CCNA: Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices v 2.1: Cisco Authorized Certification STudy Guide for CCNA Exams 640-801 and 640-811

by Sawyer, Tawnya K.

• ISBN13: 9781586761479
• ISBN10: 1586761471
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-01
• Publisher: Natl Book Network

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
CCNA Certification Paths	xxiii
Prerequisites	xxiv
Who Should Study This Course?	xxv
Key Topics	xxv
CCNA Exam Information	xxvi
CCNA Exam Objectives	xxvi
Frequently Asked Questions	xxviii
Helpful Hints	xxix
WestNet's Blended Learning Solution for CCNA	xxx
How Do I Use This Course?	xxxi
Figure Icons	xxxi
Real-World Scenarios	xxxi
Pedagogy	xxxii
Key Terms	xxxii
Resources Available in Instructor-Led Settings	xxxii
Why Choose WestNet?	xxxii
Introduction	xxxv
Course Overview	xxxv
How to Contact the Author	xxxviii
Switch Technology	1	(74)
Switching and Bridging Fundamentals	3	(13)
Bridges vs. Switches	3	(1)
Additional LAN Switch Features	4	(2)
How Switches Work	6	(1)
Learning Network Addresses	6	(2)
Keeping the Address Table Current	8	(1)
Address Table Capacity	8	(1)
Frame Forwarding/Filtering	8	(1)
Handling Multicast and Broadcast Frames	9	(1)
Frame Transmission Modes	10	(1)
Cut-Through	10	(1)
Fragment-Free	10	(1)
Store-and-Forward	10	(2)
Review Questions	12	(4)
Redundant Topology	16	(11)
The Need for Network Redundancy	17	(1)
Problems With Network Redundancy	18	(1)
Broadcast Storms	18	(2)
Inconsistent MAC Address Tables	20	(2)
Multiple Frame Copies	22	(1)
The Solution: Remove the Loops	23	(1)
Review Questions	24	(3)
Spanning Tree Protocol	27	(13)
STP Overview	27	(1)
STP Path Costs	28	(1)
STP Port States	29	(1)
Blocking	29	(1)
Listening	29	(1)
Learning	30	(1)
Forwarding	30	(1)
Convergence	30	(1)
The Process of Computing STP	31	(2)
Recalculating and Reconfiguring with STP	33	(1)
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)	34	(1)
Similarities between RSTP and 802.1D	34	(1)
Differences between RSTP and 802.1D	34	(1)
Enhancements in Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol	35	(1)
Rapid Transition to Forwarding State	35	(1)
New Roles for a Blocked Port	36	(1)
New Election or Reconfiguration	37	(1)
Faster Recognition of an Outage	37	(1)
Review Questions	38	(2)
Configuring a Catalyst Switch	40	(35)
Factory Default Configurations for the Catalyst 1900 and 2950 Switch	41	(1)
Port or Interface Names	41	(1)
Catalyst 1900	42	(1)
Catalyst 2950	42	(1)
Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask	42	(1)
Configuring the Catalyst 1900	42	(1)
Configuring the Catalyst 2950	43	(1)
Default Gateway	43	(1)
Show IP	44	(1)
Switch Interface Configuration	44	(1)
Interface Naming Convention	45	(1)
Entering Interface Configuration Mode	45	(1)
Activating an Interface	45	(1)
Shutting Down an Interface	46	(1)
Configuring a Port's Duplex Options	46	(1)
Duplex Options	46	(1)
Duplex Configuration Commands	47	(1)
Catalyst 1900 Configuration	47	(1)
Catalyst 2950 Configuration	47	(1)
Displaying an Interface's Configuration	47	(1)
Show Interface Command Results	48	(1)
Detecting Inconsistent Duplex Settings	48	(1)
