Cancer

by Devita, Vincent T.; Hellman, Samuel; Rosenberg, Steven A.

• ISBN13: 9780781744508
• ISBN10: 0781744504
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

Summary

Acclaimed by the worldwide medical community as "the ultimate authority on cancer" (JAMA), Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology is now in its Seventh Edition. This completely revised, updated classic reflects the latest breakthroughs in molecular biology, cancer prevention, and multimodality treatment of every cancer type. New chapters examine molecular biologic techniques including proteomics, genomics, targeted therapies, RNA interference, cDNA arrays, and tissue arrays. New sections discuss bioinformatics and societal issues in oncology, including regulatory issues, telemedicine, and international differences in oncology. Coverage also includes new information on functional and metabolic imaging, vaccines, and antiangiogenesis agents. A bound-in CD-ROM includes the full text, color slides, and PubMed links.

Table of Contents

PART 1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CANCER
Molecular Methods in Oncology	3	(48)
Amplification Techniques	3	(5)
Paul M. Lizardi
Improved Analysis of Mutations in Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes	3	(1)
Highly Parallelized Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Assays Can Also Be Used for Somatic Genotyping	4	(1)
Increasing the Accuracy of Sequence Information Derived from Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification	5	(1)
Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification for Detection of Minimal Residual Disease or Viral Load	5	(1)
Mutation Detection Using In Situ Hybridization Methods Coupled with DNA Amplification	5	(1)
High-Throughput Methods for Measuring Gene Dosage Alterations	6	(1)
Whole Genome Amplification of Microdissected Tissue	6	(1)
Amplification of Genomic Representations for Analysis of Gene Gain/Loss	6	(1)
Tumor Classification Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Measure Messenger RNA Levels	6	(1)
Biomarker Detection Using DNA-Amplified Immunoassays	7	(1)
Amplification-Based Approaches for DNA Methylation Analysis in Cancer	7	(1)
RNA Interference	8	(5)
Richard A. Morgan
Biochemistry and Function	8	(2)
RNA Interference in Mammals	10	(1)
Cancer Applications	11	(2)
cDNA Arrays	13	(13)
Kevin M. Brown
Ingrid A. Hedenfalk
Jeffrey M. Trent
DNA Microarrays and the Molecular Profiling of Human Cancers	13	(1)
Microarray Technology	13	(2)
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	15	(3)
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma	18	(1)
Breast Cancer	19	(2)
Microarrays, Tumor Aggressiveness, and Metastasis	21	(1)
Are DNA Microarrays Ready for Routine Clinical Management of Patients with Cancer?	22	(2)
Concluding Remarks	24	(2)
Tissue Arrays	26	(8)
Marisa Dolled-Filhart
David L. Rimm
Tissue Microarray Construction	26	(2)
Tissue Microarray Visualization	28	(1)
Tissue Microarray Analysis	29	(3)
Tissue Microarray Applications	32	(2)
Cytogenetics	34	(9)
Mazin B. Qumsiyeh
Yesim Yilmaz
Chromosome Structure and Function	34	(2)
Cytogenetic Methods	36	(2)
Chromosome Abnormalities in Cancer	38	(4)
Data Mining in Cancer Cytogenetics	42	(1)
Bioinformatics	43	(8)
Kenneth H. Buetow
``Flavors'' of Bioinformatics	44	(1)
Biomedical Informatics	44	(1)
Electronic Information Provisioning	44	(2)
In Silico Biomedical Applications	46	(4)
The Future	50	(1)
Genomics and Proteomics	51	(22)
Katherine R. Calvo
Emanuel F. Petricoin III
Lance A. Liotta
Understanding Cancer at the Molecular Level: An Evolving Frontier	51	(1)
Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer Progression	51	(6)
Postgenome Challenge for Molecular Medicine	57	(1)
Tissue Microdissection Technology Brings Molecular Analysis to the Tissue Level	58	(1)
Complementary DNA Microarrays As a Tool to Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Human Cancer	59	(4)
Beyond Functional Genomics to Cancer Proteomics	63	(1)
Molecular Diagnostics and Individualized Cancer Therapy	63	(4)
Serum Proteomics	67	(6)
Molecular Targets in Oncology	73	(40)
Signal Transduction Systems	73	(10)
Christopher L. Carpenter
Lewis C. Cantley
Sensory Machinery: Ligands and Receptors	73	(3)
Propagation of Signals to the Cell Interior	76	(4)
Efficiency and Specificity: Formation of Multiprotein Signaling Complexes	80	(1)
Regulation of Protein Levels: Transcription, Translation, and Proteolysis	81	(2)
Cell Cycle	83	(12)
Steven I. Reed
Cell-Cycle Engine	83	(4)
Regulation of the Cell Cycle	87	(3)
Cell Cycle and Cancer	90	(3)
Cell Cycle As a Target for Therapy	93	(1)
Conclusion	94	(1)
Apoptosis	95	(10)
Sandra S. Zinkel
Stanley J. Korsmeyer
Genetics of Cell Death	95	(1)
Bcl-2 Family	95	(3)
Critical Role of Apoptosis in Tissue Homeostasis	98	(1)
Caspases	99	(1)
Death Receptors	99	(1)
Apoptosome	99	(2)
Inhibitors of Apoptosis	101	(1)
Role of Intracellular Organelles: Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum	101	(1)
Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis	101	(1)
Possibilities for Therapeutic Intervention	102	(1)
Conclusion	102	(3)
Telomerase	105	(8)
Kwok-Kin Wong
Ronald A. Depinho
Telomeres	105	(1)
Telomerase Structure, Regulation, and Function	106	(1)
Crisis, Telomerase Reactivation, and Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres	106	(1)
Telomere Maintenance and Cancer	107	(1)
Aging and Cancer	107	(1)
Telomere Dynamics, Inflammatory Diseases, and Cancer	108	(1)
Telomere Status as a Biomarker for Cancer	109	(1)
Telomerase and Telomere Maintenance As Therapeutic Targets	109	(2)
Rational Clinical Trial Designs of Telomere- and Telomerase-Based Therapeutics	111	(2)
Invasion and Metastases	113	(16)
William G. Stetler-Stevenson
Tumor Progression and Genetic Instability	113	(1)
Origins of Metastatic Tumor Cells	114	(1)
Microarray Analysis of Tumor Progression and Metastasis	115	(1)
Tumorigenesis and Metastasis Are Under Separate Genetic Control: Tumor Suppressor Genes	116	(1)
Metastatic Cascade	117	(1)
Tumor Microenvironment: Determinant of Metastatic Potential and Site of Metastasis	118	(1)
Tumor Cell Motility	119	(1)
Tumor Invasion of the Basement Membrane	119	(1)
Initiation of Cell Migration	119	(1)
Cell-Cell Adhesion: Metastasis Suppressor	120	(1)
Cell Matrix Interactions and Tumor Cell Migration	121	(1)
Role of CD44 in Tumor Invasion and Metastasis	121	(1)
Role of Integrins in Tumor Progression	122	(2)
Cell Migration	124	(1)
Proteases in Tumor Cell Invasion	125	(1)
Conclusion	126	(3)
Angiogenesis	129	(10)
Isaiah J. Fidler
Robert R. Langley
Robert S. Kerbel
Lee M. Ellis
Neoplastic Angiogenesis	129	(2)
Phenotypic Diversity of Organ-Specific Endothelial Cells	131	(1)
Tumor Vasculature	132	(1)
Host-Mediated Angiogenesis	132	(1)
Overview of Antiangiogenic and Antivascular Therapies	133	(1)
Antivascular Therapy for Bone Metastasis	134	(1)
Clinical Studies of Imatinib	135	(1)
Discrepancy between Results of Preclinical and Clinical Trials	135	(1)
Basic Principles for Design of Clinical Trials of Antiangiogenic Agents	135	(1)
Conclusion	136	(3)
Cancer Immunology	139	(26)
Nicholas P. Restifo
John R. Wunderlich
Antitumor T Cells	140	(1)
Biologic Sources of Tumor-Associated Antigens	140	(1)
Presentation of Tumor Antigens to T Cells	141	(5)
Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Activating Antitumor T Cells	146	(2)
T-Cell Recognition of Tumor Antigens	148	(1)
Maturation of Antitumor T Cells	149	(1)
Activation of Mature Antitumor T Cells	150	(4)
Activation States of Antitumor T Cells	154	(1)
Functions of Mature Antitumor T Cells	155	(2)
Conclusion	157	(8)
PART 2 PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
Etiology of Cancer: Viruses	165	(20)
RNA Viruses	165	(8)
Gary L. Buchschacher, Jr.
