Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems

by Schulze, E. D.

• ISBN13: 9783540670254
• ISBN10: 3540670254
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The storage of carbon in forest ecosystems has received special attention in the Kyoto protocol of the Climate Convention, which attempts to equilibrate fossil fuel emissions with biological sinks. This volume quantifies carbon storage in managed forest ecosystems not only in biomass, but also in all soil compartments. It investigates the interaction between the carbon and nitrogen cycles by working along a north-south transect through Europe which starts in northern Sweden, passes through a N-deposition maximum in central Europe and ends in Italy. Surprisingly, C storage in soils increases with N deposition; in addition, not young reforestations, but old growth forests have the highest rate of carbon sequestration. For the first time biogeochemical processes are linked to biodiversity on a large geographic scale and with special focus on soil organisms. The enclosed CD-ROM provides a complete database of all flux, storage and species observations for modellers.

Table of Contents

Part A Introduction to the European Transect
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle of Forest Ecosystems	3	(11)
E.-D. Schulze
Introduction	3	(1)
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles	3	(5)
The NIPHYS/CANIF Project	8	(2)
Experimental Design	10	(1)
Conclusions	11	(3)
References	11	(3)
Experimental Sites in the NIPHYS/CANIF Project	14	(35)
T. Persson
H. van Oene
A.F. Harrison
P.S. Karlsson
G.A. Bauer
J. Cerny
M.-M. Couteaux
E. Dambrine
P. Hogberg
A. Kjoller
G. Matteucci
A. Rudebeck
E.-D. Schulze
T. Paces
Site Description. The NIPHYS/CANIF Transect	14	(12)
Soil Characteristics	26	(10)
Ecosystem C and N Pools	36	(3)
Database	39	(3)
Conclusions	42	(7)
References	46	(3)
Part B Plant-Related Processes
Tree Biomass, Growth and Nutrient Pools	49	(14)
G. Scarascia-Mugnozza
G.A. Bauer
H. Persson
G. Matteucci
A. Masci
Introduction	49	(1)
Experimental Background	50	(2)
Biomass	52	(2)
Forest Productivity	54	(2)
Carbon and Nutrient Pools	56	(2)
Allometric and Functional Relations	58	(2)
Conclusions	60	(3)
References	62	(1)
Linking Plant Nutrition and Ecosystem Processes	63	(36)
G.A. Bauer
H. Persson
T. Persson
M. Mund
M. Hein
E. Kummetz
G. Matteucci
H. van Oene
G. Scarascia-Mugnozza
E.-D. Schulze
Introduction	63	(1)
Experimental Approach	64	(1)
Nutrient Concentrations	65	(8)
Nutrient Contents	73	(9)
Nitrogen Partitioning in Different Tree Compartments	82	(6)
Ecosystem C and N Pools	88	(7)
Conclusions	95	(4)
References	95	(4)
Root Growth and Response to Nitrogen	99	(23)
C. Stober
E. George
H. Persson
Introduction	99	(1)
Approaches to the Study of Root Growth	100	(5)
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Soil Coring	105	(2)
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Root Windows	107	(6)
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by In-Growth Cores	113	(3)
Root Growth at Different European Forest Sites	116	(2)
Conclusions	118	(4)
References	119	(3)
Nitrogen Uptake Processes in Roots and Mycorrhizas	122	(22)
T. Wallenda
C. Stober
L. Hogbom
H. Schinkel
E. George
P. Hogberg
D.J. Read
Introduction	122	(1)
Approaches to Study Different Aspects of the N Uptake Process	123	(2)
Studies with Excised Roots and Mycorrhizas	125	(10)
Field-Based Experiments	135	(4)
Conclusions	139	(5)
References	141	(3)
The Fate of 15N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs to Coniferous and Broadleaf Forests	144	(27)
G. Gebauer
B. Zeller
G. Schmidt
C. May
N. Buchmann
M. Colin-Belgrand
E. Dambrine
F. Martin
E.-D. Schulze
P. Bottner
Introduction	144	(1)
Sites of Investigation	145	(2)
Approaches to Study the Fate of 15N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs	147	(3)