Spanning Tree Portfast Configuration	49	(1)
Setting an Interface to Portfast	50	(1)
Viewing the Spanning Tree Configuration	50	(1)
Managing the MAC Address Table	50	(1)
Dynamic Addresses	51	(1)
Permanent (Static) Addresses	51	(1)
Setting a Permanent Address on the Catalyst 1900	51	(1)
Setting a Static Address on the Catalyst 2950	51	(1)
Restricted Static Addresses	52	(1)
Viewing the MAC Address Table	52	(1)
Configuring Port Security	53	(1)
Setting Port Security on the Catalyst 1900	53	(1)
Setting Port Security on the Catalyst 2950	54	(1)
Viewing a Port's Security Configuration	55	(1)
Adding, Moving, and Changing End Devices	55	(1)
Adding a New End Device	55	(1)
Changing MAC Addresses on a Port	56	(1)
Moving an End Device	56	(1)
Adding a New Switch to the Network	56	(1)
Saving a Switch Configuration to a TFTP Server	57	(1)
Uploading and Downloading a Configuration for the Catalyst 1900	57	(1)
Uploading and Downloading a Configuration for the Catalyst 2950	58	(1)
Resetting Factory Defaults	58	(1)
Summary of Configuration Commands	58	(4)
Review Questions	62	(3)
Summary	65	(1)
Quiz	66	(9)
VLANs in Switched Networks	75	(66)
VLAN Components	77	(22)
The Need for VLANs	78	(1)
Heavy Broadcast Traffic	78	(1)
Rapidly Changing Work Teams	78	(1)
Benefits of VLANs	78	(1)
Traffic Control (Broadcast Segmentation)	79	(1)
Flexibility and Scalability	80	(1)
Security	80	(1)
Assigning VLAN Membership	81	(1)
Static Membership (Port Based)	81	(1)
Dynamic Membership (MAC Based)	81	(1)
Multiple VLAN Memberships	82	(1)
VLAN Trunking	82	(1)
Access Links	83	(1)
Trunk Lines	83	(1)
VLAN Frame Tagging	83	(1)
Cisco's Proprietary ISL Frame Tagging	84	(1)
The ISL Frame Header	85	(1)
802.1Q VLAN Tagging	86	(1)
The Native VLAN	86	(1)
The 802.1Q Frame Tag	87	(1)
VLAN Tagging for Other LAN Types	87	(1)
Spanning Trees and VLANs	87	(1)
Common Spanning Tree (802.1Q)	88	(1)
MSTP	88	(1)
VTP	89	(1)
VTP Domains	90	(1)
VTP Modes of Operation	91	(1)
VTP Pruning	92	(2)
Review Questions	94	(5)
Configuring VLANs	99	(19)
Configuration Overview	100	(1)
Configuring VTP	100	(1)
VTP Domain Name	100	(1)
Configuring Client Switches	101	(1)
Configuring Transparent Switches	101	(1)
VTP Mode	101	(1)
VTP Pruning	101	(1)
VTP Password	101	(1)
VTP Trap	102	(1)
VTP Configuration Commands	102	(1)
Ending a Configuration Session	102	(1)
Resetting the Revision Counter and Restoring Default Settings	103	(1)
Enabling Trunking	103	(1)
Enabling 802.1Q Trunking	104	(1)
Commands for Configuring 802.1Q Trunking	104	(1)
Trunk Encapsulation Types	104	(1)
Mode Types	104	(1)
Removing VLANs from a Trunk Link	105	(1)
Renaming the Native VLAN	105	(1)
Enabling an ISL Trunk Link	106	(1)
Creating and Enabling VLANs	107	(1)
VLAN Capacity	107	(1)
Naming the VLAN	107	(1)
Creating a VLAN on the Catalyst 1900	108	(1)
Creating a VLAN on the Catalyst 2950	108	(1)
Assigning VLAN Membership	109	(1)
Assigning VLAN Membership on the Catalyst 1900	109	(1)
Assigning VLAN Membership on the Catalyst 2950	110	(1)
Other VLAN Configurations	111	(1)
Assigning Each VLAN an IP Subnetwork Address	111	(1)
Changing MTU Size	111	(1)
Setting Access Ports to Portfast	111	(1)
