Colin Baker is Professor of Education at the University of Wales, Bangor and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society.

Acknowledgements

vi

Introduction

vii

Getting to Know Bilingual Children

Introduction

1

(10)

Who Is Bilingual? Essential Definitions And Distinctions For Professionals

1

(2)

Double Meanings? The Child's Mother Tongue

3

(2)

Two Equal Languages? Balanced Bilinguals

5

(1)

Two Underdeveloped Languages? Double `Semilingualism'

6

(2)

Creme de la Creme? Prestigious Bilinguals

8

(1)

Triple Tongues? Multilingual Children

8

(3)

The Advantages of the Bilingual Child

Introduction

11

(15)

Do Bilingual Children Have Advantages? The Modern View

11

(4)

Two Views of Bilinguals: Fractional or Holistic?

15

(2)

Bilingual Characters: The Personality and Social Development of Bilinguals

17

(3)

Insiders or Outsiders? Bilingualism and Immigration

20

(1)

Bilingual Belonging? Identity Issues and Solutions

21

(5)

The Everyday Use of Language by Bilingual Children

Introduction

26

(11)

Choice Language: The Language Use of Bilingual Children

26

(2)

Sensitive Listeners? Bilingualism and Sensitivity in Communication

28

(2)

To Rephras - Children as Interpreters

30

(1)

Moving Between Languages - Codeswitching

31

(3)

In Other Words - The Functions and Results of Codeswitching

34

(3)

Bilingual Children and Families

Introduction

37

(14)

Types of Bilingual Families

37

(4)

The Development of Bilingualism in Children

41

(6)

Childhood Trilingualism

47

(1)

Bilingualism and Marriage

48

(3)

Bilingual Children in Communities

Introduction

51

(15)

Language Communities

51

(2)

Language Minorities

53

(1)

A Categorization of Language Minorities

54

(1)

Immigration, Emigration and Language

55

(2)

Ethnic Identity

57

(4)

Diglossia

61

(1)

Language Boundaries: The Territorial and Personality Principles

62

(1)

Dialects and Bilingualism

63

(3)

Bilingual Children and Thinking

Introduction

66

(16)

Bilingualism and Intelligence

66

(3)

Bilingualism and Creative Thinking

69

(1)

Bilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness

70

(2)

Common Underlying Proficiency and Separate Underlying Proficiency

72

(3)

Thresholds Theory

75

(7)

The Education of Bilingual Children

Introduction

82

(13)

Home and School Relationships

82

(3)

Community Language Education

85

(1)

The Empowerment of Bilingual Children

86

(4)

The Nature and Aims of Bilingual Education

90

(2)

Different Styles of Bilingual Education

92

(3)

The Bilingual Classroom

Introduction

95

(12)

Language Allocation in Bilingual Classrooms

95

(8)

Recent Approaches to Bilingual Teaching and Learning

103

(4)

Developing Biliterate Children

Introduction

107

(13)

Literacy Among Bilingual Students

107

(10)

The Development of Biliteracy

117

(3)

Bilingual Children with Special Needs

Introduction

120

(10)

Explanations of Under-Achievement in Bilinguals

120

(4)

Bilingualism and Learning Difficulties

124

(2)

Language Delay and Language Disorder

126

(2)

Language and Speech Therapy in a Bilingual Context

128

(2)

The Assessment and Education of Bilingual Children with Special Needs

Introduction

130

(11)

Assessment of Bilingual Children

130

(6)

Bilingual Special Education

136

(5)

Multiculturalism, Racism and Bilingual Children

Introduction

141

(12)

Multicultural Education for All

141

(6)

Anti-Racism and Prejudice Reduction in School

147

(3)

Immigrants and Refugee Children

150

(2)

Curriculum Adaptation with Immigrants and Refugee Students

152

(1)

The Politics Surrounding Bilingual Children

Introduction

153

(13)

Language as a Problem, a Right and Resource

153

(7)

The Assimilation of Language Minorities

160

(2)

Integration and Language Minorities

162

(1)

Cultural Pluralism

163

(3)

Glossary

166

(23)

Bibliography

189

(8)

Index

197

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