N Release and Tree Uptake from 15N-Labelled Decomposing Litter in a Beech Forest in Aubure	150	(7)
Ecosystem Partitioning of 15N-Labelled Ammonium and Nitrate on the Sites in the Fichtelgebirge and Steigerwald	157	(9)
Conclusions	166	(5)
References	168	(3)
Canopy Uptake and Utilization of Atmospheric Pollutant Nitrogen	171	(18)
A.F. Harrison
E.-D. Schulze
G. Gebauer
G. Bruckner
Introduction	171	(1)
Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollutants	172	(2)
Pathways for Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen	174	(1)
Approaches to the Determination of Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen	175	(2)
Review of Research	177	(5)
Role in the Critical Load	182	(1)
Ecophysiological Consequences of Canopy N Uptake	182	(1)
Conclusions	183	(1)
Way Forward	183	(1)
Policy Implications	184	(5)
References	184	(5)
Biotic and Abiotic Controls Over Ecosystem Cycling of Stable Natural Nitrogen, Carbon and Sulphur Isotopes	189	(28)
G.A. Bauer
G. Gebauer
A.F. Harrison
P. Hogberg
L. Hogbom
H. Schinkel
A.F.S. Taylor
M. Novak
F. Buzek
D. Harkness
T. Persson
E.-D. Schulze
Introduction	189	(1)
Approaches to the Study of Stable Isotopes in the Field	189	(2)
δ15N of Ammonium and Nitrate in Wet Deposition	191	(6)
Stable Isotope Signatures in Different Ecosystem Compartments	197	(10)
δ15N Signatures as Indicators of N Saturation in Forest Ecosystems	207	(4)
Conclusions	211	(6)
References	213	(4)
Part C Heterotrophic Processes
Soil Respiration in Beech and Spruce Forests in Europe: Trends, Controlling Factors, Annual Budgets and Implications for the Ecosystem Carbon Balance	217	(20)
G. Matteucci
S. Dore
S. Stivanello
C. Rebmann
N. Buchmann
Introduction	217	(1)
Approaches to Measuring Soil Respiration	218	(3)
Daily and Seasonal Trends in Soil Respiration and Climatic Variables	221	(5)
Factors Controlling Soil Respiration	226	(4)
Comparison of Chamber Measurements with the Eddy Covariance Measurements Below the Canopy	230	(1)
Annual Budgets of Soil Respiration	231	(2)
Conclusions	233	(4)
References	234	(3)
Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes in Soils Along the European Forest Transect, Determined Using the 14C-Bomb	237	(20)
A.F. Harrison
D.D. Harkness
A.P. Rowland
J.S. Garnett
P.J. Bacon
Introduction	237	(2)
Forests, Sampling Procedure and Analysis	239	(2)
Model Description	241	(1)
Estimations of C and N Pools and Fluxes	242	(1)
Pools and Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil Profiles	243	(3)
Variations in the Carbon Age and Mean Residence Times (MRTs)	246	(2)
Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes	248	(4)
General Discussion	252	(1)
Conclusions	253	(4)
References	255	(2)
Carbon Mineralisation in European Forest Soils	257	(19)
T. Persson
P.S. Karlsson
U. Seyferth
R.M. Sjoberg
A. Rudebeck
Introduction	257	(1)
Experimental Background	257	(3)
C Mineralisation in the North-South Transect	260	(9)
Long-Term Fertilisation Experiments	269	(2)
Mean Residence Time	271	(1)
Comparison of Intact and Sieved Soil Cores	271	(3)
Conclusions	274	(2)
References	275	(1)
Litter Decomposition	276	(21)
M.F. Cotrufo
M. Miller
B. Zeller
Introduction	276	(1)
Factors Affecting the Decomposition Process	276	(2)
Enzymatic Activity	278	(1)
Nitrogen Dynamics in Decomposing Litter	279	(1)
Decomposition Studies in Europe: from DECO, VAMOS, MICS to CANIF	280	(1)
Decomposition Studies Within a Latitudinal Transect of European Beech Forests	281	(11)
Conclusions	292	(5)
References	293	(4)
Soil Nitrogen Turnover - Mineralisation, Nitrification and Denitrification in European Forest Soils	297	(35)
T. Persson
A. Rudebeck
J.H. Jussy
M. Colin-Belgrand
A. Prieme
E. Dambrine
P.S. Karlsson
R.M. Sjoberg
Background and Aim of the Study	297	(2)
Methods Used to Study N Turnover	299	(5)
Net N Mineralisation Based on Laboratory Studies	304	(3)
Net Nitrification Based on Laboratory Studies	307	(5)
