Mammalian Cells | |
Mammalian Cell Culture Technology: An Emerging Field | p. 3 |
Definition and History | p. 3 |
Fields of Application and Products from Mammalian Cells | p. 6 |
Future Prospects | p. 8 |
Exercises | p. 9 |
References | p. 9 |
Complementary Reading | p. 11 |
Characteristics of Mammalian Cells and Requirements for Cultivation | p. 13 |
Differences Between Mammalian Cells, Plant Cells and Microbes: Consequences of These Differences | p. 13 |
Types of Mammalian Cells | p. 14 |
From Primary Cells to Permanent (Established) Cell Lines | p. 15 |
Hybridom Cells for Production of Monoclonal Antibodies | p. 17 |
Culture Collections and Cell Banking | p. 20 |
Culture Media | p. 21 |
Characteristics of Cell Growth and Metabolism | p. 24 |
Short Introduction to Cell Metabolism | p. 24 |
Glucose, Glutamine and Amino Acids as Carbon and Energy Source | p. 26 |
The Effects of Lactate and Ammonia | p. 29 |
Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production | p. 31 |
Kinetic Modelling of Cell Growth and Metabolism | p. 32 |
Introduction to Kinetic Modelling for Mammalian Cells | p. 32 |
Set-Up of an Unstructured Model | p. 33 |
Structured Models | p. 44 |
Conclusions for Set-Up of a Kinetic Model | p. 45 |
Questions and Problems | p. 46 |
List of Symbols | p. 47 |
References | p. 47 |
Complementary Reading | p. 53 |
Bioreactors for Mammalian Cells: General Overview | p. 55 |
Technical Terminology: Bioreactor/Fermentor, Bioreactor Facility | p. 56 |
Suitable Bioreactor Types for Mammalian Cell Cultures | p. 57 |
Categorization, Functional Principle, Possible Fields of Application | p. 57 |
Bioreactor Trends and the Increasing Acceptance of Disposables | p. 66 |
Special Case: Bioreactors for Patient-Specific Therapies Based on Functional Tissue and Stem Cells | p. 69 |
Bioreactors for Growing 3D Tissues | p. 70 |
Bioreactors for Large-Scale Expansion and Differentiation of Stem Cells | p. 72 |
Conclusions | p. 73 |
Questions and Problems | p. 74 |
List of Abbreviations and Symbols | p. 74 |
References | p. 75 |
Complementary Reading | p. 82 |
Special Engineering Aspects | p. 83 |
Cell Damage by Shear and Aeration | p. 83 |
General Aspects | p. 83 |
Model Analysis | p. 85 |
Cell Damage in Bioreactors | p. 92 |
Oxygen Supply | p. 102 |
Introduction | p. 102 |
Limitations for Oxygen Transfer | p. 105 |
Oxygen Supply Systems (Aeration Systems) | p. 108 |
Consequences for Reactor Design and Operation | p. 120 |
Immobilization of Cells | p. 122 |
Carriers for Cell Immobilization | p. 123 |
Encapsulation | p. 134 |
Culture Modes | p. 136 |
Principles of Culture Modes | p. 136 |
Examples of Different Culture Modes | p. 141 |
Process Strategies for Fed-Batch | p. 147 |
Process Strategies Applied in Industrial Processes | p. 149 |
Monitoring and Controlling in Animal Cell Culture | p. 152 |
Temperature | p. 152 |
pH | p. 153 |
Oxygen Partial Pressure | p. 154 |
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure | p. 156 |
Metabolites and Products | p. 156 |
Cell Density and Viability | p. 159 |
Agitation | p. 160 |
Questions and Problems | p. 160 |
Problem | p. 160 |
Problem | p. 160 |
List of Symbols | p. 162 |
References | p. 164 |
Complementary Reading | p. 171 |
Bioreactor Design and Scale-Up | p. 173 |
Bioreactor Design | p. 173 |
Bioreactors for Suspended Cells | p. 176 |
Fixed Bed and Fluidized Bed Bioreactors: Design, Performance and Scale-Up | p. 199 |
Membrane Bioreactors | p. 217 |
Disposable Bioreactors | p. 242 |
Selection of Bioreactor and Operation Mode | p. 245 |
How to Grow Mammalian Cells from Cryopreserved Vial to Production Bioreactor | p. 246 |
Questions and Problems | p. 249 |
List of Symbols | p. 250 |
References | p. 253 |
Complementary Reading | p. 259 |
Special Applications | |
Insect Cell-Based Recombinant Protein Production | p. 263 |
Insect Cell Culture | p. 263 |
Special Aspects: Engineering Baculoviruses as Vectors | p. 264 |
Bioreactor Concepts | p. 267 |
Process Design | p. 268 |
Optimization of Nutrient Supply | p. 268 |
Optimization of Production Kinetics | p. 268 |
Applications | p. 270 |
Current Trends in Insect Cell-Based Protein Production | p. 270 |
Elimination of Product Protein Proteolysis | p. 273 |
Limitations | p. 273 |
References | p. 274 |
Complementary Reading | p. 276 |
Bioreactors for Bioartificial Organs | p. 279 |
Introduction | p. 279 |
Cells for Bioartificial Organs | p. 280 |
Expression of the Adult Cell Phenotype | p. 283 |
Bioreactor Design for Bioartificial Organs | p. 285 |
Extravascular (EV) Bioreactors | p. 289 |
Intravascular (IV) Bioreactors | p. 295 |
Membrane Immunoprotection in Bioartificial Organs | p. 302 |
Commercial Bioreactors and Applications | p. 304 |
List of Symbols | p. 310 |
References | p. 311 |
Plant Cell-Based Bioprocessing | p. 315 |
Plant Cell Culture Basics | p. 316 |
Characteristics of Plant Cells and Culture Conditions | p. 316 |
Media | p. 317 |
Plant Cell Culture Types and Their In Vitro Initiation | p. 319 |
Routine Working Methods in Plant Cell Cultivation | p. 326 |
Bioreactors for Plant Cell Cultures | p. 330 |
General Considerations | p. 330 |
Suitable Bioreactors for Plant Cell Suspension Cultures | p. 332 |
Suitable Bioreactors for Hairy Roots | p. 335 |
Approaches to Improving Productivity in Plant Cell-Based Bioprocessing | p. 340 |
Application Examples and Potential Active Agent Candidates | p. 342 |
Conclusions | p. 343 |
Questions and Problems | p. 344 |
List of Abbreviations and Symbols | p. 345 |
References | p. 347 |
Complementary Reading | p. 356 |
Index | p. 357 |
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