Creating a Spanning Tree Instance for a VLAN	112	(1)
Turning Off STP	112	(1)
Review Questions	113	(5)
Verifying VLAN Configuration	118	(23)
Reviewing a VTP Configuration	118	(1)
Reviewing a Trunk Link	119	(1)
Reviewing a Trunk on the Catalyst 1900	119	(1)
Reviewing a Trunk on the Catalyst 2950	120	(1)
Reviewing a VLAN Setup	120	(2)
Reviewing VLAN Membership	122	(1)
Show Spanning Tree Information	123	(1)
VLAN Management	124	(1)
Adding VLANs and VLAN Membership	124	(1)
Changing VLANs and VLAN Membership	124	(1)
Removing a Port's VLAN Membership	125	(1)
Deleting a VLAN	125	(1)
Troubleshooting in a VLAN Environment	125	(1)
Physical/Cabling Issues	126	(1)
Overall Configurations	126	(1)
Trunking	126	(1)
Spanning Tree	126	(1)
VTP	127	(1)
Access Link Connections	127	(1)
Review Questions	128	(2)
Summary	130	(4)
Quiz	134	(7)
IP Routing	141	(132)
Routing Overview	143	(18)
The IP Routing Process	144	(1)
Routing Table Components	144	(1)
Static Routing	145	(1)
Advantages of Static Routing	146	(1)
Disadvantages	146	(1)
Configuring Static Routes	147	(1)
Dynamic Routing	148	(1)
Advantages	149	(1)
Disadvantages	149	(1)
Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols	149	(1)
Distance Vector Algorithms	150	(1)
Link-State Algorithms	150	(1)
Hybrid	151	(1)
Autonomous Systems	151	(2)
IGPs	153	(1)
EGPs	153	(1)
Administrative Distance Numbers	153	(1)
A Comparison of Dynamic Routing Protocols	154	(1)
InterVLAN Routing	155	(1)
Subinterface Configuration	156	(1)
Configuration Commands for InterVLAN Routing	156	(2)
Review Questions	158	(3)
Distance-Vector, Link-State, and Hybrid Routing Protocols	161	(24)
Distance-Vector Routing Protocols	162	(1)
A DV Protocol in Action	162	(2)
Broadcast Updates	164	(1)
Routing Metrics	164	(1)
How Routing Loops and Inconsistencies Are Created	165	(1)
Methods to Avoid Routing Loops	166	(1)
Maximum Hop Count	166	(1)
Split Horizon	167	(1)
Route Poisoning and Poison Reverse	167	(1)
Holddown Timers	167	(1)
Distance-Vector Loop Avoidance in Operation	168	(1)
Holddown Timers	168	(1)
Poison Reverse and Split Horizon	169	(1)
Link-State Routing Protocols	170	(1)
Link-State vs. Distance-Vector Routing	170	(1)
Routers ``Speak for Themselves''	171	(1)
Fewer, Smaller Updates	171	(1)
Multiple Routes	171	(3)
Link-State Routing Process	174	(2)
Link-State Network Hierarchy	176	(1)
Autonomous Systems	176	(1)
Components of Area Routing	176	(1)
Pros and Cons of Link-State Routing	176	(1)
Advantages of Link-State Routing	176	(1)
Disadvantages of Link-State Routing	177	(1)
Balanced Hybrid Protocols	178	(1)
Review Questions	179	(6)
RIP	185	(12)
Objectives	185	(1)
RIP Overview	186	(1)
RIP Versions	186	(1)
Configuring RIP on a Router	187	(1)
Verifying RIP Connectivity With Show Commands	187	(1)
Show Run	188	(1)
Show IP Protocol	188	(2)
Show IP Route	190	(2)
Debug Commands	192	(1)
Deactivating RIP	192	(1)
Review Questions	193	(4)
IGRP	197	(14)
IGRP Overview	197	(1)
Scalability	198	(1)
Multiple Nonequal Path Selection	198	(1)
Composite Metric	199	(1)
IGRP Timers	200	(1)
Configuring IGRP on a Router	201	(1)
Setting the Maximum Hop Count	202	(1)