Flossie Wong-Staal
Retroviruses: Background, Replication Cycle, and Molecular Genetics	165	(1)
Mechanisms of Retroviral Oncogenesis	166	(2)
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1	168	(1)
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 2	169	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	169	(2)
Hepatitis C Virus	171	(2)
DNA Viruses	173	(12)
Peter M. Howley
Don Ganem Elliot Kieff
Hepadnaviruses and Hepatocellular Carcinoma	174	(1)
Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer	175	(5)
Epstein-Barr Virus	180	(1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus	181	(2)
Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 and the Human Polyomaviruses	183	(2)
Etiology of Cancer: Chemical Factors	185	(8)
Stuart H. Yuspa
Peter G. Shields
Nature of Chemical Carcinogens: Chemistry and Metabolism	185	(1)
Animal Model Systems and Chemical Carcinogenesis	186	(1)
DNA Repair Protects the Host from Chemical Carcinogens	187	(1)
Genetic Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis	187	(1)
Determination of Chemical Carcinogens for Humans and Population-Based Risk Assessment	187	(1)
Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cancer Risk	187	(2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer	189	(1)
Tobacco Smoking and Cancer Risk	190	(3)
Etiology of Cancer: Tobacco Use	193	(8)
Graham A. Colditz
Laurie B. Fisher
Effects of Tobacco Use and Cessation on Cancer Risk	193	(3)
Effect of Tobacco Use on Cardiovascular Disease	196	(1)
Cigars, Pipes, and Smokeless Tobacco	196	(1)
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke	197	(1)
National Trends in Smoking Prevalence	197	(1)
Disparities in Active Tobacco Use and Cessation	197	(1)
Cigarette Product Modification---Harm Reduction	198	(1)
Tobacco and Nicotine Addiction	198	(1)
Role of the Clinician	198	(1)
Strategies for Tobacco Control	198	(1)
Conclusion	198	(3)
Etiology of Cancer: Physical Factors	201	(16)
Robert L. Ullrich
Interactions of Radiation with Cells and Tissues	202	(9)
Ultraviolet Light	211	(2)
Asbestos	213	(4)
Epidemiology of Cancer	217	(26)
Epidemiologic Methods	217	(9)
Xiaomei Ma
Margaret A. Tucker
Descriptive Studies	218	(1)
Analytic Studies	219	(3)
Interpretation of Epidemiologic Findings	222	(1)
Special Topic: Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology	223	(3)
Cancer Statistics	226	(17)
Ahmedin Jemal
Elizabeth M. Ward
Michael J. Thun
Measures of the Cancer Burden	226	(4)
Data Sources and Age Standardization	230	(1)
Temporal Trends	231	(3)
Demographic and Geographic Patterns	234	(4)
Issues in the Interpretation and Understanding of Temporal Trends	238	(2)
Conclusion	240	(3)
Principles of Surgical Oncology	243	(24)
General Issues	243	(10)
Steven A. Rosenberg
Historical Perspective	243	(1)
Anesthesia for Oncologic Surgery	244	(2)
Determination of Operative Risk	246	(3)
Roles for Surgery	249	(2)
Surgical Oncologist	251	(2)
Laparoscopic Surgery	253	(14)
Albert S. Ko
Alan T. Lefor
Physiology of Laparoscopy	253	(2)
Port-Site Metastases	255	(2)
Laparoscopy in the Diagnosis of Malignancy	257	(1)
Laparoscopy in the Staging of Malignancy	258	(5)
Laparoscopy in the Treatment of Malignancy	263	(2)
Laparoscopy in the Palliation of Malignancy	265	(1)
Conclusion	265	(2)
Principles of Radiation Oncology	267	(28)
Philip P. Connell
Mary K. Martel
Samuel Hellman
Biologic Aspects of Radiation Oncology	267	(9)
Physical Aspects of Radiation Oncology	276	(9)
Clinical Aspects of Radiation Oncology	285	(10)
Principles of Medical Oncology	295	(12)
Edward Chu
Vincent T. Devita, Jr.
Historical Perspective	295	(1)
Clinical Application of Chemotherapy	296	(1)
Clinical End Points in Evaluating Response to Chemotherapy	297	(1)
Cancer Cell Kinetics and Response to Chemotherapy	298	(1)
Principles Governing the Use of Chemotherapy	298	(2)
Concept of Dose Intensity	300	(1)
Apoptosis, Cell-Cycle Control, and Resistance to Chemotherapy	301	(6)
Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapy	307	(116)
Drug Development	307	(10)
Edward Chu
Drug Discovery	307	(2)
Combinatorial Chemistry	309	(2)
Drug Screening	311	(1)
Molecularly Targeted Screening	312	(1)
Preclinical Pharmacology	313	(1)
Formulation Studies	314	(1)
Preclinical Toxicology	315	(1)
Clinical Development	315	(1)
Conclusion	316	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	317	(10)
Chris H. Takimoto
Introduction	317	(2)
Pharmacokinetic Concepts	319	(4)
Pharmacodynamic Concepts	323	(1)
Special Topics in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics	324	(1)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Oncology Drug Development	325	(1)
Conclusion	326	(1)
Pharmacogenomics	327	(5)
Howard L. Mcleod
Boon-Cher Goh
Pharmacogenomics of Chemotherapy Drug Toxicity	327	(3)
Pharmacogenomics of Tumor Response	330	(1)
Conclusion	331	(1)
Alkylating Agents	332	(12)
O. Michael Colvin
Henry S. Friedman
History of the Alkylating Agents	332	(1)
Chemistry and Cytotoxicity of Alkylating Agents	332	(1)
Classes of Alkylating Agents and Their Properties	332	(6)
Mechanisms of Toxicity and Drug Resistance	338	(2)
Common Toxicities of Alkylating Agents	340	(4)
Cisplatin and Its Analogues	344	(14)
Steven W. Johnson
Peter J. O'Dwyer
History	344	(1)
Platinum Chemistry	345	(1)
Novel Platinum Complexes	345	(2)
Mechanism of Action	347	(2)
Mechanisms of Resistance	349	(3)
Clinical Pharmacology	352	(2)
Formulation and Administration	354	(1)
Toxicity	354	(4)
Antimetabolites	358	(17)
Shivaani Kummar
Vanita Noronha
Edward Chu
Methotrexate	358	(3)
New Antifolates	361	(14)
Topoisomerase Interactive Agents	375	(15)
Chris H. Takimoto
Mammalian Topoisomerases	375	(2)
Mechanism of Action of Topoisomerase Interactive Agents	377	(1)
Camptothecins	377	(4)
Epipodophyllotoxins	381	(3)
Anthracyclines and Related Compounds	384	(4)
Other Topoisomerase Interactive Agents	388	(1)
Secondary Malignancies and Topoisomerase Targeting Therapies	389	(1)
Antimicrotubule Agents	390	(26)
Eric K. Rowinsky
Anthony W. Tolcher
Microtubules	390	(2)
Vinca Alkaloids	392	(6)
Taxanes	398	(9)
Estramustine Phosphate	407	(3)
Novel Compounds Targeting Microtubules	410	(1)
Novel Compounds Targeting Mitotic Motor Proteins	411	(5)
Miscellaneous Chemotherapeutic Agents	416	(7)
Mehmet Sitki Copur
Michal G. Rose
Edward Chu
L-Asparaginase	416	(1)
Bleomycin	417	(1)
Imatinib Mesylate	417	(1)
Gefitinib	418	(2)
Bortezomib	420	(3)
Pharmacology of Cancer Biotherapeutics	423	(34)
Interferons	423	(8)
Vernon K. Sondak
Bruce G. Redman
Interferon Induction	423	(1)
Biologic Effects of Interferons	424	(2)
Clinical Toxicity of Interferon Administration	426	(1)
Potential Drug Interactions	427	(1)
Oncologic Applications of Interferons	427	(2)
Conclusion	429	(2)
Interleukin-2	431	(8)
James W. Mier
Michael B. Atkins
Isolation, Characterization, and Cloning of Interleukin-2	431	(1)
Interleukin-2 Receptor	431	(1)
Interleukin-2--Activated Signaling Pathways	431	(1)
In Vitro Effects of Interleukin-2	432	(1)
Preclinical Studies with Interleukin-2 in Tumor-Bearing Mice	432	(1)
Clinical Applications of Interleukin-2	432	(5)
Conclusion	437	(2)
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: New Targeted Anticancer Drugs	439	(6)
Paul A. Marks
Victoria M. Richon
Thomas A. Miller
WM. Kevin Kelly
Chromatin Structure	439	(1)
Histone Deacetylases and Histone Acetyl Transferases	439	(1)
Histone Acetyltransferases and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Human Cancers	439	(2)
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors	441	(1)
Activity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors	441	(2)
Clinical Trials with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors	443	(1)
Conclusion and Perspectives	444	(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies	445	(12)
Jonathan D. Cheng
Gregory Paul Adams
Matthew K. Robinson
Louis M. Weiner
Immunoglobulin Structure	446	(1)
Factors Regulating Antibody-Based Tumor Targeting	447	(1)
Unconjugated Antibodies	448	(3)
Immunoconjugates	451	(2)
Pretargeted Antibody Conjugates	453	(1)
Unconjugated Antibodies with Clinical Activity in Solid Tumors	453	(1)
Conclusion	454	(3)
Pharmacology of Endocrine Manipulation	457	(14)
Matthew P. Goetz
Charles Erlichman
Charles L. Loprinzi
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators	457	(4)
Medroxyprogesterone and Megestrol	461	(1)
Aromatase Inhibitors	462	(2)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues	464	(1)
Antiandrogens	464	(1)
Fluoxymesterone	465	(1)
Diethylstilbestrol and Estradiol (Estrace)	465	(1)
Octreotide	466	(5)
Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials	471	(22)
Richard M. Simon
Phase I Clinical Trials	471	(2)
Phase II Clinical Trials	473	(5)
Design of Phase III Clinical Trials	478	(5)
Analysis of Phase III Clinical Trials	483	(10)
PART 3 PRACTICE OF ONCOLOGY
Cancer Prevention: Preventing Tobacco-Related Cancers	493	(14)
Howard K. Koh
Alan C. Geller
Tobacco and Nicotine Addiction	493	(1)
Health Effects	493	(1)
Smoking Rates and Trends	494	(1)
Adults	494	(1)
Children, Adolescents, and College Students	495	(1)
Cigarette Product Modification	495	(1)
Spit Tobacco	496	(1)
