Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle

by Matthews, Gary G.

• ISBN13: 9781405103305
• ISBN10: 1405103302
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-11-22
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle offers a state of the art introduction to the basic physical, electrical, and chemical principles central to the function of nerve and muscle cells. The text begins with an overview of the origin of electrical membrane potential, then clearly illustrates the cellular physiology of nerve cells and muscle cells. Throughout, this new edition simplifies difficult concepts with accessible models and straightforward descriptions of experimental results.

Author Biography

Gary G. Matthews is the author of Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	x
Part I: Origin of Electrical Membrane Potential	1	(54)
Introduction to Electrical Signaling in the Nervous System	3	(6)
The Patellar Reflex as a Model for Neural Function	3	(1)
The Cellular Organization of Neurons	4	(1)
Electrical Signals in Neurons	5	(1)
Transmission between Neurons	6	(3)
Composition of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids	9	(8)
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids	10	(1)
The Structure of the Plasma Membrane	11	(5)
Summary	16	(1)
Maintenance of Cell Volume	17	(9)
Molarity, Molality, and Diffusion of Water	17	(3)
Osmotic Balance and Cell Volume	20	(5)
Answers to the Problem of Osmotic Balance	21	(3)
Tonicity	24	(1)
Time-course of Volume Changes	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Membrane Potential: Ionic Equilibrium	26	(14)
Diffusion Potential	26	(2)
Equilibrium Potential	28	(4)
The Nernst Equation	28	(2)
The Principle of Electrical Neutrality	30	(1)
The Cell Membrane as an Electrical Capacitor	31	(1)
Incorporating Osmotic Balance	32	(1)
Donnan Equilibrium	33	(2)
A Model Cell that Looks Like a Real Animal Cell	35	(2)
The Sodium Pump	37	(1)
Summary	38	(2)
Membrane Potential: Ionic Steady State	40	(15)
Equilibrium Potentials for Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride	40	(1)
Ion Channels in the Plasma Membrane	41	(1)
Membrane Potential and Ionic Permeability	41	(4)
The Goldman Equation	45	(2)
Ionic Steady State	47	(1)
The Chloride Pump	48	(1)
Electrical Current and the Movement of Ions Across Membranes	48	(2)
Factors Affecting Ion Current Across a Cell Membrane	50	(1)
Membrane Permeability vs. Membrane Conductance	50	(2)
Behavior of Single Ion Channels	52	(2)
Summary	54	(1)
Part II: Cellular Physiology of Nerve Cells	55	(106)
Generation of Nerve Action Potential	57	(28)
The Action Potential	57	(3)
Ionic Permeability and Membrane Potential	57	(1)
Measuring the Long-distance Signal in Neurons	57	(2)
Characteristics of the Action Potential	59	(1)
Initiation and Propagation of Action Potentials	60	(3)
Changes in Relative Sodium Permeability During an Action Potential	63	(8)
Voltage-dependent Sodium Channels of the Neuron Membrane	64	(2)
Repolarization	66	(3)
The Refractory Period	69	(2)
Propagation of an Action Potential Along a Nerve Fiber	71	(2)
Factors Affecting the Speed of Action Potential Propagation	73	(2)
Molecular Properties of the Voltage-sensitive Sodium Channel	75	(3)
Molecular Properties of Voltage-dependent Potassium Channels	78	(1)
Calcium-dependent Action Potentials	78	(5)
Summary	83	(2)
The Action Potential: Voltage-clamp Experiments	85	(25)
The Voltage Clamp	85	(9)
Measuring Changes in Membrane Ionic Conductance Using the Voltage Clamp	87	(3)
The Squid Giant Axon	90	(1)
Ionic Currents Across an Axon Membrane Under Voltage Clamp	90	(4)
The Gated Ion Channel Model	94	(14)
Membrane Potential and Peak Ionic Conductance	94	(3)
Kinetics of the Change in Ionic Conductance Following a Step Depolarization	97	(4)
Sodium Inactivation	101	(4)
The Temporal Behavior of Sodium and Potassium Conductance	105	(2)
Gating Currents	107	(1)
Summary	108	(2)
Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction	110	(20)
Chemical and Electrical Synapses	110	(1)
The Neuromuscular Junction as a Model Chemical Synapse	111	(4)
Transmission at a Chemical Synapse	111	(1)
Presynaptic Action Potential and Acetylcholine Release	111	(2)
Effect of Acetylcholine on the Muscle Cell	113	(2)
Neurotransmitter Release	115	(14)
The Vesicle Hypothesis of Quantal Transmitter Release	117	(4)
Mechanism of Vesicle Fusion	121	(2)
Recycling of Vesicle Membrane	123	(1)
Inactivation of Released Acetylcholine	124	(1)
Recording the Electrical Current Flowing Through a Single Acetylcholine-activated Ion Channel	124	(3)
Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine-activated Channel	127	(2)
Summary	129	(1)
Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System	130	(31)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses	130	(1)
Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons	131	(6)
Temporal and Spatial Summation of Synaptic Potentials	131	(2)
Some Possible Excitatory Neurotransmitters	133	(3)
Conductance-decrease Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials	136	(1)
Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission	137	(6)
The Synapse between Sensory Neurons and Antagonist Motor Neurons in the Patellar Reflex	137	(1)
Characteristics of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission	138	(1)
Mechanism of Inhibition in the Postsynaptic Membrane	139	(2)
Some Possible Inhibitory Neurotransmitters	141	(2)
The Family of Neurotransmitter-gated Ion Channels	143	(1)
Neuronal Integration	144	(2)
Indirect Actions of Neurotransmitters	146	(3)
Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation	149	(3)
Synaptic Plasticity	152	(6)
Short-term Changes in Synaptic Strength	152	(2)
Long-term Changes in Synaptic Strength	154	(4)
Summary	158	(3)
Part III: Cellular Physiology of Muscle Cells	161	(47)
Excitation--Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle	163	(14)
The Three Types of Muscle	163	(2)
Structure of Skeletal Muscle	165	(7)
Changes in Striation Pattern on Contraction	165	(2)
Molecular Composition of Filaments	167	(2)
Interaction between Myosin and Actin	169	(3)
Regulation of Contraction	172	(4)
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum	173	(1)
The Transverse Tubule System	174	(2)
Summary	176	(1)
Neural Control of Muscle Contraction	177	(11)
The Motor Unit	177	(1)
The Mechanics of Contraction	178	(4)
The Relationship Between Isometric Tension and Muscle Length	180	(2)
Control of Muscle Tension by the Nervous System	182	(5)
Recruitment of Motor Neurons	182	(2)
Fast and Slow Muscle Fibers	184	(1)
Temporal Summation of Contractions Within a Single Motor Unit	184	(1)
Asynchronous Activation of Motor Units During Maintained Contraction	185	(2)
Summary	187	(1)
Cardiac Muscle: The Autonomic Nervous System	188	(20)
Autonomic Control of the Heart	191	(15)
The Pattern of Cardiac Contraction	191	(2)
Coordination of Contraction Across Cardiac Muscle Fibers	193	(3)
Generation of Rhythmic Contractions	196	(1)
The Cardiac Action Potential	196	(3)
The Pacemaker Potential	199	(2)
Actions of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine on Cardiac Muscle Cells	201	(5)
Summary	206	(2)
Appendix A: Derivation of the Nernst Equation	208	(4)
Appendix B: Derivation of the Goldman Equation	212	(4)
Appendix C: Electrical Properties of Cells	216	(9)
Suggested Readings	225	(5)
Index	230