Setting the Path Variance	202	(1)
Setting Load Balancing	203	(1)
Verifying IGRP Configuration	203	(1)
Show Run or Show Running-Config	203	(1)
Show IP Protocol	204	(2)
Show IP Route	206	(1)
Debug Commands	207	(1)
Turning off Debug	207	(1)
Review Questions	208	(3)
EIGRP	211	(10)
EIGRP Features	212	(1)
EIGRP Tables	213	(1)
Configuring EIGRP on a Router	214	(1)
Activating EIGRP	214	(1)
Setting the Hello Interval	214	(1)
Verifying EIGRP Connectivity With Show Commands	214	(1)
Show IP Protocols	215	(1)
Show IP EIGRP Neighbors	215	(1)
Show IP EIGRP Topology	216	(1)
Show IP Route EIGRP	216	(1)
Show IP EIGRP Traffic	217	(1)
Debugging Commands	217	(1)
Review Questions	218	(3)
OSPF	221	(21)
OSPF Features and Benefits	222	(1)
Shortest Path Algorithm	223	(1)
OSPF Hierarchical Routing	224	(1)
ASs	224	(1)
Routing Areas	224	(1)
Area Border Router	224	(1)
Backbone Area	225	(1)
Virtual Links	226	(1)
Autonomous System Boundary Router	227	(1)
Stub, Total Stub, and Not-So-Stubby Areas	227	(1)
Neighbors and Adjacencies	228	(1)
Designated Router and Backup Designated Router	229	(1)
Forming Adjacencies	229	(1)
Phase 1: Finding Neighbor Routers	229	(1)
Phase 2: Synchronizing Link-State Databases	230	(1)
Phase 3: Maintaining Database Synchronization	231	(1)
OSPF Configuration	231	(1)
Enabling OSPF	231	(2)
Changing the Priority Value	233	(1)
Configuring a Loopback Interface	233	(1)
Verifying Configuration	233	(1)
Show IP Protocol and Show IP OSPF	233	(1)
Show IP Route	234	(1)
Show IP OSPF Interface	234	(1)
Show IP OSPF Neighbor	235	(1)
Debugging Commands	236	(1)
A Rich Command Set	236	(1)
Review Questions	237	(5)
VLSM and Route Summarization	242	(31)
Prefix Number	242	(3)
VLSM Overview	245	(2)
Calculating VLSM	247	(3)
Route Summarization	250	(2)
A Route Summarization Example	252	(1)
Route Summarization and Internet Access	252	(1)
Bit-Level Summarization	253	(1)
Discontiguous Networks	253	(1)
Routing Protocol Support	254	(1)
Classful and Classless Routing Protocols	255	(1)
Classful Routing	255	(1)
Classless Routing	256	(1)
Configuring Classless Routing	256	(2)
Review Questions	258	(3)
Summary	261	(5)
Quiz	266	(7)
Managing IP Traffic With Access Lists	273	(76)
Access List Overview	275	(16)
Access List Function and Operation	275	(1)
How Access Lists Filter Data	276	(1)
Implicit Deny Any	277	(1)
Common Uses of Access Lists	277	(1)
Standard and Extended Access Lists	278	(1)
Standard Access Lists	278	(1)
Extended Access Lists	278	(1)
Access List Identification Numbers	279	(1)
Creating and Applying Access Lists	280	(1)
Inbound and Outbound Test Process	281	(1)
Inbound Interface	281	(1)
Outbound Interface	282	(1)
Wildcard Masks	283	(1)
Wildcard Masks for Subnetted Addresses	284	(1)
Configuring Wildcard Masks Using Words	285	(2)
Review Questions	287	(4)
Configuring IP Access Lists	291	(20)
Access List Guidelines	291	(1)
Order of Statements	292	(1)
Access List Placement	293	(1)
Creating and Applying Access Lists	293	(1)
Creating an Access List or a Test Statement	293	(1)
Deleting an Access List	294	(1)
Applying an Access List to an Interface	294	(1)
Applying Multiple Access Lists to an Interface	295	(1)