Cigars	496	(1)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke	496	(1)
Tobacco Industry Advertising Strategies	497	(1)
Strategies for Tobacco Control	498	(1)
Individual Approaches	498	(1)
Clinician's Role	498	(1)
Nicotine Replacement Therapy	499	(1)
Special Populations	500	(1)
National Action Plan for Tobacco Cessation	500	(1)
Tobacco Restrictions at the Policy Level	500	(1)
Tobacco Taxes that Fund Dedicated, Comprehensive Statewide Tobacco Control Programs	500	(1)
Mass Media and Counter-Advertising	501	(1)
Tobacco Litigation, Tobacco Settlement, and International Treaties	502	(1)
Proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulations	502	(1)
Conclusion	503	(4)
Cancer Prevention: Diet and Chemopreventive Agents	507	(48)
Dietary Fat	507	(7)
Walter C. Willett
Fat and Breast Cancer	508	(1)
Fat and Colon Cancer	509	(1)
Fat and Prostate Cancer	510	(1)
Fat and Other Cancers	511	(1)
Conclusion	511	(3)
Dietary Fiber	514	(4)
Karin B. Michels
Diet and Cancer Etiology	514	(1)
Properties of Dietary Fiber	514	(1)
Observational Studies and Clinical Trials	514	(1)
Types of Dietary Fiber	515	(1)
Calculation of Fiber Intake	515	(1)
Dietary Fiber and Colorectal Cancer	515	(1)
Fiber Intake and Colorectal Adenomas	516	(1)
Fiber Intake and Breast Cancer	516	(1)
Dietary Fiber and Stomach Cancer	516	(1)
Timing of Diet	517	(1)
Conclusion	517	(1)
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption	518	(3)
Karin B. Michels
Fruits and Vegetables	518	(1)
Diet Assessment Instruments	518	(1)
Confounding	518	(1)
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Colorectal Cancer	518	(1)
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Stomach Cancer	518	(1)
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Breast Cancer	519	(1)
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Lung Cancer	519	(1)
Micronutrient Components of Fruits and Vegetables and Cancer	519	(1)
Conclusion	520	(1)
Retinoids, Carotenoids, and Micronutrients	521	(15)
Susan T. Mayne
Scott M. Lippman
Historical Perspective	521	(1)
Retinoid Biology and Pharmacology	522	(1)
Carotenoid Biology and Actions	522	(1)
Clinical Trials	523	(9)
Translational and Intermediate End Point Studies in Retinoid Chemoprevention	532	(1)
Other Retinoids and Carotenoids	533	(1)
Conclusion	533	(3)
Dietary Carcinogens	536	(5)
Peter Greenwald
Naturally Occurring Dietary Carcinogens	536	(2)
Products of Food Preparation and Processing	538	(2)
Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet	540	(1)
Future Research Needs	540	(1)
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors	541	(8)
Michael J. Thun
S. Jane Henley
Pharmacology of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs	541	(1)
Toxicity of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs	542	(1)
History of the Inflammation Hypothesis	542	(1)
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Relation to Other Cancers	543	(1)
Mechanisms of Cancer Inhibition	544	(2)
Molecular Target(s)	546	(1)
Ongoing Randomized Clinical Trials	546	(1)
Implications for Research and Clinical Practice	546	(2)
Conclusion	548	(1)
Physical Activity and Body Weight	549	(6)
Graham A. Colditz
Kathleen Yaus Wolin
Physical Activity	549	(3)
Obesity	552	(1)
Conclusion	553	(2)
Cancer Prevention: Role of Surgery in Cancer Prevention	555	(12)
Richard M. Sherry
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma	555	(1)
Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Cancer	556	(2)
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer	558	(1)
Colorectal Cancer	558	(3)
Breast Cancer	561	(2)
Ovarian Cancer	563	(1)
Testicular Cancer and Cryptorchidism	564	(3)
Cancer Screening	567	(14)
Barbara K. Rimer
Joellen M. Schildkraut
Robert A. Hiatt
What Is Cancer Screening?	567	(1)
Evaluation of a Screening Test	568	(1)
Breast Cancer Screening	569	(3)
Cervical Cancer Screening	572	(1)
Colorectal Cancer Screening	573	(1)
Skin Cancer Screening	574	(1)
Prostate Cancer Screening	574	(2)
Lung Cancer Screening	576	(1)
Adherence to Cancer Screening	577	(1)
Future of Screening	577	(4)
Advanced Molecular Diagnostics	581	(8)
Jose C. Costa
Paul M. Lizardi
Present Impact of Novel Technologies on Clinical Practice	582	(2)
Charting the Future	584	(2)
Conclusion	586	(3)
Advanced Imaging Methods	589	(48)
Functional and Metabolic Imaging	589	(28)
Hedvig Hricak
Oguz Akin
Michelle S. Bradbury
Laura Liberman
Lawrence H. Schwartz
Steven M. Larson
Imaging Modalities	589	(5)
Therapeutic Response Assessment	594	(1)
Brain and Head/Neck Cancers	595	(2)
Lung Cancer	597	(3)
Lymphoma	600	(1)
Breast Cancer	601	(3)
Hepatobiliary Cancer	604	(1)
Colorectal Cancer	605	(2)
Gynecologic Cancer	607	(1)
Endometrial Cancer	607	(1)
Cervical Cancer	608	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	609	(1)
Prostate Cancer	610	(1)
Molecular Imaging in Oncology	611	(6)
Interventional Radiology	617	(20)
Anne M. Covey
Karen T. Brown
Percutaneous Biopsy	617	(2)
Central Venous Access	619	(1)
Gastrointestinal Procedures	619	(1)
Genitourinary Procedures	620	(3)
Biliary Procedures	623	(3)
Chest Interventions	626	(3)
Inferior Vena Cava Filters	629	(1)
Ascites	630	(1)
Abscess Drainage	631	(1)
Embolotherapy for Hepatic Neoplasms	631	(1)
Tumor Ablation	632	(2)
Emerging Therapies and Future Directions	634	(3)
Cancer Diagnosis: Endoscopy	637	(16)
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy	637	(6)
Irving Waxman
Upper Endoscopy	637	(3)
Colonoscopy	640	(1)
Endoscopic Ultrasonography	641	(1)
Small Bowel Endoscopy and Capsule Endoscopy	641	(1)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography	642	(1)
Respiratory Tract	643	(10)
Dao M. Nguyen
Ronald M. Summers
Steven E. Finkelstein
Bronchoscopy	643	(2)
Virtual Bronchoscopy	645	(2)
Cervical Mediastinoscopy and Anterior Mediastinotomy	647	(1)
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy	648	(5)
Cancer of the Head and Neck	653	(92)
Molecular Biology of Head and Neck Tumors	653	(9)
David Sidransky
Genetic Susceptibility	653	(1)
Cytogenetic Alterations	653	(1)
Protooncogenes	654	(1)
Suppressive Growth Regulation	655	(1)
Tumor Suppressor Genes	655	(2)
Field Cancerization	657	(1)
Molecular Epidemiology	658	(1)
Human Papillomavirus	658	(1)
Diagnostics	658	(4)
Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers	662	(70)
William M. Mendenhall
Charles E. Riggs, Jr.
Nicholas J. Cassisi
Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer	662	(1)
Anatomy	662	(1)
Pathology	662	(1)
Natural History and Patterns of Spread of Squamous Cell Carcinoma	663	(2)
Diagnostic Evaluation	665	(1)
Staging	665	(1)
General Principles for Selection of Treatment	665	(1)
Management	666	(66)
Rehabilitation after Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer	732	(13)
Michael A. Crary
Giselle D. Carnaby
General Functional Consequences of Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer	732	(2)
Tracheostomy Issues	734	(1)
Radiation Therapy Impact on Speech, Voice, and Swallowing Functions	735	(1)
Evaluation of Speech, Voice, and Swallowing after Head and Neck Cancer Treatment	736	(2)
Rehabilitation of Posttreatment Functional Limitations	738	(4)
Conclusion	742	(3)
Cancer of the Lung	745	(100)
Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer	745	(8)
Yoshitaka Sekido
Kwun M. Fong
John D. Minna
Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Lung Cancers	745	(1)
Protooncogenes and Growth Stimulation	746	(2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Growth Suppression	748	(1)
Other Biologic Abnormalities for Lung Cancer Development	749	(2)
Molecular Tools in the Lung Cancer Clinic	751	(2)
Non--Small Cell Lung Cancer	753	(57)
David S. Schrump
Nasser K. Altorki
Claudia L. Henschke
Darryl Carter
Andrew T. Turrisi
Martin E. Gutierrez
Incidence	753	(1)
Etiology	753	(4)
Pathology	757	(4)
Modes of Metastasis	761	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	762	(1)
Staging and Diagnosis	763	(3)
Methods to Establish Tissue Diagnosis	766	(2)
Lung Cancer Screening	768	(2)
Chemoprevention	770	(1)
Overview of Invasive Lung Cancer Management: Treatment Modalities	770	(7)
Specifics of Lung Cancer Management	777	(33)
Small Cell Lung Cancer	810	(35)
John R. Murren
Andrew T. Turrisi
Harvey I. Pass
Epidemiology and Etiology	810	(1)
Pathology	810	(1)
Clinical Presentation	811	(1)
Staging Evaluation and Prognostic Factors	812	(3)
Treatment	815	(1)
Combination Chemotherapy	816	(2)
Duration of Chemotherapy	818	(1)
Approach to Patients with Limited Disease	819	(1)
Role of Radiotherapy in Limited Disease	820	(3)
Role of Surgery in Limited Disease	823	(3)
Approach to Patients with Extensive Disease	826	(1)
Strategies to Optimize Chemotherapy Response	827	(3)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors	830	(2)
Management of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Elderly and Infirm	832	(1)
Biologic Response Modifiers and Other Treatments	833	(1)
Treatment at Relapse	834	(1)
Treatment Outcome and Long-Term Survival	835	(1)
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma	836	(9)
Neoplasms of the Mediastinum	845	(16)
Robert B. Cameron
Patrick J. Loehrer, Sr.
Charles R. Thomas, Jr.
