Cases and Materials on Environmental Law

by Findley, Roger W.

• ISBN13: 9780314230454
• ISBN10: 0314230459
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-04-01
• Publisher: WEST PUBLISHING CORP

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Table of Cases	xvii
Environmental Problems in Perspective	1	(77)
The Ecological Perspective	1	(11)
A Sand County Almanac	1	(3)
A. Leopold
Note	4	(1)
Wildlands: Their Protection and Management in Economic Development	5	(4)
G. Ledec
R. Goodland
Notes	9	(1)
``Thinking of Environmental Law as a Complex Adaptive System: How to Clean Up the Environment by Making a Mess of Environmental Law''	10	(2)
Ruhl
Notes	12	(1)
Some Dimensions of Environmental Problems	12	(30)
``In a Deluge of Problems, Where Are the Worst Threats?''	12	(4)
Notes	16	(1)
``Environmental Unknowns''	17	(2)
Myers
Notes	19	(1)
World Resources Institute, World Resources 1990-91	20	(1)
Note on the Prisoner's Dilemma	21	(1)
Note on International Environmental Treaties	22	(4)
Rio Declaration of Environment and Development	26	(4)
Note	30	(1)
Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1997	30	(5)
World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99	35	(1)
Notes	36	(1)
U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality: Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Report, 1994-95	37	(5)
Notes	42	(1)
Economic Perspectives	42	(20)
``The Tragedy of the Commons''	42	(2)
Hardin
Notes	44	(1)
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, First Report	45	(2)
Note on Economic Analysis	47	(2)
``The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth''	49	(2)
Boulding
Note	51	(1)
``Thinking of Environmental Law as a Complex Adaptive System: How to Clean up the Environment by Making a Mess of Environmental law	51	(3)
Ruhl
Note	54	(1)
`Valuing Ecosystem Services''	55	(3)
Salzman
Notes	58	(1)
``Accounting for Environmental Assets''	59	(3)
Repetto
Notes	62	(1)
Political Perspectives	62	(16)
``Politics and Procedure in Environmental Law''	62	(6)
Farber
``Pursuing `Environmental Justice': The Distributional Effects of Environmental Protection''	68	(3)
Lazarus
``Overcoming Environmental Discrimination: The Need for a Disparate Impact Test and Improved Notice Requirements in Facility Siting Decisions''	71	(3)
Saleem
Notes	74	(4)
The Judicial Role	78	(124)
``Foreword: Roles and Rules in Environmental Decisionmaking''	78	(2)
Sive
Access to the Courts	80	(38)
Injury in Fact	80	(1)
Sierra Club v. Morton	80	(5)
Notes	85	(1)
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP I)	86	(2)
Notes	88	(1)
Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation	88	(6)
Notes	94	(2)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	96	(5)
Note on Defenders and the Concept of Injury	101	(3)
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment	104	(4)
Notes	108	(1)
Zone of Interests	109	(1)
Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group, Inc.	109	(4)
Bennett v. Spear	113	(4)
Notes	117	(1)
The Scope of Review	118	(16)
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe	119	(3)
Notes	122	(2)
Note on Administrative Procedure	124	(1)
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	125	(4)
Notes	129	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	130	(3)
Notes	133	(1)
The National Environmental Policy Act	134	(21)
Threshold Requirements	138	(1)
Hanly v. Mitchell [Hanly I]	138	(2)
Notes	140	(1)
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy	141	(4)
Notes	145	(1)
Hanly v. Kleindienst [Hanly II]	146	(5)
Notes on NEPA Threshold Issues	151	(3)
Note on the ``Federal Action'' Requirement	154	(1)
Scope and Timing of the Impact Statement	155	(24)
Scientists' Institute for Public Information, Inc. v. AEC	155	(4)
Aberdeen & Rockfish Railroad v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP II)	159	(2)
Note	161	(1)
Kleppe v. Sierra Club	161	(6)
Notes	167	(1)
Note on Proposal Definition, Scope, and Timing	167	(3)
Weinberger v. Catholic Action of Hawaii	170	(1)
Notes	171	(1)
Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council	172	(5)
Notes	177	(2)
Content of the Impact Statement	179	(23)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Morton	179	(4)
Notes	183	(1)
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	184	(2)
Notes	186	(1)
Carolina Environmental Study Group v. United States	187	(2)
Notes	189	(1)
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	190	(4)
