Cell Signalling

by Hancock, John T.

• ISBN13: 9780199264674
• ISBN10: 0199264678
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-05-12
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Signalling within and between cells is an essential part of many biological processes, from the development of the body, to the activity of our immune system. Recent advances in molecular cell biology have allowed us to identify the components of signalling pathways, and examine how theyinteract to form the carefully orchestrated and controlled networks on which the complexity of a living organism is built. Cell Signalling presents a carefully structured introduction to this intricate subject, introducing those conserved features which underlie many different extra-and intracellular signalling systems. Starting with an overview of cell signalling, highlighting its importance in many biologicalsystems, the book goes on to explore the key components of extracellular and intracellular signalling mechanisms, before examining how these components come together to create the signalling pathways, which are so crucial to the survival of many living organisms. Online Resource Centre Includes figures from the book available to download to facilitate lecture preparation

Author Biography

John T. Hancock is Reader in Molecular Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Abbreviations	xv
Aspects of cellular signalling	1	(36)
Introduction	2	(1)
The main principles of cell signalling	3	(2)
What makes a good signal?	5	(2)
Different ways in which cells signal to each other	7	(6)
Electrical and synaptic	8	(1)
Endocrine	8	(1)
Paracrine	9	(1)
Autocrine	9	(1)
Direct cell--cell signalling	10	(1)
Receptor--ligand signalling	10	(1)
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata	10	(3)
Amplification and physical architectures	13	(2)
Coordination of signalling	15	(3)
Domains and modules	18	(4)
14-3-3 proteins	21	(1)
Oncogenes	22	(1)
A brief history	23	(4)
The early days	23	(2)
A growing volume of work in the field	25	(1)
Phosphorylation research	26	(1)
Work on G proteins	26	(1)
Recent events and the future	27	(1)
The techniques in the study of cell signalling components	27	(4)
Labelling techniques	28	(1)
The use of probes	28	(1)
Pharmacological tools	29	(1)
Structure and protein interactions	29	(1)
Molecular genetic techniques	30	(1)
Microarrays and proteomics	30	(1)
Computer networks	31	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Further Reading	32	(3)
Useful Web Pages	35	(2)
Extracellular signals: hormones, cytokines, and growth factors	37	(24)
Introduction	37	(1)
Hormones	38	(6)
Small water-soluble molecules	39	(1)
Peptide hormones	40	(1)
Lipophilic molecules which are detected by cell-surface receptors	41	(1)
Lipophilic molecules which are detected by intracellular receptors	42	(2)
Plant hormones	44	(3)
Auxin	45	(1)
Cytokinins	46	(1)
Gibberellins	46	(1)
Abscisic acid	46	(1)
Ethylene	47	(1)
Other plant hormones	47	(1)
Cytokines	47	(6)
Interleukins	48	(3)
Interferons	51	(1)
Tumour necrosis factors	51	(1)
Other cytokines, chemokines, and receptors	52	(1)
Growth factors	53	(2)
Platelet-derived growth factors	53	(1)
Epidermal growth factor	54	(1)
Fibroblast growth factor	54	(1)
Neurotransmitters	55	(1)
ATP as an extracellular signal	56	(1)
Pheromones	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Further Reading	59	(1)
Useful Web Pages	59	(2)
Detection of extracellular signals: the role of receptors	61	(22)
Introduction	61	(2)
Types of receptor	63	(10)
G protein-linked receptors	63	(2)
Ion channel-linked receptors	65	(1)
Receptors containing intrinsic enzymatic activity	66	(2)
Receptors linked to separate tyrosine kinases	68	(1)
Intracellular receptors of extracellular signals	69	(4)
Ligand binding to their receptors	73	(4)
Receptor sensitivity and receptor density	77	(4)
Summary	81	(1)
Further Reading	82	(1)
Useful Web Pages	82	(1)
Protein phosphorylation, kinases, and phosphatases	83	(44)
Introduction	83	(7)
Serine/threonine kinases	90	(17)