Anatomy	845	(1)
Incidence and Pathology	845	(1)
Diagnostic Considerations	846	(2)
Thymic Neoplasms	848	(4)
Germ Cell Tumors	852	(3)
Mesenchymal Tumors	855	(1)
Neurogenic Tumors	855	(3)
Primary Cardiac Malignancies	858	(3)
Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract	861	(278)
Cancer of the Esophagus	861	(48)
Mitchell C. Posner
Arlene A. Forastiere
Bruce D. Minsky
Epidemiology	861	(1)
Etiologic Factors and Predisposing Conditions	862	(3)
Applied Anatomy and Histology	865	(2)
Molecular Biology	867	(2)
Natural History and Patterns of Failure	869	(1)
Clinical Presentation	869	(1)
Diagnostic Studies and Pretreatment Staging	870	(1)
Pathologic Staging	871	(1)
Treatment	872	(29)
Stage-Directed Treatment Recommendations	901	(8)
Cancer of the Stomach	909	(36)
Peter W. T. Pisters
David P. Kelsen
Steven M. Powell
Joel E. Tepper
Epidemiology and Etiology	909	(3)
Molecular Biology	912	(2)
Pathology and Tumor Biology	914	(1)
Clinical Presentation and Pretreatment Evaluation	915	(2)
Staging, Classification, and Prognosis	917	(4)
Treatment of Localized Disease	921	(13)
Treatment of Advanced Disease (Stage IV)	934	(11)
Cancer of the Pancreas	945	(41)
Charles J. Yeo
Theresa Pluth Yeo
Ralph H. Hruban
Scott E. Kern
Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donohue
Anirban Maitra
Michael Goggins
Marcia I. Canto
Wells Messersmith
Ross A. Abrams
Daniel A. Laheru
Manuel Hidalgo
Elizabeth M. Jaffee
Epidemiology and Risk Factors	945	(2)
Pathology	947	(3)
Molecular Genetics	950	(2)
Gene Expression Profiling and Beyond	952	(1)
Screening and Early Detection	953	(2)
Clinicopathologic Staging	955	(2)
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation	957	(3)
Treatment of Potentially Resectable Disease	960	(9)
Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease	969	(4)
Treatment of Metastatic and Recurrent Disease	973	(9)
Immunotherapy	982	(4)
Cancer of the Liver	986	(23)
David L. Bartlett
Brian I. Carr
J. Wallis Marsh
Epidemiology	987	(1)
Etiologic Factors	988	(3)
Pathology	991	(1)
Clinical Features	991	(2)
Staging	993	(1)
Clinical Evaluation	993	(2)
Screening of High-Risk Populations	995	(1)
Clinical Management	996	(7)
Treatment of Other Primary Liver Tumors	1003	(1)
Summary: Practical Guide to the Management of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma	1004	(5)
Cancer of the Biliary Tree	1009	(26)
David L. Bartlett
Ramesh K. Ramanathan
Melvin Deutsch
Cholangiocarcinomas	1009	(13)
Tumors of the Gallbladder	1022	(9)
New Advances for Treatment of Biliary Tract Cancers	1031	(4)
Cancer of the Small Intestine	1035	(15)
Herbert J. Zeh III
Incidence	1036	(1)
Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Small Intestinal Carcinogenesis	1036	(1)
Genetic and Environmental Factors That Predispose to Malignancy Arising in the Small Intestine	1037	(1)
Presentation and Diagnosis of Cancers Arising in the Small Intestine	1038	(2)
Adenocarcinoma Arising in the Small Intestine	1040	(2)
Carcinoid Tumors Arising in the Small Intestine	1042	(2)
Lymphoma Arising in the Small Intestine	1044	(2)
Mesenchymal Tumors Arising in the Small Intestine	1046	(4)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors	1050	(11)
George D. Demetri
Histopathologic Features and Histogenesis	1050	(2)
Clinical Considerations	1052	(2)
Treatment Options and Management Decisions in the Era of Molecularly Targeted Therapies for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor	1054	(4)
Special Considerations in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor	1058	(1)
New Challenges and Alternative Approaches	1059	(2)
Cancer of the Colon	1061	(49)
Steven K. Libutti
Leonard B. Saltz
Anil K. Rustgi
Joel E. Tepper
Epidemiology	1061	(1)
Etiology: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors	1062	(1)
Biology of Colorectal Cancer: Clinical and Molecular Genetic Risk Factors	1063	(2)
Anatomy of the Colon	1065	(2)
Diagnosis	1067	(1)
Screening	1068	(1)
Staging and Prognosis	1068	(8)
Approaches to Surgical Resection of Colon Cancer	1076	(4)
Polyps and Stage I Colon Cancer	1080	(1)
Stage II and Stage III Colon Cancer	1080	(9)
Surgical Management of Stage IV Disease	1089	(1)
Management of Unresectable Metastatic Disease	1089	(13)
Management of Synchronous Primary and Metastatic Disease	1102	(1)
Unusual Colorectal Tumors	1102	(8)
Cancer of the Rectum	1110	(15)
Steven K. Libutti
Joel E. Tepper
Leonard B. Saltz
Anil K. Rustgi
Anatomy	1110	(1)
Staging	1111	(2)
Surgery	1113	(1)
Stage I	1113	(3)
Combined Modality Therapy (Stages II and III)	1116	(3)
Concurrent Chemotherapy	1119	(1)
Management of Unresectable Primary and Locally Advanced Disease (T4)	1120	(1)
Radiation Therapy Technique	1121	(1)
Radiation Fields	1122	(3)
Cancer of the Anal Region	1125	(14)
Bernard J. Cummings
Jaffer A. Ajani
Carol J. Swallow
Anatomy	1125	(1)
Pathology	1126	(1)
Epidemiology	1126	(1)
Risk Factors and Etiology	1126	(1)
Natural History	1127	(1)
Staging	1128	(1)
Prognostic Factors	1129	(1)
Anal Canal Squamous Cancers	1129	(6)
Adenocarcinomas	1135	(1)
Small Cell Cancers	1135	(1)
Perianal Cancers	1135	(1)
Special Considerations: Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	1136	(3)
Cancers of the Genitourinary System	1139	(130)
Cancer of the Kidney	1139	(29)
W. Marston Linehan
Susan E. Bates
James C. Yang
Histologic Types of Renal Carcinoma	1139	(10)
Localized Renal Carcinoma	1149	(2)
Metastatic Renal Carcinoma	1151	(17)
Cancer of the Bladder, Ureter, and Renal Pelvis	1168	(24)
William U. Shipley
Donald S. Kaufman
W. Scott Mcdougal
Douglas M. Dahl
M. Dror Michaelson
Anthony L. Zietman
Epidemiology	1168	(1)
Screening and Early Detection	1169	(1)
Pathology	1169	(1)
Molecular Tumor Markers	1170	(1)
Cancer of the Bladder	1171	(14)
Cancers of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis	1185	(7)
Cancer of the Prostate	1192	(68)
Howard I. Scher
Steven A. Leibel
Zvi Fuks
Carlos Cordon-Cardo
Peter T. Scardino
States and State Transitions	1192	(3)
Biologic Characterization and Pathology	1195	(8)
Initial Urologic Evaluation: No Cancer Diagnosis	1203	(6)
Localized Disease	1209	(13)
Radiation Therapy	1222	(8)
Expectant Management	1230	(1)
Systemic Therapies	1231	(10)
Clinical Metastases: Castrate	1241	(9)
Conclusion	1250	(10)
Cancer of the Urethra and Penis	1260	(9)
Sanjay Razdan
Leonard G. Gomella
Cancer of the Male Urethra	1260	(1)
Carcinoma of the Female Urethra	1261	(1)
Cancer of the Penis	1262	(7)
Cancer of the Testis	1269	(26)
George J. Bosl
Dean F. Bajorin
Joel Sheinfeld
Robert J. Motzer
R. S. K. Chaganti
Background: Incidence	1269	(1)
Epidemiology	1269	(1)
Initial Presentation and Management	1270	(1)
Histology	1270	(4)
Staging	1274	(3)
Management of Clinical Stage I Disease	1277	(4)
Management of Clinical Stage II Disease (Low Tumor Burden)	1281	(1)
Management of Stage II and Stage III Disease (High Tumor Burden)	1282	(4)
Management of Relapse after Chemotherapy and Refractory Disease	1286	(1)
Treatment Sequelae	1287	(2)
Midline Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis	1289	(1)
Other Testicular Tumors	1289	(6)
Gynecologic Cancers	1295	(104)
Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva	1295	(46)
Patricia J. Eifel
Jonathan S. Berek
Maurie A. Markman
Carcinoma of the Cervix	1295	(25)
Carcinoma of the Vagina	1320	(6)
Carcinoma of the Vulva	1326	(15)
Cancers of the Uterine Body	1341	(19)
Thomas W. Burke
Arno J. Mundt
Franco M. Muggia
Endometrial Carcinoma	1341	(13)
Uterine Sarcomas	1354	(6)
Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases	1360	(4)
Franco M. Muggia
Thomas W. Burke
William Small, Jr.