Notes	194	(1)
Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council	194	(4)
Notes	198	(2)
Note: Appraising NEPA After Thirty Years	200	(2)
Environmental Federalism	202	(81)
The Scope of Federal Power	202	(21)
Kleppe v. New Mexico	203	(2)
Notes	205	(1)
Minnesota v. Block	206	(2)
Notes	208	(1)
Missouri v. Holland	209	(2)
Notes	211	(1)
Hodel v. Indiana	211	(2)
Notes	213	(1)
Note on the Recent Revival of Limits on the Commerce Caluse	214	(3)
Note on the Tenth Amendment and Environmental Law	217	(1)
New York v. United States	218	(3)
Notes	221	(2)
Commerce Clause Restrictions on State Power	223	(30)
Procter and Gamble Co. v. Chicago	224	(3)
Notes	227	(1)
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.	227	(1)
Notes	228	(1)
Norfolk Southern Corporation v. Oberly	229	(2)
Notes	231	(1)
Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.	231	(2)
Note	233	(1)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey	234	(4)
Notes	238	(2)
C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, New York	240	(5)
Notes	245	(1)
USA Recycling, Inc. v. Town Of Babylon	246	(2)
Notes	248	(1)
Dormant Commerce Clause Problem	249	(1)
Note on Federal Preemption	250	(3)
Environmental Regulation and International Trade	253	(13)
Note on GATT and Domestic Regulations	254	(4)
``The Environment vs. Trade Rules: Defogging the Debate''	258	(6)
Charnovitz
Notes	264	(2)
Horizontal Federalism and Physical Spillovers	266	(17)
Milwaukee v. Illionois [Milwaukee II]	267	(4)
Notes	271	(1)
International Paper Company v. Ouellette	271	(3)
Notes	274	(1)
Arkansas v. Oklahoma	275	(2)
Notes	277	(1)
Note on Interstate Spillovers under the Clean Air Act	278	(5)
Pollution Control	283	(122)
Note on Cost--Benefit Analysis in the Administrative Process	288	(2)
Nuisance Law	290	(12)
Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co.	290	(5)
Notes	295	(1)
``The Problem of Social Cost''	296	(2)
Coase
Notes	298	(2)
Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.	300	(2)
Notes	302	(1)
Cost and Feasibility in Source--Oriented Regulatory Schemes	302	(41)
Emission Standards in the Clean Air Act	303	(1)
International Harvester Co. v. Ruckelshaus	304	(6)
Notes	310	(1)
Note on Regulation of New Mobile and Stationary Sources	311	(1)
Continuing Efforts to Control Car Emissions	311	(2)
Section 111 Standards for Stationary Sources	313	(2)
Water Pollution	315	(3)
Problem on the Scope of the Permit Requirement	318	(1)
American Meat Institute v. EPA	319	(5)
Notes	324	(1)
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Train	325	(3)
Notes	328	(1)
Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Costle	329	(3)
Notes	332	(2)
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Train	334	(1)
Notes	334	(1)
EPA v. National Crushed Stone Association	335	(4)
Notes	339	(2)
Note on Regulation of Toxic Water Pollution	341	(2)
Area Planning	343	(34)
State Implementation Plans Under the Cleain Air Act	344	(1)
The Statutory Scheme	344	(2)
Notes	346	(2)
The Attainment Principle	348	(1)
Union Electric Co. v. EPA	348	(3)
Notes	351	(1)
Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	351	(3)
Notes	354	(1)
Exceptions to the Attainment Principle	355	(1)
PSD and Related Rules	355	(1)
Kennecott Copper Corp. v. Train	355	(3)
Notes	358	(1)
Note on PSD Requirements	358	(2)
Nonattainment and Noncompliance Under the Clean Air Act	360	(1)
Getty Oil Co. (Eastern Operations) v. Ruckelshaus	360	(2)
Notes	362	(3)
Note on Nonattainment	365	(3)
Area Planning in the Clean Water Act	368	(2)
PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington Department of Ecology	370	(4)
Notes	374	(1)
Note on Nonpoint Source Pollution	375	(2)
Beyond Regulation: Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection	377	(28)
``Environmental Improvement Through Economic Incentives''	378	(3)
Anderson
Notes	381	(1)
Effluent Charges and Regulatory Penalties	382	(1)
``Setting National Priorities: The 1973 Budget''	382	(2)
Schultze
Notes	384	(1)
Note on the Use of Economic Incentives to Achieve Compliance With Regulatory Limits	385	(2)
Marketable Permits, Offsets, and Bubbles	387	(1)
Note on Emission ``Offsets'' to Accommodate Industrial Growth	388	(2)
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. NRDC	390	(5)
Notes	395	(1)
``Marketable Permits: Lessons for Theory and Practice''	396	(2)
Hahn
Hester
Notes	398	(1)
Note: Trading Across Borders	399	(4)
Review Problem on Techniques of Air Pollution Control	403	(2)