Removing an Access List From an Interface	295	(1)
Creating Standard IP Access Lists	296	(1)
Standard IP Access List Example	297	(1)
Creating Extended IP Access Lists	298	(1)
IP Applications and Associated Port Numbers	298	(1)
Creating an Extended IP Access List	299	(2)
Extended IP Access List Example	301	(1)
Creating an Access List in a Text Editor	302	(1)
Named Access Lists	302	(1)
Controlling VTY Lines With Access Lists	303	(1)
VTY Access List Example	304	(1)
Verifying IP Access Lists	305	(1)
Show IP Interface	306	(1)
Show Access List and Show IP Access List	306	(1)
Logging the Operation of an Access List	307	(1)
Review Questions	308	(3)
Network Address Translation and Overloading	311	(38)
Overview of NAT	312	(2)
NAT Address Terminology	314	(1)
NAT Terms in Use	314	(1)
Public and Private IP Addresses	315	(1)
NAT Operation	316	(1)
Static NAT	317	(1)
Static NAT Example	318	(2)
Dynamic NAT	320	(1)
Assigning a New Address from a Pool	320	(1)
Dynamic NAT With a Wildcard Mask	321	(2)
Configuring Dynamic NAT on a Router	323	(1)
Overloading	324	(4)
Configuring Overloading	328	(2)
Verifying and Clearing Translation Tables	330	(1)
Commands for Debugging NAT	331	(1)
Troubleshooting NAT/Overloading	332	(2)
Review Questions	334	(5)
Summary	339	(5)
Quiz	344	(5)
Point-to-Point Serial Connections	349	(40)
WAN Review	350	(18)
WAN Fundamentals	351	(1)
MAN or WAN?	351	(1)
Typical Uses for WAN Links	352	(1)
Review of WAN Connections	353	(1)
Point-to-Point Private Media	354	(1)
Dedicated Leased Lines	354	(1)
Circuit-Switched Connections	354	(1)
Packet-Switched Connections	355	(1)
WAN and Service Provider Terminology	355	(1)
Functional Components	355	(2)
Types of Signals	357	(1)
Physical Serial WAN Connectors	357	(1)
Serial Data Transmission	357	(1)
DCE and DTE	358	(1)
Serial Cables	359	(2)
WAN Data Link Layer Encapsulation Types	361	(2)
Review Questions	363	(5)
Configuring Point-to-Point Serial Encapsulation	368	(21)
HDLC	369	(1)
Proprietary Support for Multiple Network Protocols	369	(1)
PPP and OSI Model Comparison	370	(1)
LCP	371	(1)
The Complete PPP Communication Process	372	(1)
PAP and CHAP Authentication Methods	373	(1)
PAP	373	(1)
Why PAP Is Insecure	374	(1)
CHAP	374	(2)
Configuring PPP Encapsulation and Authentication	376	(1)
Enabling PPP	376	(1)
Configuring Authentication	376	(2)
Verifying and Monitoring PPP	378	(1)
Review Questions	379	(4)
Summary	383	(2)
Quiz	385	(4)
Frame Relay Connections	389	(42)
Frame Relay Overview	390	(18)
Frame Relay and the OSI Model	391	(1)
Frame Relay Characteristics	391	(1)
Less Reliability, More Efficiency	391	(1)
Variable Data Rates	392	(1)
Flow Control	392	(1)
Frame Relay Topologies	393	(1)
Full Mesh	393	(1)
Partial Mesh	394	(1)
Star	394	(1)
Frame Relay Components and Concepts	394	(1)
Frame Formats	394	(1)
Cisco Encapsulation	394	(1)
IETF Encapsulation	394	(1)
Virtual Circuits	395	(1)
Data Link Connection Identifiers	395	(1)
Mapping DLCIs to Network Layer Addresses	395	(1)
How a Service Provider Maps DLCIs	395	(1)
Naming a Frame Relay Connection in a Mapping Table	396	(1)
DCE and DTE	396	(1)
Problems With Multipoint Connections	397	(1)