cAMP-dependent protein kinase	90	(6)
cGMP-dependent protein kinase	96	(1)
Protein kinase C	97	(3)
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases	100	(3)
G protein-coupled receptor kinases	103	(1)
Protein kinase B	104	(1)
AMP-activated protein kinase	105	(1)
Haem-regulated protein kinase	105	(1)
Plant-specific serine/threonine kinases	106	(1)
Tyrosine kinases	107	(4)
Receptor tyrosine kinases	107	(3)
Cytosolic tyrosine kinases	110	(1)
Mitogen-activated protein kinases	111	(4)
Histidine phosphorylation	115	(1)
Phosphatases	116	(4)
Serine/threonine phosphatases	117	(1)
Tyrosine phosphatases	118	(2)
Other covalent modifications	120	(2)
Summary	122	(2)
Further Reading	124	(3)
Cyclic nucleotides, cyclases, and G proteins	127	(34)
Introduction	127	(1)
cAMP	128	(3)
Adenylyl cyclase	131	(3)
Adenylyl cyclase control and the role of G proteins	134	(8)
The heterotrimeric G protein family	138	(2)
The roles of the β/γ complex	140	(1)
Other roles of the heterotrimeric G proteins	141	(1)
Guanylyl cyclase	142	(4)
Soluble guanylyl cyclase	143	(1)
Membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase	144	(2)
Phosphodiesterases	146	(4)
The GTPase superfamily: functions of monomeric G proteins	150	(7)
Other Ras-related proteins	157	(1)
Summary	157	(1)
Further Reading	158	(3)
Inositol phosphate metabolism and roles of membrane lipids	161	(28)
Introduction	161	(2)
Events at the membrane	163	(4)
The breakdown of the inositol phosphate lipids	167	(2)
Phospholipase C	167	(2)
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and its fate	169	(7)
The role of diacylglycerol	176	(1)
Inositol phosphate metabolism at the nucleus	177	(1)
Other lipids involved in signalling	177	(8)
Phosphatidylcholine and arachidonic acid metabolism	178	(3)
Phospholipase D	181	(2)
Sphingolipid pathways	183	(2)
Related lipid-derived signalling molecules	185	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Further Reading	187	(2)
Intracellular calcium: its control and role as an intracellular signal	189	(30)
Introduction	189	(6)
Calmodulin	195	(2)
The plasma membrane and its role in calcium concentration maintenance	197	(2)
Intracellular stores	199	(7)
Endoplasmic reticulum stores	199	(5)
Mitochondrial calcium metabolism	204	(2)
Nerve cells	206	(1)
Gradients, waves, and oscillations	206	(6)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate	212	(1)
Cyclic ADP-ribose	213	(1)
Nicotinate adenine-dinucleotide phosphate	214	(1)
Fluorescence detection and confocal microscopy	214	(2)
Summary	216	(1)
Further Reading	217	(2)
Reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and redox signalling	219	(26)
Introduction	219	(1)
Nitric oxide	220	(8)
Other enzymatic sources of NO	227	(1)
Reactive oxygen species: superoxide and hydrogen peroxide	228	(9)
Evidence for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide acting as a signal	230	(2)
The NADPH oxidase complex	232	(3)
Chronic granulomatous disease, non-phagocytes, and plants	235	(1)
Other sources of superoxide	236	(1)
Redox signalling and molecular mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide signalling	237	(2)
Measuring ROS and RNS	239	(1)
Carbon monoxide	240	(1)
Summary	241	(1)
Further Reading	241	(4)
Insulin and the signal transduction cascades it invokes	245	(14)
The insulin signalling system	245	(12)
Summary	257	(1)
Further Reading	258	(1)
Perception of the environment	259	(14)
Introduction	259	(1)
Photodetection in the eye	260	(8)
Other environment-perception systems	268	(2)
Summary	270	(1)
Further Reading	271	(2)
Life, death, and apoptosis	273	(12)
Introduction	273	(1)
An overview of apoptosis	274	(1)
Caspases	275	(3)
The intrinsic pathway	278	(2)
The extrinsic pathway	280	(3)
Death receptors	280	(1)
Signalling from death receptors	281	(2)
Summary	283	(1)
Further Reading	284	(1)
Importance, complexity, and the future	285	(6)
Introduction	285	(1)
Specificity, subtlety, and crosstalk	286	(2)
Longer-term effects	288	(1)
The future	289	(1)
Further Reading	290	(1)
Index	291