam, Jr.
Tyvin A. Rich
Arlene A. Forastiere
Predisposing Conditions	981	(1)
Rare Cancers of the Esophagus	982	(1)
Anatomy	982	(2)
Lymphatic Drainage	984	(1)
Clinical Presentation	985	(1)
Diagnosis	986	(1)
Staging	986	(1)
Natural History and Patterns of Spread	986	(1)
Therapy for Cancer of the Esophagus	987	(9)
Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus	996	(3)
Radiation Therapy in the Management of Cancer of the Esophagus	999	(5)
Combinations of Radiation and Chemotherapy	1004	(3)
Chemotherapy	1007	(3)
Palliation for Cancer of the Esophagus	1010	(11)
Cancer of the Stomach	1021	(33)
H. Richard Alexander
David P. Kelsen
Joel E. Tepper
Epidemiology	1021	(1)
Etiology and Pathogenesis	1022	(2)
Anatomic Considerations	1024	(1)
Pathology and Tumor Biology	1025	(2)
Clinical Presentation	1027	(3)
Treatment of Localized Disease	1030	(5)
Adjuvant Therapy	1035	(8)
Treatment of Advanced Gastric Cancer	1043	(6)
Conclusion	1049	(5)
Cancer of the Pancreas	1054	(33)
Douglas B. Evans
James L. Abbruzzese
Tyvin A. Rich
Epidemiology	1054	(1)
Etiologic Factors	1055	(1)
Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis	1056	(3)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms	1059	(1)
Natural History and Patterns of Treatment Failure	1059	(1)
Clinical and Pathologic (Surgical) Staging	1059	(4)
Pretreatment Diagnostic Studies	1063	(4)
Treatment of Potentially Resectable Disease	1067	(6)
Palliative Methods of Biliary and Gastric Decompression	1073	(2)
Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease	1075	(2)
Treatment of Metastatic and Recurrent Disease	1077	(10)
Hepatobiliary Cancers	1087	(1)
Cancer of the Liver	1087	(27)
John C. Flickinger
Brian I. Carr
Michael T. Lotze
Etiology and Pathogenesis	1087	(4)
Clinical Features	1091	(3)
Patient Evaluation	1094	(3)
Principles of Surgical Resection and Transplantation	1097	(4)
Chemotherapy	1101	(3)
Practical Guidelines for Patient Management	1104	(1)
Radiation Therapy	1105	(1)
Hepatoblastoma	1106	(8)
Cancer of the Biliary Tree	1114	(14)
Henry A. Pitt
Louise B. Grochow
Ross A. Abrams
Carcinoma of the Gallbladder	1114	(5)
Cholangiocarcinoma	1119	(7)
Metastatic, Hilar, and Rare Tumors	1126	(1)
The Future	1126	(2)
Cancer of the Small Intestine	1128	(16)
Daniel G. Coit
History	1128	(1)
Incidence	1128	(1)
Etiology	1128	(1)
Anatomy	1129	(1)
Pathology	1130	(1)
Presentation	1130	(1)
Diagnosis	1131	(1)
Management	1132	(12)
Cancer of the Colon	1144	(53)
Alfred M. Cohen
Bruce D. Minsky
Richard L. Schilsky
Anatomy	1144	(1)
Epidemiology	1144	(1)
Etiology	1145	(2)
Primary Prevention	1147	(1)
Secondary Prevention	1148	(1)
Clinical Risk Factors	1148	(3)
Diagnosis	1151	(1)
Screening	1151	(2)
Pathology	1153	(1)
Spread of Colorectal Cancer	1154	(1)
Staging and Prognostic Factors	1154	(8)
Treatment of Precancerous Colorectal Disease	1162	(1)
Treatment of Potentially Curable Colon Cancer	1163	(3)
Specific Management Problems	1166	(2)
Adjuvant Therapies	1168	(9)
Treatment of Initially Advanced Colon Cancer	1177	(7)
Miscellaneous Colorectal Tumors	1184	(13)
Cancer of the Rectum	1197	(37)
Alfred M. Cohen
Bruce D. Minsky
Richard L. Schilsky
Anatomy	1197	(1)
Diagnosis	1198	(1)
Treatment of Resectable Rectal Cancer	1199	(2)
Treatment of Invasive Rectal Cancer by Nonradical Approaches	1201	(2)
Results of Treatment	1203	(2)
Radical Therapy Alone for Resectable Rectal Cancer	1205	(1)
Adjuvant Therapy and Sphincter-Saving Operations as an Alternative to Abdominoperineal Resection	1206	(3)
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Resectable Rectal Cancer	1209	(10)
Radical Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Versus Chemoradiation Therapy	1219	(3)
Control of Locally Advanced and Unresectable Rectal Cancer	1222	(6)
Follow-Up After Potentially Curative Treatment	1228	(6)
Cancer of the Anal Region	1234	(19)
Brenda Shank
John D. Cunningham
David P. Kelsen
Epidemiolgy and Etiology	1234	(2)
Anatomy	1236	(1)
Pathology	1237	(1)
Epidermoid Carcinoma	1238	(9)
Anorectal Melanoma	1247	(1)
Adenocarcinoma	1248	(1)
Future Directions	1248	(5)
Cancer of the Genitourinary System	1253	(144)