Routing Loops	397	(1)
Broadcast or Multicast Traffic	397	(1)
Multiple Network Addresses	397	(1)
Subinterfaces Eliminate These Problems	398	(1)
Local Management Interface	398	(1)
LMI Signal Formats	399	(1)
Connection States	399	(1)
Frame Relay Operation	400	(1)
Connection Establishment and Maintenance	400	(1)
Data Transmission	401	(1)
Transmitting a Frame	401	(1)
ATM and Frame Relay Internetworking	402	(1)
FRF.5 Internetworking	402	(1)
FRF.8 Internetworking	403	(1)
Review Questions	404	(4)
Configuring Frame Relay on a Router	408	(23)
Configuring a Frame Relay Connection	409	(1)
Configuring a Static Frame Relay Mapping	410	(2)
Subinterface Configuration	412	(1)
Configuring a Subinterface	412	(1)
Assigning a Network Address and DLCI to a Subinterface	413	(1)
Verifying and Debugging Frame Relay Connections	414	(1)
Show Interface	414	(1)
Show Frame-Relay LMI	414	(1)
Show Frame-Relay PVC	415	(1)
Show Frame-Relay Map	415	(1)
Clear Frame-Relay Inarp	416	(1)
Show Frame Relay Traffic	416	(1)
Debug Frame-Relay LMI	416	(2)
Guidelines for Troubleshooting Frame Relay	418	(1)
Physical Issues	418	(1)
LMI Issues	419	(1)
DLCI Issues	419	(1)
Encapsulation Issues	420	(1)
Mapping Issues	420	(1)
Review Questions	421	(3)
Summary	424	(2)
Quiz	426	(5)
ISDN Communications	431	(48)
ISDN BRI and PRI	432	(22)
Review of ISDN Features	433	(1)
ISDN Subscription Options	433	(1)
BRI	434	(1)
PRI	434	(1)
Channel Bonding	435	(1)
ISDN Standards	435	(1)
E series	435	(1)
I series	435	(1)
Q Series	436	(1)
ISDN BRI Call Process	436	(1)
ISDN Components and Reference Points	437	(1)
ISDN Components	438	(1)
ISDN Reference Points	439	(1)
Connecting a Router to ISDN BRI	440	(1)
Making the Physical Connection	440	(2)
ISDN Switch Type, BRI SPID, and LDN	442	(1)
Switch Type	442	(1)
Service Profile Identifier (SPID)	442	(1)
LDN	443	(1)
ISDN BRI Configuration Commands	443	(1)
Configuring an ISDN PRI Connection	444	(1)
Making the Physical Connection	444	(1)
Switch Type	444	(1)
Basic Commands for Configuring PRI for a T1	445	(1)
Optional T1 Configuration Commands	446	(1)
Frame Type	446	(1)
Line Encoding Method	446	(1)
Configuring PRI for an E1	447	(1)
Frame Type	447	(1)
Line Encoding Method	447	(1)
Verifying ISDN Configurations	448	(1)
Troubleshooting ISDN Connections	449	(1)
Review Questions	450	(4)
Dial-on-Demand Routing	454	(25)
DDR Operation	455	(1)
Configuring DDR With Access Lists	455	(1)
Defining Static Routes	456	(1)
Creating and Assigning a Dialer List or Access List	457	(1)
Configuring Dial-Up Information	458	(1)
Optional DDR Settings	458	(1)
Load-Threshold	459	(1)
Idle-Timeout	459	(1)
The Complete Process	459	(1)
Configuring PRI or DDR With Dialer Profiles	460	(1)
Dialer Profile Components	460	(1)
An Analogy to Explain Dialer Profiles	460	(1)
Dialer Profile Configuration Process	461	(2)
Verifying DDR and Dialer Profile Configurations	463	(1)
Troubleshooting DDR and Dialer Profiles	464	(1)
Debug Commands	464	(1)
Troubleshooting Connections	465	(2)
Disconnecting a Connection	467	(1)
Review Questions	468	(3)
Summary	471	(4)
Quiz	475	(4)
Course Quiz	479	(24)
Glossary	503	(32)
Index	535