Cellular Microbiology

by Cossart, Pascale; Boquet, Patrice; Normark, Staffan; Rappuoli, Rino

• ISBN13: 9781555811570
• ISBN10: 1555811574
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Amer Society for Microbiology

Summary

Cellular Microbiology is a new upper-level textbook which describes the interactions of microbes and pathogens in the wider context of the cell properties, helping the reader to envisage different possibilities for his or her own problem while detailing known specific examples. It provides microbiologists moving into cell biology with a deep understanding of the field as well as a broader knowledge of possible interactions between their favourite organism and mammalian cells. It also provides cell biologists with a comprehensive update of this emerging field.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xv
Foreword	xvii
Preface	xxi
Microbial Pathogens: an Overview	1	(28)
Pascale Cossart
Marc Lecuit
Bacteria	1	(21)
Strict Intracellular Bacteria	1	(5)
Facultative Intracellular Bacteria (Entry and Multiplication in Phagocytic Cells)	6	(1)
Facultative Intracellular Bacteria (Entry and Multiplication in Nonphagocytic Cells)	7	(4)
Nonsporulating Extracellular Bacteria	11	(9)
Sporulating Extracellular Bacteria	20	(2)
Parasites	22	(3)
Yeasts and Molds	25	(2)
Selected Readings	27	(2)
Cell Biology: an Overview	29	(20)
Patrice Boquet
General Cell Organization	29	(3)
Signal Transduction and Cell Regulation	32	(5)
Detection and Initial Transduction	32	(2)
Secondary Signal Transduction	34	(3)
Membrane Traffic	37	(1)
Organelle Biogenesis	38	(1)
The Cytoskeleton	39	(3)
Cell Adhesion and Morphogenesis	42	(2)
Apoptosis	44	(1)
Cell Cycle and Organelle Inheritance	44	(2)
Conclusion	46	(1)
Selected Readings	47	(2)
Extracellular Matrix and Host Cell Surfaces: Potential Sites of Pathogen Interaction	49	(18)
Klaus T. Preissner
G. Singh Chhatwal
Structural and Functional Components of the Extracellular Matrix	49	(4)
Collagens	51	(1)
Laminins	52	(1)
Elastin and Fibrillins	52	(1)
Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan	53	(1)
Adhesive Glycoproteins	53	(6)
Fibronectin	54	(1)
Vitronectin	54	(2)
Fibrinogen-Fibrin	56	(2)
Thrombospondin and Other ``Matricellular'' Proteins	58	(1)
ECM Degradation	58	(1)
Cell Surfaces and Bacterial Interactions	59	(4)
Lectins, Proteoglycans, and Mucins	59	(1)
Glycolipids	60	(1)
Cell Surface Adhesion Receptors	61	(2)
Conclusion	63	(1)
Selected Readings	64	(3)
Bacterial Adherence to Cell Surfaces and Extracellular Matrix	67	(14)
B. Brett Finlay
Michael Caparon
Fimbriae of Gram-Negative Bacteria	68	(3)
P Pili: Model Fimbriae	68	(2)
Type IV Pili	70	(1)
Curli	71	(1)
Pathogens and Their Nonfimbrial Adhesins	71	(8)
Escherichia coli Afimbrial Adhesins	71	(1)
Helicobacter Pylori	72	(1)
Bordetella pertussis	72	(1)
Neisseria Species	73	(1)
Yersinia Species	73	(1)
Mycobacterium Species	74	(1)
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Species	74	(5)
Role of Adherence in Disease	79	(1)
Selected Readings	80	(1)
Molecular Basis for Cell Adhesion and Adhesion-Mediated Signaling	81	(16)
Benjamin Geiger
Avri Ben-Ze'ev
Eli Zamir
Alexander D. Bershadsky
Structural and Functional Diversity of Cell Adhesions	81	(3)
Transmembrane Interaction of the Extracellular Matrix with the Actin Cytoskeleton	84	(3)
Signaling Components in Matrix Adhesions	87	(3)
Molecular Interactions in Adherens Junctions	90	(1)
Signaling from Cell-Cell Adherens Junctions	90	(1)
Cross Talk between Adhesion-Dependent Signaling and the Rho Family GTPases	91	(1)
Tension-Dependent Activation of Adhesion-Meditated Signaling	92	(1)
Noncoventional Interactions Mediated by Specific Adhesion Receptors	93	(1)
Selected Readings	94	(3)
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Bacterial Pathogens	97	(16)
Guy Tran Van Nhieu
Philippe J. Sansonetti
Gaining Access to the Targets	98	(1)
Adhesion Molecules as Pathogen Receptors: Defining a Pathogen Strategy	99	(4)
Pathogen Adhesion as a Means of Host Tissue Tropism	103	(1)
Direct Interaction	103	(1)
Adherence via ECM Proteins: Bridging Mechanism	103	(1)