Risk Management and Scientific Uncertainty	405	(69)
Introduction to Risk Assessment and Risk Management	405	(25)
``Risk in a Free Society''	405	(3)
Ruckelshaus
``Legislating Acceptable Cancer Risk From Exposure toToxic Chemicals''	408	(2)
Rosenthal
Gray
Graham
Notes	410	(1)
``Risk, Courts, and Agencies''	411	(5)
Gillette
Krier
Notes	416	(1)
``Which Risks First?''	417	(3)
Sunstein
Notes	420	(1)
Cancer Today: Origins, Prevention, and Treatment	420	(3)
L. Roberts
Notes	423	(1)
``Federal Regulation of Vinyl Chloride: A Short Course in the Law and Policy of Toxic Substances Control''	424	(3)
Doniger
Note	427	(3)
Judicial Views Concerning Management of Uncertain Risks	430	(44)
Reserve Mining Co. v. Environmental Protection Agency	430	(6)
Notes	436	(3)
Industrial Union Department, AFL--CIO v. American Petroleum Institute	439	(11)
Notes	450	(1)
``The `Significance' of Toxic Health Risks: An Essay on Legal Decisionmaking Under Uncertainty''	451	(8)
Latin
American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc. v. Donovan	459	(3)
Notes	462	(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	463	(7)
Notes	470	(1)
Note on Regulation of Hazardous Air Pollutants Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, as Amended in 1990	471	(3)
Regulation of Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes	474	(93)
Regulating the Sale of Toxic Substances	474	(39)
Pesticide Control	474	(1)
Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency [Aldrin and Dieldrin]	475	(5)
Notes	480	(2)
Note on FIFRA Amendments	482	(1)
Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency [Heptachlor and Chlordane]	483	(3)
Notes	486	(2)
Les v. Reilly	488	(2)
Notes	490	(2)
``Lessons From Federal Pesticide Regulation on the Paradigms and Politics of Environmental Law Reform''	492	(3)
Hornstein
Notes	495	(1)
The Toxic Substances Control Act	496	(2)
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	498	(2)
Notes	500	(1)
Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency	501	(7)
Notes	508	(1)
``Out of the Lab and Into the Field: Harmonization of Deliberate Release Regulations for Genetically Modified Organisms''	509	(3)
Kim
Note	512	(1)
Regulating the Treatment, Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes	513	(45)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	515	(2)
``Solid'' and ``Hazardous'' Waste Defined	517	(1)
American Mining Congress v. Environmental Protection Agency	518	(5)
Notes	523	(2)
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	525	(4)
Notes	529	(1)
Edison Electric Institute v. Environmental Protection Agency	530	(4)
Notes	534	(2)
The Land Disposal Ban	536	(1)
Edison Electric Institute v. Environmental Protection Agency	537	(2)
Notes	539	(1)
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	539	(6)
Notes	545	(1)
``Coping With The RCRA Hazardous Waste System: A Few Practical Points For Fun And Profit''	546	(5)
Stoll
Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention	551	(3)
State and Local Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities	554	(1)
``Hazardous Waste Facilities and Environmental Equity: A Proposed Siting Model''	554	(3)
Mata
Notes	557	(1)
Mandatory Disclosure of Information Concerning Chemical Hazards and Related Liabilities	558	(9)
``The Logic and Limits of Public Information Mandates Under Federal Hazardous Waste Law: A Policy Analysis''	558	(3)
Blomquist
Notes	561	(2)
``Disclosure of Environmental Liabilities in Documents Field With the Securities and Exchange Commission''	563	(3)
Roberts
Note	566	(1)
Environmental Liability and Enforcement	567	(160)
Citizen Suits	567	(14)
``The 1990 Amendments and Section 304: The Specter of Increased Citizen Suit Enforcement''	568	(7)
DuBoff
Notes	575	(4)
Note on Attorneys' Fees	579	(2)
Injunctions	581	(19)
TVA v. Hill	581	(5)
Notes	586	(1)
Weinberger v. Romero--Barcelo	586	(5)
Notes	591	(1)
United States v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp.	592	(3)
Notes	595	(1)
Adams v. Vance	596	(3)
Notes	599	(1)
Civil Liability Under RCRA and CERCLA	600	(75)
Liability Under the ``Imminent Hazard'' Provisions of RCRA	600	(1)
United States v. Waste Industries, Inc.	601	(4)
Notes	605	(1)
United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc.	606	(3)
Notes	609	(1)
``RCRA Imminent Hazard Authority: A Powerful Tool for Businesses, Governments, and Citizen Enforcers''	610	(2)
Babich