Molecular Biology of Genitourinary Cancers	1253	(18)
W. Marston Linehan
Carlos Cordon-Cardo
William B. Isaacs
Kidney Cancer	1253	(4)
Bladder Cancer	1257	(4)
Prostate Cancer	1261	(6)
Summary	1267	(4)
Cancer of the Kidney and Ureter	1271	(29)
W. Marston Linehan
William U. Shipley
David R. Parkinson
Renal Carcinoma	1271	(10)
Metastatic Renal Carcinoma	1281	(9)
Chemotherapy for Metastatic Carcinomas of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter	1290	(10)
Cancer of the Bladder	1300	(22)
Howard I. Scher
William U. Shipley
Harry W. Herr
Epidemiology	1301	(1)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	1301	(1)
Pathology and Natural History	1302	(1)
Staging	1303	(1)
Pathogenesis	1304	(1)
Treatment	1305	(4)
Evolving Standards of Care for Muscle-Invasive Disease: Combined Modality Approaches	1309	(2)
Chemotherapy	1311	(1)
Impact of Chemotherapy on Survival of Patients With Invasive Disease	1312	(3)
Bladder Preservation: Monotherapies	1315	(1)
Bladder Sparing: Combined-Modality Approaches	1316	(2)
Summary	1318	(4)
Cancer of the Prostate	1322	(64)
Joseph E. Oesterling
Zvi Fuks
Cheryl T. Lee
Howard I. Scher
Anatomy: Zonal, Functional, and Pathologic	1322	(2)
Carcinogenesis and Pathology	1324	(2)
Biologic Characterization	1326	(5)
Epidemiology	1331	(1)
Chemoprevention	1332	(1)
Patterns of Spread and Staging	1332	(2)
Early Detection and Screening	1334	(4)
Improving Prostate-Specific Antigen Specificity and Sensitivity	1338	(3)
Assessing Risk in Clinically Localized Disease	1341	(4)
Primary Therapy	1345	(18)
Advanced Disease: Metastatic and Locoregional	1363	(5)
Relapsed Disease	1368	(7)
Future Directions	1375	(11)
Cancer of the Urethra and Penis	1386	(11)
Harry W. Herr
Zvi Fuks
Howard I. Scher
Carcinoma of the Male Urethra	1386	(3)
Carcinoma of the Female Urethra	1389	(1)
Cancer of the Penis	1390	(7)
Cancer of the Testis	1397	(30)
George J. Bosl
Dean F. Bajorin
Joel Sheinfeld
Robert J. Motzer
Incidence	1397	(1)
Epidemiology	1397	(1)
Initial Presentation and Management	1398	(1)
Histology	1399	(3)
Staging	1402	(4)
Management of Clinical Stage I Disease	1406	(4)
Management of Clinical Stage II Disease (Low Tumor Burden)	1410	(2)
Management of Stage II and III Disease (High Tumor Burden)	1412	(4)
Management of Relapse After Chemotherapy	1416	(2)
Treatment Sequelae	1418	(1)
Midline Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis	1419	(1)
Other Testicular Tumors	1420	(7)
Gynecologic Cancers	1427	(107)
Molecular Biology of Gynecologic Cancers	1427	(6)
Setsuko Kuki Chambers
Endometrial Cancer	1427	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	1427	(3)
Cervical and Vulvar Cancer	1430	(2)
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease	1432	(1)
Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva	1433	(45)
Patricia J. Eifel
Jonathan S. Berek
James Tate Thigpen
Carcinoma of the Cervix	1433	(23)
Carcinoma of the Vagina	1456	(6)
Carcinoma of the Vulva	1462	(16)
Cancer of the Uterine Body	1478	(21)
Thomas W. Burke
Patricia J. Eifel
Franco M. Muggia
Endometrial Carcinoma	1478	(14)
Uterine Sarcomas	1492	(7)
Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases	1499	(3)
Franco M. Muggia
Patricia J. Eifel
Thomas W. Burke
Epidemiology	1499	(1)
Pathology and Biology	1499	(1)
Clinical Diagnosis and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin	1500	(1)
Choriocarcinoma	1500	(2)
Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube Carcinoma, and Peritoneal Carcinoma	1502	(32)
Robert F. Ozols
Peter E. Schwartz
Patricia J. Eifel
Epidemiology	1502	(1)
Pathogenesis	1503	(1)
Histologic Classification of Epithelial Tumors	1504	(4)
Screening for Ovarian Cancer	1508	(1)
Prognostic Factors	1509	(2)
Management of Early-Stage Disease	1511	(3)
Treatment of Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer	1514	(9)
Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer	1523	(4)
Experimental Therapy	1527	(2)
Borderline Tumors	1529	(2)
Extraovarian Peritoneal Carcinoma	1531	(1)
Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary	1532	(2)
Fallopian Tube Cancer	1534