EPEC Adhesion: Alternate Adhesion Mechanism	104	(1)
Intracellular Pathogens and Adhesion Molecules: Surviving the Macrophage or Breaching an Epithelium	104	(2)
Signaling via Adhesion Molecules and Pathogens	106	(4)
Focal Adhesions and Pathogen Entry	106	(2)
Up-Regulation of Adhesion Molecules	108	(2)
Conclusion	110	(1)
Selected Readings	110	(3)
Membrane Trafficking in the Endocytic Pathway of Eukaryotic Cells	113	(18)
Raluca Gagescu
Jean Gruenberg
Membrane Trafficking in Eukaryotic Cells	113	(1)
Organelles and Membrane Dynamics	114	(1)
Ways of Entry into the Cell	115	(4)
Endocytic Pathways	115	(4)
Phagocytic Pathways	119	(1)
Endosomes at the Crossroads of Membrane Traffic	119	(2)
Biosynthetic Pathway	119	(1)
Autophagy	120	(1)
Phagocytosis	120	(1)
Endocytic Pathway	121	(3)
Sorting in Early Endosomes	121	(1)
Recycling Pathway	122	(1)
Degradation Pathway	123	(1)
Sorting in Polarized Cells	124	(1)
Specialized Routes of Endocytic Membrane Transport	125	(1)
Molecular Mechanisms	126	(4)
Coat Proteins	126	(1)
Cytoskeleton	127	(1)
rab Proteins	128	(1)
SNARE Proteins, NSF, and SNAPs	128	(1)
Phosphoinsitides	129	(1)
Membrane Microdomains	129	(1)
Annexins	130	(1)
Selected Readings	130	(1)
Where To Stay inside the Cell: a Homesteader's Guide to Intracellular Parasitism	131	(22)
David G. Russell
Routes of Invasion	131	(3)
Phagocytosis	132	(1)
Induced Endocytosis and Phagocytosis	133	(1)
Active Invasion	133	(1)
Selection of an Intracellular Niche	134	(16)
Intralysosomal Pathogens	134	(5)
Pathogens Sequestered in Modified or Isolated Vacuoles	139	(9)
Pathogens Resident in Host Cell Cytosol	148	(2)
Modulation of Intracellular Compartments by the Host Immune Response	150	(1)
Cell-Cell Spread (Metastasis) of Intracellular Pathogens	151	(1)
Conclusion	152	(1)
Selected Readings	152	(1)
Actin Filaments: Self-Assembly and Regulatory Interactions	153	(18)
Frederick S. Southwick
Daniel L. Purich
Basic Properties of Actin Monomers and Filaments	154	(2)
Actin Assembly Kinetics	156	(4)
Interactions of Regulatory Proteins with Actin Monomers and Filaments	160	(7)
Monomer-Binding Proteins	161	(2)
Actin Filament-Capping Proteins	163	(2)
Actin Filament-Severing Proteins	165	(1)
Actin Filament-Bundling and Cross-Linking Proteins	165	(1)
Actin-Depolymerizing Proteins	165	(1)
Other Actin-Regulatory Proteins	165	(2)
Polymerization Zone Model	167	(2)
Conclusion	169	(1)
Selected Readings	169	(2)
Bacterial Manipulation of the Host Cell Cytoskeleton	171	(22)
Sandra J. McCallum
Julie A. Theriot
Mechanisms of Bacterial Invasion	173	(7)
Zipper Mechanism of Bacterial Uptake by Nonphagocytic Cells	174	(2)
Trigger Mechanism of Bacterial Uptake by Nonphagocytic Cells	176	(4)
Preventing Phagocytosis	180	(1)
Yersinia Species	180	(1)
Bacterial Attachment without Invasion	181	(1)
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli	181	(1)
Intracellular Motility and Intercellular Spread	182	(8)
Listeria Monocytogenes	183	(4)
Shigella flexneri	187	(3)
Selected Readings	190	(3)
Bacterial Toxins	193	(28)
Rino Rappuoli
Mariagrazia Pizza
Toxins Acting on the Cell Surface	198	(7)
Superantigens	199	(1)
Binding Domains of A/B Toxins	200	(1)
Toxins Cleaving Cell Surface Molecules	201	(1)
Pore-Forming Toxins	201	(4)
Soluble Toxins with an Intracellular Target	205	(11)
Toxins Acting on Protein Synthesis	205	(3)
Toxins Acting on Signal Transduction	208	(1)
Toxins Acting on G Proteins	209	(2)
Toxins Generating cAMP	211	(1)
Toxins Inactivating Cellular Kinases	211	(1)
Toxins Inducing Arrest in the G2 Phase of the Cell Cycle	211	(1)
Toxins with Phospholipase C Activity	212	(1)
Toxins Modifying Small GTP-Binding Proteins	212	(1)
Toxins Acting on Vesicular Trafficking	213	(2)
Toxin Acting on Late Endosomes/Vacuoles	215	(1)
Toxins Acting on the Cytoskeleton	215	(1)
Toxins Directly Delivered by Bacteria into the Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells	216	(3)
Proteins Acting on Phosphorylation	217	(1)
Proteins Acting on Small G Proteins	217	(1)
Proteins Altering Inositol Phosphate Metabolism	218	(1)
Apoptosis-Inducing Proteins	218	(1)
Proteins Acting on the Cytoskeleton	219	(1)