Epidemiology	1360	(1)
Pathology and Biology	1361	(1)
Clinical Diagnosis and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin	1361	(1)
Choriocarcinoma	1362	(2)
Ovarian Cancer, Peritoneal Carcinoma, and Fallopian Tube Carcinoma	1364	(35)
Beth Y. Karlan
Maurie A. Markman
Patricia J. Eifel
Ovarian Cancer	1364	(24)
Borderline Tumors	1388	(1)
Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma	1389	(1)
Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary	1390	(2)
Sex Cord--Stromal Tumors	1392	(1)
Fallopian Tube Cancer	1393	(6)
Cancer of the Breast	1399	(90)
Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer	1399	(16)
Robert B. Dickson
Richard G. Pestell
Marc E. Lippman
Genetics	1399	(3)
Steroid and Growth Factor Pathways of Cellular Regulation	1402	(6)
Cell Cycle and Cell Death	1408	(2)
Process of Malignant Progression	1410	(1)
Implications of Molecular Biology for Tumor Prevention, Early Detection, Prognosis, and Response to Therapy	1411	(4)
Malignant Tumors of the Breast	1415	(63)
William C. Wood
Hyman B. Muss
Lawrence J. Solin
Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer	1415	(3)
Diagnosis and Biopsy	1418	(2)
Pathologic Classification of Tumor Types	1420	(1)
Staging of Breast Cancer	1421	(2)
Prognostic and Predictive Factors	1423	(4)
Advising the Woman at High Risk for Breast Cancer	1427	(2)
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ	1429	(5)
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ	1434	(1)
Paget's Disease	1434	(1)
Early-Stage Breast Cancer	1435	(15)
Locally Advanced and Inflammatory Breast Cancer	1450	(3)
Metastatic Breast Cancer	1453	(9)
Breast Cancer and Pregnancy	1462	(2)
Bilateral Breast Cancer	1464	(1)
Male Breast Cancer	1465	(1)
Nonepithelial Neoplasms	1465	(1)
Lymphoma of the Breast	1466	(1)
Axillary Lymph Node Presentation	1466	(1)
Local and Regional Recurrence	1467	(2)
Breast Cancer in the Elderly	1469	(9)
Rehabilitation after Treatment for Cancer of the Breast	1478	(11)
Jeanne A. Petrek
Joseph J. Disa
Delayed versus Immediate Reconstruction	1478	(1)
Prosthetic Reconstruction	1478	(1)
Autologous Tissue Reconstruction	1479	(2)
Postmastectomy after Breast Irradiation	1481	(1)
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Reconstruction	1481	(2)
Lymphedema	1483	(6)
Cancer of the Endocrine System	1489	(92)
Molecular Biology of Endocrine Tumors	1489	(13)
Terry C. Lairmore
Jeffrey F. Moley
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes	1489	(6)
Molecular Pathogenesis of Sporadic Thyroid Neoplasms	1495	(2)
Genetic Abnormalities in Parathyroid Neoplasms	1497	(1)
Other Genetic Loci Implicated in Familial Hypercalcemic Syndromes	1498	(1)
Parathyroid Carcinoma	1499	(1)
Genetic Abnormalities in Adrenal Neoplasms	1499	(1)
Conclusion	1500	(2)
Thyroid Tumors	1502	(19)
Tobias Carling
Robert Udelsman
Thyroid Tumor Classification and Staging Systems	1502	(1)
Epidemiology and Demographics	1503	(1)
Etiology and Risk Factors	1503	(3)
Evaluation of the Thyroid Nodule	1506	(2)
Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma	1508	(2)
Treatment of Well-and Intermediately Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma	1510	(4)
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma	1514	(1)
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma	1515	(2)
Thyroid Lymphoma	1517	(1)
Metastatic Disease of the Thyroid	1518	(1)
Thyroid Carcinoma in Children	1518	(3)
Parathyroid Tumors	1521	(7)
Douglas L. Fraker
Primary Hyperparathyroidism	1522	(1)
Pathology	1522	(1)
Molecular Genetics	1522	(1)
Epidemiology	1522	(2)
Clinical Presentation	1524	(1)
Natural History	1524	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	1525	(1)
Treatment	1525	(1)
Outcome	1526	(2)
Adrenal Tumors	1528	(12)
Jeffrey A. Norton
Pathology of the Adrenal Cortex	1528	(1)
Clinical Presentations of Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms	1529	(4)
Treatment of Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms	1533	(2)
Pheochromocytoma	1535	(5)
Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors	1540	(19)
H. Richard Alexander, Jr.
Robert T. Jensen
Pathogenesis, Pathology, Tumor Biology	1541	(2)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	1543	(4)
Imaging and Localization of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors	1547	(1)
Treatment of Resectable Disease	1548	(7)
Treatment of Metastatic Disease	1555	(4)
Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome	1559	(16)
Robert T. Jensen
Gerard M. Doherty
Pathology and Tumor Histology	1559	(3)
Molecular Pathogenesis	1562	(1)
Clinical Features	1562	(1)
Carcinoid Syndrome	1563	(8)
Treatment of the Carcinoid Tumor	1571	(4)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias	1575	(6)
Gerard M. Doherty
Robert T. Jensen
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1	1575	(3)
Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types 2A and 2B	1578	(3)
Sarcomas of the Soft Tissues and Bone	1581	(106)
Soft Tissue Sarcoma	1581	(57)
Murray F. Brennan
Samuel Singer
Robert G. Maki
Brian O'Sullivan
Incidence	1581	(1)
Etiology and Genetics	1581	(3)
Distribution	1584	(1)
Pathologic Classification	1584	(3)
Grading of Sarcoma	1587	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	1588	(1)
Clinicopathologic Features of Specific types of Bengin and Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors	1589	(8)
Clinical Presentation	1597	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	1597	(5)
Management of Extremity and Superficial Truncal Soft Tissue Sarcoma	1602	(1)
Radiation Therapy	1603	(5)
Adjuvant Brachytherapy	1608	(1)
Special Considerations	1609	(1)
Definitive Radiation	1610	(1)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy	1611	(5)
Preoperative Chemotherapy	1616	(1)
Intraarterial Chemotherapy	1617	(1)
Hyperthermia and Limb Perfusion	1617	(1)
Special Features of the Management of Sarcomas of Nonextremity Sites	1618	(2)
Serious Complications of Primary Treatment	1620	(2)
Prognostic Factors	1622	(1)
Quality of Life and Functional Outcome	1623	(1)
Treatment of Local Recurrence	1623	(1)
Management of Advanced Disease	1624	(1)
Resection of Metastatic Disease	1624	(1)
Systemic Therapy for Advanced Disease	1624	(5)
Response by Histologic Subtype and Site	1629	(2)
Recommendations for Patients with Advanced Disease	1631	(1)
Future Directions	1631	(7)
Sarcomas of Bone	1638	(49)
Martin M. Malawer
Lee J. Helman
Brian O'Sullivan
Classification and Types of Bone Tumor	1638	(1)
Radiographic Evaluation and Diagnosis	1639	(1)
Natural History	1640	(1)
Staging Bone Tumors	1641	(1)
Preoperative Evaluation	1642	(2)
Biopsy Technique and Timing	1644	(1)
Restaging after Induction (Preoperative) Chemotherapy	1645	(1)
Surgical Management of Skeletal Tumors	1646	(1)
Principles and Techniques of Limb-Sparing Surgery	1647	(1)
Limb-Sparing Surgery and Perioperative Pain Management	1648	(4)
Amputations	1652	(1)
Cryosurgery	1652	(1)
Chemotherapy for Bone Sarcomas	1652	(6)
Radiotherapy for Bone Tumors	1658	(2)
Malignant Bone Tumors	1660	(27)
Benign and Maliganant Mesothelioma	1687	(30)
Harvey I. Pass
Nicholas J. Vogelzang
Stephen M. Hahn
Michele Carbone
Mechanism of Asbestos-Induced Oncogenesis	1687	(1)
Mechanism of Asbestos Pathogenicity	1688	(1)
Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Mesothelioma	1688	(2)
Simian Virus 40	1690	(1)
Radiation and Mesothelioma	1690	(1)
Genetic Predisposition to Mesothelioma	1690	(1)
Pathology of Mesothelioma	1691	(2)
Solitary Fibrous Tumors of Pleura	1693	(1)
Clinical Presentations of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma	1693	(5)
Diagnostic Approach	1698	(1)
Natural History	1699	(1)
Prognostic Indicators	1699	(1)
Staging	1700	(1)
Treatment	1700	(10)
Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma	1710	(2)
Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis	1712	(1)
Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pericardium	1712	(5)
Cancer of the Skin	1717	(28)
Sumaira Z. Aasi
David J. Leffell
Diagnosis	1717	(1)
General Approach to Management of Skin Cancer	1718	(5)
Precancerous Lesions	1723	(18)
Carcinoma Metastatic to Skin	1741	(1)
Conclusion	1741	(4)
Melanoma	1745	(82)
Molecular Biology of Cutaneous Melanoma	1745	(9)
Zhao-Jun Liu
Meenhard Herlyn
Etiology of Melanoma	1745	(1)
Genetics of Melanoma	1746	(3)
Biologic Basis of Melanoma Development and Progression	1749	(5)
Cutaneous Melanoma	1754	(55)
Charles M. Balch
Michael B. Atkins
Arthur J. Sober
Epidemiology	1754	(1)
Anatomic Distribution	1755	(1)
Risk Factors	1756	(1)
Prevention and Screening	1757	(2)
Diagnosis of Melanoma	1759	(1)
Prognostic Factors	1760	(5)
New Staging System for Melanoma	1765	(4)
Biopsy	1769	(1)
Surgical Treatment of Primary Melanoma (Stages I to III)	1769	(5)
Local Recurrences	1774	(1)
Management of Regional Nodes---Lymphadenectomy (Stage III)	1774	(4)
Radiotherapy for Regional Metastases (Stage III)	1778	(1)
Regional Relapses	1779	(1)
Adjuvant Systemic Therapy (Stages II and III)	1780	(6)