Note	612	(1)
Liability Under CERCLA	613	(1)
U.S. Concil on Environmental Quality, Environmetal Quality 1981: 12th Annual Report	613	(1)
Note on CERCLA Implementation	614	(2)
Discussion Problem #1 on CERCLA Liability	616	(1)
United States v. Monsanto Co.	617	(9)
Note on Allocation of Costs Among Responsible Parties	626	(1)
Apportionment of Damages	626	(2)
Contribution	628	(3)
Note on Alternatives to EPA Suit Under Section 107	631	(1)
EPA Action Under Section 106	631	(1)
Private Suits Under Section 107	632	(1)
Discussion Problem #2 on CERCLA Liability	633	(1)
United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc.	634	(3)
Notes on the Identification of Responsible Parties	637	(1)
Arrangers and Transporters	637	(2)
Owners and Operators	639	(5)
Successors	644	(2)
Lenders and Trustees	646	(2)
Governmental Entities	648	(2)
Remedy Selection	650	(1)
``Selecting Remedies at Superfund Sites: How Should `Clean' Be Determined?''	650	(3)
Padgett
Notes	653	(3)
Settlements	656	(1)
United States v. Cannons Engineering Corp.	657	(6)
Notes	663	(2)
Discussion Problem on Remedy Selection and Settlements	665	(1)
Governmental Recovery of Damages of Injury to Natural Resources	666	(6)
Legislative and Aministrative Efforts to Reform CERCLA	672	(3)
The Role of Federal Bankruptcy Law	675	(7)
``Hazardous Waste and Bankruptcy: Confronting the Unasked Questions''	676	(6)
Topol
Criminal Liability Under Federal Environmental Laws	682	(22)
``Assimilating Environmental Protection Into Legal Rules and the Problem With Environmental Crime''	682	(4)
Lazarus
Notes	686	(1)
Note on Environmental Audit Privileges	687	(2)
Note	689	(1)
United States v. Laughlin	690	(3)
Notes	693	(1)
United States v. Sinskey	694	(5)
Note	699	(1)
``The Present Use of the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine in the Criminal Enforcement of Environmental Laws''	699	(3)
Hartman
DeMonaco
Notes	702	(1)
Discussion Problem on Criminal Liability	703	(1)
Common Law Remedies	704	(23)
Injunctions	704	(1)
Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc.	704	(3)
Notes	707	(1)
Damages	708	(1)
``Remedies for Injuries Caused by Hazardous Waste: The Report and Recommendations of the Superfund 301(E) Study Group''	708	(3)
Grad
Notes	711	(1)
State v. Ventron Corp.	711	(4)
Note	715	(1)
``Toxic Causation'''	715	(9)
Farber
Notes	724	(3)
Preservation of Natural Areas	727	(112)
Perspectives on Ecology, Economics, and Property	728	(16)
``An Introduction to Environmental Thought: Some Sources and Some Criticisms''	728	(8)
Meyers
Notes	736	(2)
Note on Economic Analysis and Preservationism	738	(2)
``Green Property''	740	(3)
Byrne
Notes	743	(1)
Private Property	744	(33)
The Taking Problem	744	(1)
Note on the Development of Takings Doctrine	745	(3)
Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis	748	(2)
Nollan v.California Coastal Commission	750	(3)
Notes	753	(1)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council	754	(6)
Notes	760	(3)
Problems on Property Rights	763	(1)
Development Restrictions on Private Wetlands	764	(2)
United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.	766	(4)
Notes	770	(1)
Sylvester v. United States Army Corps of Engineers	771	(2)
Notes	773	(1)
Deltona Corp. v. United States	774	(2)
Notes	776	(1)
Quasi--Public Property	777	(29)
Public Trust and Related Doctrines	777	(1)
Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois	778	(1)
Notes	779	(2)
Boone v. Kingsbury	781	(2)
Marks v. Whitney	783	(2)
Notes	785	(2)
State ex rel. Thornton v. Hay	787	(2)
Notes	789	(1)
Note on the Navigational Servitude	790	(2)
Protecting Coastal Waters	792	(4)
Problem on Property Rights Under OCSLA	796	(1)
Note on Statutory Liability for Oil Spills	797	(2)
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. SS Zoe Colocotroni	799	(5)
Notes	804	(1)
Note on Natural Resources Damages	804	(2)
Public Property	806	(33)
Introduction to Public Land Laws	806	(1)
The Basic Legal Structure	807	(3)
Executive Withdrawals	810	(1)
Legistlative Withdrawals	811	(2)
Protection of Public Lands From Conflicting Private Uses	813	(1)
Cappaert v. United States	813	(2)
Notes	815	(1)
United States v. New Mexico	816	(3)
Notes	819	(1)
Endangered Species	820	(1)
TVA v. Hill	821	(1)
Notes	821	(1)
National Wildlife Federation v. Coleman	822	(4)
Notes	826	(1)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon	827	(7)
Notes	834	(2)
Endangered Species Negotiating Problem	836	(3)
Index	839