Cytotoxins with Unknown Mechanisms of Action	219	(1)
Selected Readings	219	(2)
Bacterial Protein Toxins as Tools in Cell Biology and Pharmacology	221	(18)
Klaus Aktories
Toxins as Tools To Study Nucleotide-Binding Proteins	223	(2)
Cholera Toxin and Pertussis Toxin as Tools To Study G-Protein-Mediated Signaling	223	(2)
Toxins as Tools To Study the Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton	225	(4)
Actin ADP-Ribosylating Toxins	226	(3)
Toxins That Affect Small GTPases	229	(5)
Rho-Inactivating Toxins	231	(3)
Rho-Activating Toxins	234	(1)
Toxins as Part of a Transmembrane Carrier System	234	(1)
Clostridial Neurotoxins as Tools To Study Exocytosis	235	(1)
Toxins as Tools for Permeabilization of Eukaryotic Cells	236	(1)
Selected Readings	237	(2)
Type III Secretion Systems in Animal- and Plant-Interacting Bacteria	239	(26)
Kurt Schesser
Matthew S. Francis
Ake Forsberg
Hans Wolf-Watz
Type III Secretion Systems	245	(8)
Secretion Apparatus	246	(4)
Secreted Proteins	250	(2)
Chaperone Proteins	252	(1)
Delivery and Effectors	253	(9)
Injection System	253	(2)
Effectors	255	(7)
Conclusion	262	(1)
Selected Readings	262	(3)
Bacterial Type IV Secretion Systems: DNA Conjugation Machines Adapted for Export of Virulence Factors	265	(10)
Peter J. Christie
Antonello Covacci
Members of the Type IV Secretion Family	265	(3)
The A. tumefaciens T-Complex Transfer System as a Paradigm for Assembly of Type IV Secretion Systems	268	(1)
Substrate Recognition and the Export Route	269	(2)
Molecular Cell Biology of Type IV Secretion Systems	271	(2)
Conclusion	273	(1)
Selection Readings	273	(2)
Induction of Apoptosis by Microbial Pathogens	275	(16)
Jeremy E. Moss
Ilona Idanpaan-Heikkila
Arturo Zychlinsky
Apoptosis Is Genetically Programmed	276	(1)
Triggering of Apoptosis	277	(1)
Signal Transduction of a Cell Death Signal	277	(1)
Apoptosis and the Cell Cycle	278	(1)
Effector Molecules of Apoptosis	278	(2)
Caspases	278	(1)
Bcl-2 Family	279	(1)
Apoptosis in Diseases	280	(1)
Induction of Apoptosis by Microorganisms	281	(9)
Activation of Host Cell Receptors That Signal for Apoptosis	281	(1)
Induction of Second Messengers	282	(1)
Regulation of Caspase Activity	283	(2)
Inhibition of Apoptosis via Bcl-2	285	(1)
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis	286	(2)
Disruption of the Cytoplasmic Membrane	288	(1)
Unknown Mechanisms	289	(1)
Selected Readings	290	(1)
Interaction of Pathogens with the Innate and Adaptive Immune System	291	(22)
Emil R. Unanue
Innate and Adaptive Immunity	291	(1)
Innate Response	292	(1)
Macrophage Response---the Activated Macrophage	293	(4)
Interractions Involving Neutrophils	297	(1)
Interraction Involving the NK-Cell Response	298	(1)
Macrophage--NK-Cell Interaction: Lessons from Listeriosis	299	(2)
Symbiosis between the Innate Cellular System and the T-Cell Response---the MHC System	301	(6)
APC--T-Cell Interaction	307	(3)
Interactions with Adhesion Molecules	307	(1)
Interaction of CD40 with CD40L	307	(1)
Pairing of B7-1/B7-2 with CD28/CTLA-4	308	(1)
Role of Cytokines	308	(2)
Apotosis of Lymphocytes	310	(1)
Selected Readings	310	(3)
Microscopy	313	(20)
Chantal de Chastellier
Light Microscopy	314	(4)
Phase-Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (Nomarski Optics), and Video Microscopy	314	(1)
Fluorescence Microscopy	315	(3)
Electron Microscopy	318	(13)
Basic Conventional Electron Microscopy	318	(1)
Methods To Study Intersection with the Endocytic Pathway	319	(8)
Immunoelectron Microscopy	327	(4)
Conclusion	331	(1)
Selected Readings	332	(1)
Promising New Tools for Virulence Gene Discovery	333	(14)
Timothy K. McDaniel
Raphael H. Valdivia
Identifying Candidate Virulence Genes by Mutation	334	(2)
Enrichment Strategies	334	(1)
Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis	334	(2)
Identifying Candidate Virulence Genes by Differential Expression	336	(8)
Differential RNA Display	336	(2)
Promoter Traps	338	(1)
In Vivo Expression Technology	339	(2)
Differential Fluorescence Induction	341	(2)
Proteomics	343	(1)
Conclusion	344	(1)
Selected Readings	345	(2)
About the Contributors	347	(6)
Index	353