Categorical Data Analysis Using the Sas System

by Stokes, Maura E.; Davis, Charles S.; Koch, Gary G.

• ISBN13: 9781580257107
• ISBN10: 1580257100
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-09-01
• Publisher: Sas Inst

Summary

Discusses hypothesis testing strategies for the assessment of association in contingency tables and sets of contingency tables. Also discusses various modeling strategies available for describing the nature of the association between a categorical outcome measure and a set of explanatory variables.

Author Biography

Maura E. Stokes is Senior Manager of Statistical Applications Research and Development at SAS Institute Charles S. Davis is Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Iowa Gary G. Koch is Professor of Biostatistics and Director of the Biometrics Consulting Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	p. v
Acknowledgments	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
Overview	p. 3
Scale of Measurement	p. 3
Sampling Frameworks	p. 6
Overview of Analysis Strategies	p. 7
Working with Tables in the SAS System	p. 10
Using This Book	p. 15
The 2 x 2 Table	p. 17
Introduction	p. 19
Chi-Square Statistics	p. 20
Exact Tests	p. 23
Difference in Proportions	p. 29
Odds Ratio and Relative Risk	p. 32
Sensitivity and Specificity	p. 39
McNemar's Test	p. 40
Sets of 2 x 2 Tables	p. 43
Introduction	p. 45
Mantel-Haenszel Test	p. 45
Measures of Association	p. 57
Sets of 2 x r and s x 2 Tables	p. 65
Introduction	p. 67
Sets of 2 x r Tables	p. 67
Sets of s x 2 Tables	p. 78
Relationships Between Sets of Tables	p. 86
The s x r Table	p. 89
Introduction	p. 91
Association	p. 91
Exact Tests for Association	p. 100
Measures of Association	p. 105
Observer Agreement	p. 111
Test for Ordered Differences	p. 116
Sets of s x r Tables	p. 121
Introduction	p. 123
General Mantel-Haenszel Methodology	p. 124
Mantel-Haenszel Applications	p. 127
Advanced Topic: Application to Repeated Measures	p. 137
Nonparametric Methods	p. 159
Introduction	p. 161
Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test	p. 161
Kruskal-Wallis Test	p. 165
Friedman's Chi-Square Test	p. 168
Aligned Ranks Test for Randomized Complete Blocks	p. 170
Durbin's Test for Balanced Incomplete Blocks	p. 171
Rank Analysis of Covariance	p. 174
Logistic Regression I: Dichotomous Response	p. 181
Introduction	p. 183
Dichotomous Explanatory Variables	p. 184
Using the CLASS Statement	p. 195
Qualitative Explanatory Variables	p. 203
Continuous and Ordinal Explanatory Variables	p. 211
A Note on Diagnostics	p. 217
Maximum Likelihood Estimation Problems and Alternatives	p. 222
Exact Methods in Logistic Regression	p. 225
Using the CATMOD and GENMOD Procedures for Logistic Regression	p. 232
Statistical Methodology for Dichotomous Logistic Regression	p. 239
Logistic Regression II: Polytomous Response	p. 241
Introduction	p. 243
Ordinal Response: Proportional Odds Model	p. 243
Nominal Response: Generalized Logits Model	p. 257
Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 271
Introduction	p. 273
Paired Observations from a Highly Stratified Cohort Study	p. 273
Clinical Trials Study Analysis	p. 276
Crossover Design Studies	p. 283
General Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 295
Paired Observations in a Retrospective Matched Study	p. 300
1:m Conditional Logistic Regression	p. 309
Exact Conditional Logistic Regression in the Stratified Setting	p. 314
Theory for the Case-Control Retrospective Setting	p. 318
Theory for Exact Conditional Inference	p. 320
ODS Macro	p. 321
Quantal Bioassay Analysis	p. 323
Introduction	p. 325
Estimating Tolerance Distributions	p. 325
Comparing Two Drugs	p. 330
Analysis of Pain Study	p. 339
Poisson Regression	p. 347
Introduction	p. 349
Methodology for Poisson Regression	p. 349
Simple Poisson Counts Example	p. 351
Poisson Regression for Incidence Densities	p. 353
Overdispersion in Lower Respiratory Infection Example	p. 356
Weighted Least Squares	p. 363
Introduction	p. 365
Weighted Least Squares Methodology	p. 365
Using PROC CATMOD for Weighted Least Squares Analysis	p. 371
Analysis of Means: Performing Contrast Tests	p. 377
Analysis of Proportions: Occupational Data	p. 386
Obstetrical Pain Data: Advanced Modeling of Means	p. 395
Analysis of Survey Sample Data	p. 409
Modeling Rank Measures of Association Statistics	p. 418
Statistical Methodology for Weighted Least Squares	p. 422
Modeling Repeated Measurements Data with WLS	p. 427
Introduction	p. 429
Weighted Least Squares	p. 430
Advanced Topic: Further Weighted Least Squares Applications	p. 453
Generalized Estimating Equations	p. 469
Introduction	p. 471
Methodology	p. 471
Summary of the GEE Methodology	p. 478
Passive Smoking Example	p. 480
Crossover Example	p. 487
Respiratory Data	p. 494
Using a Modified Wald Statistic to Assess Model Effects	p. 503
Diagnostic Data	p. 505
Using GEE for Count Data	p. 510
Fitting the Proportional Odds Model	p. 514
GEE Analyses for Data with Missing Values	p. 518
Alternating Logistic Regression	p. 527
Using GEE to Fit a Partial Proportional Odds Model: Univariate Outcome	p. 533
Using GEE to Account for Overdispersion: Univariate Outcome	p. 541
Steps to Find the GEE Solution	p. 547
Macro for Adjusted Wald Statistic	p. 548
Loglinear Models	p. 551
Introduction	p. 553
Two-Way Contingency Tables	p. 554
Three-Way Contingency Tables	p. 564
Higher-Order Contingency Tables	p. 574
Correspondence Between Logistic Models and Loglinear Models	p. 585
Equivalence of the Loglinear and Poisson Regression Models	p. 588
Categorized Time-to-Event Data	p. 591
Introduction	p. 593
Life Table Estimation of Survival Rates	p. 593
Mantel-Cox Test	p. 596
Piecewise Exponential Models	p. 599
References	p. 607
Index	p. 619
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