Follow-Up of Melanoma Patients (Stages I to III)	1786	(1)
Diagnosis of Stage IV Melanoma	1786	(1)
Surgery and Irradiation for Distant Metastases (Stage IV)	1787	(5)
Systemic Treatment of Stage IV Melanoma	1792	(17)
Intraocular Melanoma	1809	(18)
Robert B. Avery
Minesh P. Mehta
Richard M. Auchter
Daniel M. Albert
Epidemiology	1809	(1)
Mortality	1810	(1)
Natural History	1810	(1)
Etiology and Pathogenesis	1811	(1)
Histopathology	1812	(1)
Diagnosis	1813	(2)
Prognostic Assessment	1815	(1)
Therapeutic Approaches	1816	(1)
Radiation Therapy	1817	(6)
Management	1823	(1)
Future Directions	1824	(3)
Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System	1827	(62)
Molecular Biology of Central Nervous System Neoplasms	1827	(7)
David N. Louis
Webster K. Cavenee
Diffuse, Fibrillary Astrocytomas	1827	(2)
Other Gliomas	1829	(2)
Medulloblastomas	1831	(1)
Meningiomas	1831	(1)
Peripheral Nerve Tumors	1832	(1)
Miscellaneous Tumors	1832	(1)
Neurologic Tumor Syndromes	1832	(1)
Conclusion	1833	(1)
Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System	1834	(55)
Howard A. Fine
Fred G. Barker II
James M. Markert
Jay S. Loeffler
General Considerations	1834	(2)
Anatomic and Clinical Considerations	1836	(2)
Neurodiagnostic Tests	1838	(3)
Surgery	1841	(2)
Radiation Therapy	1843	(2)
Chemotherapy	1845	(2)
Cerebral Astrocytomas	1847	(7)
Brainstem Gliomas	1854	(2)
Cerebellar Astrocytomas	1856	(1)
Optic, Chiasmal, and Hypothalamic Gliomas	1856	(2)
Oligodendrogliomas	1858	(2)
Ependymomas	1860	(2)
Meningiomas	1862	(3)
Primitive Neuroepithelial Tumors	1865	(1)
Medulloblastomas	1865	(4)
Pineal Region Tumors	1869	(2)
Pituitary Adenomas	1871	(2)
Craniopharyngiomas	1873	(1)
Acoustic Neuromas (Vestibular Schwannomas)	1874	(1)
Glomus Jugulare Tumors	1875	(1)
Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas	1876	(1)
Hemangioblastomas	1877	(2)
Choroid Plexus Papillomas and Carcinomas	1879	(1)
Spinal Axis Tumors	1880	(9)
Cancers of Childhood	1889	(50)
Molecular Biology of Childhood Cancers	1889	(9)
Lee J. Helman
David Malkin
Tumor Suppressor Genes	1890	(1)
Retinoblastoma: The Paradigm	1890	(1)
Wilms' Tumor: Three Distinct Loci	1891	(1)
Neurofibromatoses	1892	(1)
Neuroblastoma	1892	(1)
Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors	1893	(1)
Rhabdomyosarcoma	1893	(1)
Hereditary Syndromes Associated with Tumors of Childhood	1894	(1)
Predictive Testing for Germline Mutations and Childhood Cancers	1895	(1)
Molecular Therapeutics	1895	(3)
Solid Tumors of Childhood	1898	(41)
David H. Ebb
Daniel M. Green
Robert C. Shamberger
Nancy J. Tarbell
Epidemiology	1898	(1)
Management of Childhood Cancer	1898	(1)
Wilms' Tumor	1898	(5)
Favorable Histology Wilms' Tumor	1903	(1)
Neuroblastoma	1904	(5)
Retinoblastoma	1909	(2)
Advanced Unilateral Disease	1911	(1)
Limited Unilateral or Limited Bilateral Disease	1911	(1)
Bilateral Disease	1911	(1)
Chemotherapy	1912	(1)
Rhabdomyosarcoma	1912	(7)
Ewing's Sarcoma and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor	1919	(4)
Primary Hepatic Tumors	1923	(3)
Germ Cell Tumors	1926	(2)
Clinical Presentation and Treatment by Anatomic Site	1928	(11)
Lymphomas	1939	(138)
Leukemias and Lymphomas of Childhood	1939	(18)
Howard J. Weinstein
Nancy J. Tarbell
Leukemias	1939	(9)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma	1948	(5)
Hodgkin's Disease	1953	(4)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas	1957	(41)
Richard I. Fisher
Peter M. Mauch
Nancy Lee Harris
Jonathan W. Friedberg
Epidemiology	1957	(1)
Etiology	1958	(1)
Biologic Background for Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms	1959	(8)
Principles of the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms' World Health Organization Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms	1967	(2)
Principles of Management of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma	1969	(2)
Specific Disease Entities	1971	(19)
Special Clinical Situations	1990	(8)
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas	1998	(14)
Lynn D. Wilson
Glenn W. Jones
Michael Girardi
Richard L. Edelson
Peter W. Heald
Pathobiology	1998	(1)
Epidemiology	1998	(1)
Etiology	1998	(1)
Clinical Presentation	1999	(1)
Approach to the Patient with Mycosis Fungoides	2000	(2)
Patient Evaluation	2002	(1)
Principles of Therapy	2003	(7)
Other Clinical Management Issues	2010	(2)
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma	2012	(8)
Lisa M. Deangelis
Joachim Yahalom
Clinical Features	2012	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	2013	(1)
Pathology	2013	(1)
Management and Therapy	2014	(1)
Immunologically Normal Patients	2015	(4)
Immunocompromised Patients	2019	(1)
Hodgkin's Lymphoma	2020	(57)
Volker Diehl
Nancy Lee Harris
Peter M. Mauch
History	2020	(1)
Etiology and Epidemiology	2021	(1)
Biology and Cell of Origin	2021	(5)
Pathology	2026	(6)
Diagnosis and Staging	2032	(2)
Clinical Presentation	2034	(1)
Treatment Methods	2035	(3)
Choice of Treatment	2038	(21)
Special Cases	2059	(3)
Sequelae	2062	(2)
Quality of Life	2064	(1)
New Drugs for Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma	2064	(1)
Immunotherapy	2065	(3)
Gene Therapy	2068	(9)
Acute Leukemias	2077	(44)
Molecular Biology of Acute Leukemias	2077	(11)
D. Gary Gilliland
Glen David Raffel
Leukemic Stem Cell	2077	(1)
Recurring Chromosomal Abnormalities in Acute Leukemia	2078	(5)
Deletions and Numeric Abnormalities in Acute Leukemias	2083	(1)
Chromosomal Translocations That Result in Overexpression of Otherwise Normal Genes	2084	(1)
Point Mutations in Acute Leukemia	2084	(1)
Mutational Complementation Groups in Acute Leukemias	2085	(1)
Conclusion	2086	(2)
Management of Acute Leukemias	2088	(33)
David A. Scheinberg
Peter G. Maslak
Mark A. Weiss
Epidemiology and Etiology	2088	(2)
Biology of Acute Leukemias	2090	(1)
Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Leukemias	2091	(7)
Principles of Clinical Management of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia	2098	(2)
Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia	2100	(1)
Induction	2100	(6)
Treatment of Relapsed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia	2106	(9)
Conclusion	2115	(6)
Chronic Leukemias	2121	(34)
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia	2121	(12)
Brian J. Druker
Stephanie J. Lee
Epidemiology	2121	(1)
Pathogenesis	2121	(2)
Diagnosis and Clinical Course	2123	(1)
Treatment of Chronic-Phase Disease	2124	(6)
Advanced-Phase Disease	2130	(1)
Future Directions	2131	(2)
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias	2133	(11)
Susan O'Brien
Michael J. Keating
Molecular Biology	2133	(2)
Immune Abnormalities	2135	(1)
Diagnosis	2135	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	2135	(3)
Treatment and Response Criteria	2138	(2)
Biologic Therapies	2140	(1)
Second Malignancies and Transformation	2141	(1)
Prolymphocytic Leukemia	2142	(1)
Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia	2142	(1)
Hairy Cell Leukemia	2142	(2)
Myelodysplastic Syndromes	2144	(11)
Stefan Faderl
Hagop M. Kantarjian
Incidence and Epidemiology	2144	(1)
Etiology	2144	(1)
Classification and Prognostic Factors	2145	(1)
Biology and Pathophysiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes	2146	(2)
Clinical Manifestations	2148	(1)
Laboratory Features	2148	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	2148	(1)
Subtypes of Myelodysplastic Syndromes	2148	(1)
Therapy of Myelodysplastic Syndromes	2149	(4)
Conclusion	2153	(2)
Plasma Cell Neoplasms	2155	(34)
Nikhil C. Munshi
Kenneth C. Anderson
History	2155	(1)
Epidemiology	2156	(1)
Etiology: Environmental Exposure	2156	(1)
Pathogenesis	2157	(6)
Clinical Manifestations	2163	(2)
Diagnosis	2165	(3)
Differential Diagnosis	2168	(2)
Prognostic Variables	2170	(2)
Treatment	2172	(9)
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia	2181	(8)
Paraneoplastic Syndromes	2189	(24)
Susanne M. Arnold
Frank S. Lieberman
Kenneth A. Foon
Endocrinologic Manifestations of Cancer	2189	(4)
Hematologic Manifestations of Cancer	2193	(3)
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Cancer	2196	(1)
Renal Manifestations of Nonrenal Cancer	2197	(1)
Cutaneous Manifestations of Cancer	2197	(3)
Neurologic Manifestations of Cancer	2200	(7)
Miscellaneous Paraneoplastic Syndromes	2207	(6)
Cancer of Unknown Primary Site	2213	(24)
F. Anthony Greco
John D. Hainsworth
Poorly Differentiated Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site	2214	(2)
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma (with or without Features of Adenocarcinoma) of Unknown Primary Site	2216	(5)
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site	2221	(1)
Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary Site	2222	(3)
Squamous Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site	2225	(1)
Chemotherapy for Metastatic Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site	2226	(3)
Special Issues in Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site	2229	(3)
Conclusion	2232	(5)
Peritoneal Carcinomalosis	2237	(10)
James F. Pingpank, Jr.