Manipulation of pH, N Availability and Nitrifier Density in the Laboratory	312	(2)
Autotrophic Versus Heterotrophic Nitrification	314	(2)
Net N Mineralisation and Nitrification in N-Fertilisation Experiments	316	(2)
Comparison of N Turnover in Similar Soils at Different Climate	318	(1)
Comparison of N Turnover in Sieved and Intact Soil Cores	319	(2)
In Situ Mineralisation Studies at Aubure	321	(2)
Comparison of in Situ and Laboratory-Based Mineralisation Studies	323	(1)
Denitrification	324	(2)
Final Discussion	326	(2)
Conclusions	328	(4)
References	329	(3)
Nitrogen and Carbon Interactions of Forest Soil Water	332	(11)
B.R. Andersen
P. Gundersen
Introduction	332	(1)
Approaches to Studying the Forest Soil Waters	333	(1)
Soil Water Concentrations of Nitrogen and Carbon	334	(3)
Correlation Between Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Carbon	337	(3)
Conclusions	340	(3)
References	340	(3)
Part D Diversity-Related Processes
Fungal Diversity in Ectomyccorhizal Communities of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Along North-South Transects in Europe	343	(23)
A.F.S. Taylor
F. Martin
D.J. Read
Introduction	343	(1)
Analysis of Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure and Diversity	344	(3)
ECM Communities of Spruce Forests	347	(6)
ECM Communities of Beech Forests	353	(1)
Genetic Diversity Within a Population of Laccarina amethystina	353	(4)
Isolation and Growth of ECM Fungal Isolates on an Organic N Source	357	(1)
Comparative Evaluation of Ectomycorrhizal Diversity	358	(4)
Conclusions	362	(4)
References	363	(3)
Diversity and Role of the Decomposer Food Web	366	(16)
V. Wolters
A. Pflug
A.R. Taylor
D. Schroeter
Introduction	366	(2)
Approaches to Investigating Decomposer Communities	368	(1)
The Microflora	369	(3)
The Soil Fauna	372	(4)
Contribution of the Decomposer Food Web to C and N Flows	376	(2)
Conclusions	378	(4)
References	379	(3)
Diversity and Role of Microorganisms	382	(23)
A. Kjoller
M. Miller
S. Struwe
V. Wolters
A. Pflug
Introduction and Background	382	(1)
Experimental Background	383	(2)
Community of Microfungi in Beech Forests	385	(8)
Functional Diversity of Bacteria in the Litter of Coniferous Forests	393	(6)
Conclusions	399	(6)
References	400	(5)
Part E Integration
Spatial Variability and Long-Term Trends in Mass Balance of N and S in Central European Forested Catchments	405	(14)
E. Dambrine
A. Probst
D. Viville
P. Biron
T. Paces
M. Novak
F. Buzek
J. Cerny
M. C. Belgrand
H. Groscheova
Introduction	405	(1)
Approaches to Studying Long-Term Changes in Watersheds	405	(2)
Temporal Variations and Trends	407	(8)
Budgets	415	(1)
Biological Cycling of Sulphur	416	(1)
Conclusions	417	(2)
References	418	(1)
Model Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Picea and Fagus Forests	419	(49)
H. van Oene
F. Berendse
T. Persson
A.F. Harrison
E.-D. Schulze
B.R. Andersen
G.A. Bauer
E. Dambrine
P. Hogberg
G. Matteucci
T. Paces
Introduction	419	(1)
Model Description	420	(7)
Input Data and Parameter Values	427	(4)
Model Calibration and Comparison with Measured Data	431	(11)
Model Analysis	442	(20)
Conclusions	462	(6)
References	463	(5)
Interactions Between the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle and the Role of Biodiversity: A Synopsis of a Study Along a North-South Transect Through Europe	468	(25)
E.-D. Schulze
P. Hogberg
H. van Oene
T. Persson
A.F. Harrison
D. Read
A. Kjoller
G. Matteucci
Introduction	468	(1)
Change of Ecosystem Processes Along the European Transect	468	(4)
What Limits the C and N Fluxes in These Forest Ecosystems?	472	(5)
What Are Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) and Net Biome Productivity (NBP) and How Do They Relate to Ecosystem Parameters?	477	(5)
Are There Thresholds and Non-Linearities?	482	(1)
What Role Does Biodiversity Play in Ecosystem Processes?	483	(4)
Conclusions	487	(6)
References	488	(5)
Subject Index	493	(6)
Species Index	499