Pathophysiology	2237	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	2238	(1)
Histologic Subtypes	2238	(4)
Treatment	2242	(5)
Immunosuppression-Related Malignancies	2247	(26)
AIDS-Related Malignancies	2247	(16)
Robert Yarchoan
Richard F. Little
Kaposi's Sarcoma	2247	(6)
AIDS-Associated Lymphomas	2253	(5)
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in AIDS	2258	(1)
Hodgkin's Disease	2259	(1)
Anogenital Cancers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection	2259	(1)
Future Directions	2260	(3)
Transplantation-Related Malignancies	2263	(10)
Stanley R. Riddell
Immune Surveillance and Tumor Development	2263	(1)
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients	2263	(4)
Organ Transplant Recipients	2267	(6)
Oncologic Emergencies	2273	(36)
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome	2273	(8)
Joachim Yahalom
Anatomy and Pathophysiology	2273	(1)
Etiology and Natural History	2273	(2)
Diagnostic Procedures	2275	(1)
Management	2276	(1)
Treatment	2277	(2)
Recommendations	2279	(2)
Increased Intracranial Pressure	2281	(6)
Joachim M. Baehring
Pathophysiologic Considerations	2281	(1)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis	2281	(1)
Clinical Presentation	2282	(2)
Diagnosis	2284	(2)
Treatment	2286	(1)
Spinal Cord Compression	2287	(5)
Joachim M. Baehring
Epidemiology	2287	(1)
Pathophysiology	2287	(2)
Clinical Presentation	2289	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	2290	(1)
Diagnosis	2290	(1)
Treatment	2291	(1)
Prognosis	2291	(1)
Conclusion	2292	(1)
Metabolic Emergencies	2292	(9)
Antonio Tito Fojo
Tumor Lysis Syndrome	2292	(2)
Hyperuricemia	2294	(1)
Cancer and Hyponatremia	2295	(1)
Lactic Acidosis and Cancer	2296	(1)
Hypercalcemia and Cancer	2297	(2)
Cancer-Related Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome	2299	(2)
Urologic Emergencies	2301	(8)
Jonathan A. Coleman
McClellan M. Walther
Urinary Tract Infection	2301	(1)
Cystitis	2301	(3)
Bladder Hemorrhage	2304	(1)
Urinary Obstruction	2305	(2)
Priapism	2307	(1)
Paraphimosis	2307	(2)
Specialized Techniques in Cancer Management	2309	(14)
Vascular Access and Specialized Techniques of Drug Delivery	2309	(7)
James F. Pingpank, Jr.
Catheter Types	2309	(3)
Catheter Selection	2312	(1)
Insertion Techniques	2312	(2)
Catheter-Related Complications	2314	(2)
Isolation Perfusion	2316	(7)
H. Richard Alexander, Jr.
Principles of Isolation Perfusion	2316	(2)
Results of Isolation Perfusion	2318	(1)
Current Status of Isolated Limb Perfusion	2319	(2)
Current Status of Isolated Hepatic Perfusion	2321	(1)
Status of Isolation Perfusion of Others Sites	2321	(1)
Variations of Isolation Perfusion Techniques	2321	(1)
Conclusion	2321	(2)
Treatment of Metastatic Cancer	2323	(76)
Metastatic Brain Cancer	2323	(14)
David A. Larson
James L. Rubenstein
Michael W. McDermott
Brain Metastases	2323	(10)
Carcinomatous Meningitis	2333	(4)
Metastatic Cancer to the Lung	2337	(15)
Michael R. Johnston
Marc De Perrot
Biology	2337	(1)
Diagnosis	2337	(2)
Treatment	2339	(7)
Results	2346	(6)
Metastatic Cancer to the Liver	2352	(16)
H. Richard Alexander, Jr.
Nancy E. Kemeny
Theodore S. Lawrence
Natural History of Liver Metastases	2353	(1)
Imaging of Hepatic Metastases	2354	(1)
Resection: Technical Considerations	2354	(1)
Results of Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Cancer	2355	(1)
Results of Resection for Noncolorectal Cancers	2355	(1)
Hepatic Arterial Chemotherapy	2356	(2)
Toxicity of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Therapy with Floxuridine	2358	(1)
Other Agents Used with Hepatic Arterial Infusion	2359	(1)
Adjuvant Therapy after Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases	2359	(1)
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy	2360	(1)
Other Liver Tumors	2360	(1)
Hepatic Artery Infusion with Hepatic Venous Filtration	2360	(1)
Isolated Hepatic Perfusion	2361	(1)
Chemoembolization for Metastatic Cancer to the Liver	2361	(1)
Local Ablative Therapy	2362	(1)
Cryotherapy	2363	(1)
Radiofrequency Ablation	2363	(1)
Other Ablative Techniques	2364	(1)
Results of Whole Liver Irradiation ± Chemotherapy	2365	(1)
Conclusion	2366	(2)
Metastatic Cancer to the Bone	2368	(13)
Mark W. Manoso
John H. Healey
Presentation	2368	(1)
Pathophysiology	2369	(1)
Diagnostic Evaluation	2369	(1)
Imaging of Bone Lesions	2370	(1)
Therapeutic Goals	2371	(1)
Therapeutic Modalities	2371	(10)
Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions	2381	(11)
Dao M. Nguyen
David S. Schrump
Malignant Pleural Effusion	2381	(6)
Malignant Pericardial Effusion	2387	(5)
Malignant Ascites	2392	(7)
Richard B. Hostetter
Francesco M. Marincola
Douglas J. Schwartzentruber
Diagnosis and Workup	2392	(1)
Treatment of Malignant Ascites	2393	(3)
Conclusion	2396	(3)
Hematopoietic Therapy	2399	(62)
Transfusion Therapy	2399	(15)
Yanyun Wu
Peter L. Perrotta
Edward L. Snyder
Blood Component Therapy	2400	(6)
Transfusion Reactions and Complications	2406	(3)
Transfusion-Transmitted Disease	2409	(1)
Use of Special Blood Products in Oncology Patients	2410	(1)
Apheresis	2411	(1)
Effect of Growth Factors on Transfusion Medicine	2412	(1)
Blood Substitutes	2412	(2)
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation	2414	(9)
Dennis L. Cooper
Stuart Seropian
History	2415	(1)
Stem Cell Mobilization	2415	(1)
Inadequate Mobilization of Stem Cells	2416	(2)
Tumor Contamination	2418	(1)
Practical Considerations for the Potential Autologous Stem Cell Patient	2419	(1)
High-Dose Therapy Regimens: New Directions	2419	(2)
Late Toxicity: Myelodysplasia and Secondary Leukemia	2421	(1)
Future Directions	2421	(2)
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	2423	(19)
Richard W. Childs
Conditioning Regimens	2424	(1)
Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effect	2425	(2)
Mechanisms of Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effect	2427	(1)
Complications of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	2427	(2)
Epstein-Barr Virus Lymphoproliferative Disorder	2429	(3)
Sources of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cells	2432	(2)
Results of Conventional Allogeneic Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies	2434	(1)
Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation	2435	(4)
Future Prospects	2439	(3)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors	2442	(19)
Jennifer L. Holter
Howard Ozer
Overview of Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic Growth Factors	2442	(6)
Clinical Use of Recombinant Erythropoietin in Cancer Therapy	2448	(2)
Anemia Related to Myeloproliferative Disorders	2450	(1)
Predictors of Recombinant Erythropoietin Therapy Response	2451	(1)
Clinical Use of Recombinant Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors in Cancer Therapy	2452	(3)
Clinical Use of Recombinant Interleukin-11 in Cancer Therapy	2455	(1)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Development	2456	(1)
Conclusion	2456	(5)
Infections in the Cancer Patient	2461	(54)
Brahm H. Segal
Thomas J. Walsh
Juan C. Gea-Banacloche
Steven M. Holland
Factors Predisposing Cancer Patients to Infection	2461	(4)
Bacterial Infections in Cancer Patients	2465	(4)
Fungal Infections	2469	(8)
Viral Infections	2477	(7)
Parasitic Infections	2484	(2)
Neutropenic Fever	2486	(10)
Syndromes	2496	(10)
Immune Augmentation Strategies	2506	(9)
Adverse Effects of Treatment	2515	(100)
Nausea and Vomiting	2515	(8)
Ann M. Berger
Rebecca A. Clark-Snow
Nature of the Problem	2515	(1)
Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting	2515	(2)
Emetic Syndromes	2517	(1)
Control of Emesis and Risk Factors	2518	(1)
Antiemetic Agents	2519	(1)
Treatment Options Based on Emesis Category	2520	(1)
New Agents	2520	(1)
Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting	2521	(1)
Nausea and Vomiting Secondary to Comorbid Conditions	2522	(1)
Improving Antiemetic Control	2522	(1)
Oral Complications	2523	(12)
Ann M. Berger
Jane M. Fall-Dickson
Oral Complications	2523	(2)
Sequelae of Oral Complications	2525	(1)
Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Oral Complications	2526	(7)
Future Research Directions	2533	(1)
Conclusion	2533	(2)
Pulmonary Toxicity	2535	(10)
Diane E. Stover
Robert J. Kaner
Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity	2535	(3)
Radiation-Related Bronchiolitis Obliterans with Organizing Pneumonia	2538	(1)
Chemotherapy-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity	2539	(6)
Cardiac Toxicity	2545	(11)
Joachim Yahalom
Carol S. Portlock
Anthracyclines	2545	(2)
Mitoxantrone	2547	(1)
Cyclophosphamide	2547	(1)
Ifosfamide	2547	(1)
Taxanes	2547	(1)
Trastuzumab	2548	(1)
Fluoropyrimidines	2549	(1)
Radiation-Induced Heart Disease	2549	(4)
Conclusion	2553	(3)
Hair Loss	2556	(4)
Ann M. Berger
Joyson Karakunnel
Anatomy and Physiology	2556	(1)
Classification	2556	(1)
Staging	2557	(1)
Diagnosis	2557	(1)
Treatment	2557	(2)
Conclusion	2559	(1)
Gonadal Dysfunction	2560	(15)
Marvin L. Meistrich
Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin
Larry I. Lipshultz
Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Adult Men	2560	(3)
Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Adult Women	2563	(3)
Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Children	2566	(1)
Gonadal Dysfunction after Cranial Irradiation	2566	(1)
Preservation of Fertility, Hormone Levels, and Sexual Function	2567	(3)
Prevention and Management of Erectile and Ejaculatory Dysfunction	2570	(1)
Genetic Concerns	2571	(1)
Counseling	2572	(3)
Second Cancers	2575	(27)
Flora E. Van Leeuwen
Lois B. Travis
Methods to Assess Second Cancer Risk	2575	(1)
Carcinogenicity of Individual Treatment Modalities	2576	(4)
Risk of Second Malignancy in Patients with Selected Primary Cancers	2580	(18)
Conclusion	2598	(4)
Miscellaneous Toxicities	2602	(13)
Raymond B. Weiss
Neurotoxicity	2603	(4)
Nephrotoxicity	2607	(3)
Hepatotoxicity	2610	(1)
Hypersensitivity Reactions	2611	(1)
Vascular Toxicity	2612	(3)
Supportive Care and Quality of Life	2615	(104)
Management of Cancer Pain	2615	(34)
Kathleen M. Foley
Epidemiology	2615	(1)
Barriers to Cancer Pain Management	2616	(1)
Definition of Pain	2617	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of Pain	2617	(1)
Types of Pain	2618	(1)
Temporal Aspects of Pain	2619	(1)
Intensity of Pain	2619	(1)
Measurement of Pain	2619	(2)
Classification of Patients with Cancer Pain	2621	(3)
Common Pain Syndromes	2624	(1)
Clinical Assessment of Pain	2624	(3)
Management of Cancer Pain	2627	(1)
Analgesic Drug Therapy	2627	(3)
Classes of Drugs	2630	(9)
Psychological Approaches	2639	(1)
Anesthetic and Neurosurgical Approaches	2639	(6)
Physiatric Approaches	2645	(1)
Sedation in the Imminently Dying	2645	(1)
Algorithm for Cancer Pain Management	2646	(1)
Future Directions	2646	(3)
Nutritional Support	2649	(13)
J. Stanley Smith
David Frankenfield
Wiley W. Souba
Dysgeusia	2649	(1)
Weight Loss and Cancer Cachexia	2650	(1)
Nutrition Support for Weight Loss and Cancer Cachexia	2651	(1)
Nutrition and Tumor Growth	2651	(1)
Nutritional Assessment of the Cancer Patient	2652	(1)
Indications for Nutrition Support	2652	(1)
Parenteral versus Enteral Nutrition in Cancer Patients	2652	(1)
Specific Indications for the Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Cancer Patient	2653	(5)
Improving the Efficacy of Current Feeding Regimens	2658	(1)
Techniques of Providing Nutritional Support	2659	(2)
Conclusion	2661	(1)
Sexual Problems	2662	(14)
Patricia A. Ganz
Mark S. Litwin
Beth E. Meyerowitz
Sexual Health and Physiology	2662	(1)
Sexual Problems and Their Prevalence among the General Population	2663	(1)
Impact of Cancer and Its Treatment on Sexual Health	2664	(1)
Specific Treatments	2665	(3)
Sexual Problems Associated with Specific Cancers	2668	(3)
Strategies for Assessment and Intervention	2671	(2)
Conclusion	2673	(3)
Genetic Counseling	2676	(7)
Ellen T. Matloff
Why Is Cancer Genetic Counseling Necessary?	2676	(1)
Who Is a Candidate for Cancer Genetic Counseling?	2677	(1)
Components of the Cancer Genetic Counseling Session	2677	(3)
Issues in Cancer Genetic Counseling	2680	(1)
Future Directions	2681	(2)
Psychological Issues	2683	(8)
Beth L. Dinoff
John L. Shuster
Phases of Illness	2683	(2)
Psychological Complications of Cancer	2685	(3)
Therapies	2688	(3)
Community Resources	2691	(11)
Bonnie A. Indeck
Initial Diagnosis of Cancer	2691	(1)
Social Support Network	2691	(1)
Emotional Support	2691	(2)
Information Support	2693	(1)
Internet	2693	(1)
Computer Groups	2694	(1)
Instrumental Support	2694	(1)
Trends Affecting Demand for Community Services	2695	(1)
Survivorship	2696	(1)
Appendix: Common Community Resources	2696	(6)
Specialized Care of the Terminally III	2702	(17)
Janet L. Abrahm
Discussing Prognosis	2702	(1)
Advance Care Planning	2703	(1)
Hope	2703	(1)
Barriers That Inhibit Advance Care Planning Discussions	2704	(1)
Curiosity	2704	(1)
Healing versus Curing	2704	(1)
How to Tell the Children	2704	(1)
Cultural/Religious Considerations	2705	(1)
Care without Chemotherapy	2706	(1)
Palliative Care Program	2706	(1)
Hospice Programs	2707	(1)
Relief of Suffering	2708	(6)
The Final Days	2714	(1)
After the Death	2715	(1)
Grief and Bereavement	2715	(2)
Conclusion	2717	(2)
Rehabilitation of the Cancer Patient	2719	(28)
Lynn H. Gerber
Mary M. Vargo
Rebecca G. Smith
Impact of Cancer Treatment on Function	2720	(5)
Rehabilitation Interventions	2725	(7)
Rehabilitation Hospitalization and Basic Functional Independence	2732	(1)
Vocational Issues	2733	(1)
Rehabilitation Treatments of Specific Tumors	2734	(13)
Societal Issues in Oncology	2747	(48)
Ethical Issues	2747	(12)
Christopher K. Daugherty
Ethical Issues in Clinical Care in Oncology	2747	(5)
Ethical Issues in Cancer Clinical Trials	2752	(5)
Conclusion	2757	(2)
Economic Issues	2759	(8)
Albert B. Einstein, Jr.
U.S. Health Care Economy	2759	(1)
Medicare Cost-Containment Efforts	2759	(1)
Medicare Reimbursement for Cancer Services	2760	(1)
Medicaid Cost-Containment Efforts	2761	(1)
Insurance Industry Cost-Containment Efforts	2761	(1)
Hospital Economic Issues	2762	(1)
Physician Economic Issues	2762	(1)
National Cancer Institute--Designated and University Cancer Centers Economic Issues	2763	(1)
Clinical Research	2763	(1)
Impact of Genomics	2764	(1)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2765	(1)
Standardization of Practice	2765	(1)
Health Economics and the Economic Burden of Cancer	2765	(1)
The Future	2766	(1)
Regulatory Issues	2767	(10)
Grant A. Williams
Patricia Keegan
Neil R. P. Ogden
Richard Pazdur
Robert Temple
Mark McClellan
History of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulation of Drugs and Biologies	2767	(1)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Oversight of Clinical Trials for Drugs and Biologics	2768	(1)
Basis for Cancer Drug Approval	2769	(4)
Drug Safety Reporting and Evaluation	2773	(1)
Access to Investigational Drugs	2773	(1)
Biologic Drug Products: Special Considerations	2773	(1)
Regulation of Devices for Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis	2774	(2)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Initiatives and Guidances Expediting Approval of Cancer Drugs, Biologics, and Devices	2776	(1)
Telemedicine	2777	(5)
Richard M. Satava
Jonathan D. Linkous
Jay H. Sanders
Applications of Telemedicine	2778	(1)
Telemedicine in Other Countries	2779	(1)
Telemedicine in Oncology Care---Current Practices	2779	(1)
Telesurgery	2779	(1)
Telemedicine Impact on National Medical Policy	2780	(1)
Barriers and Challenges	2780	(1)
Conclusion	2781	(1)
International Differences in Oncology	2782	(6)
Olivier Rixe
Peter Harper
David Khayat
Developing Nations	2782	(1)
Cancers and Mortality: Differences in the More Developed Countries	2782	(1)
Screening	2783	(1)
Anticancer Drug Development throughout the World	2784	(1)
Drug Approval Process	2784	(1)
Cancer Treatment Strategy: European and United States Differences	2784	(1)
Differences in Cancer Survival	2784	(1)
Access to Cancer Care in Developed Nations	2785	(1)
Training as an Oncologist	2786	(1)
Research	2786	(1)
``Truth Telling'': Differences between Nations	2786	(1)
Cancer in the Elderly	2787	(1)
Conclusion	2787	(1)
The National Cancer Program	2788	(7)
Andrew C. Von Eschenbach
National Cancer Institute as Steward of the National Cancer Program	2789	(1)
Harnessing the Power of Molecular Epidemiology	2789	(1)
Developing an Integrative Understanding of Cancer Biology	2790	(1)
Providing Bioinformatics Infrastructure	2790	(1)
Developing Prevention, Early Detection, and Prediction Approaches	2790	(1)
Facilitating the Development of Cancer Interventions	2791	(1)
Creating an Integrated Clinical Trials System	2791	(1)
Overcoming Health Disparities	2791	(1)
A Critical ``Enterprise-Wide'' Opportunity: Technology Development and Integration	2792	(1)
Integrative Computational Biology and Bioinformatics	2792	(1)
Advanced Imaging	2792	(1)
Bioengineering and Advanced Prototyping	2792	(1)
Development and Preclinical Testing of Prevention and Therapeutic Agents	2792	(1)
Shared Research Resources	2793	(1)
Conclusion	2793	(2)
Information Systems in Oncology	2795	(10)
Daniel R. Masys
The Internet	2796	(3)
Electronic Medical Records	2799	(3)
Conclusion	2802	(3)