Cengage Advantage Books: Kagan and Segal's Psychology An Introduction (with InfoTrac)

by Baucum, Don; Smith, Carolyn

• ISBN13: 9780155081147
• ISBN10: 0155081144
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-09
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This value-priced paperback combines brevity, clarity, rigor and relevance to adeptly cover the core topics in psychology. Continuing with the character and spirit of previous editions, Don Baucum and Carolyn Smith join Jerome Kagan and Julius Segal to create a streamlined text with a free integrated study guide. The text follows a developmental theme, with an emphasis on diversity coverage and critical thinking. In many chapters, the developmental theme is highlighted by a Life Span Perspective feature that shows students the relevance of chapter topics to the development of a human life, and that helps them make connections between themes discussed in different chapters. Personal applications and real-life examples are included throughout the text to engage students in every key topic area.

Author Biography

Jerome Kagan (Ph.D., Yale University) is former chair of the psychology department at Harvard University and is world renowned for his work on temperament in children. At Harvard, Dr. Kagan's research on the cognitive and emotional development of a child during the first decade of life focused on the origins of temperament. He has tracked the development of inhibited and uninhibited children from infancy to adolescence. He served on the National Institute of Mental Health and on the National Research Council Julius Segal was a recognized authority on coping with psychological trauma and served for 30 years as director of the scientific and public information programs for the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Segal taught psychology at George Washington University and the University of Maryland and lectured extensively throughout the United States. Dr. Segal, the author of eight books and over 250 articles on mental health and human development, received his Ph.D. from Catholic University. Dedicated to making psychology accessible to the public, Dr. Segal served as contributing editor and monthly columnist for Parents Magazine Don Baucum is an Associate Professor and a member of the primary faculty of the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama. His Ph.D. is in General Experimental Psychology, and he has extensive training in clinical psychology as well. He currently divides his professional time between teaching and writing. Courses include personality, social psychology, introductory statistics, research methods, developmental psychology, and psychology of learning -- along with numerous offerings of introductory psychology Carolyn D. Smith, is a freelance writer. She has lent her writing expertise to other psychology texts about child development

Table of Contents

To the Instructor	xvi
To the Student	xxvii
The Authors	xxxii
The Science and Practice of Psychology	1	(51)
The Scope of Psychology	3	(3)
Defining psychology's broad boundaries	3	(1)
The missions of psychology	4	(1)
Related disciplines	5	(1)
The Varieties of Psychology and Psychologists	6	(5)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Closing the Gender Gap in Psychology	7	(1)
``Basic'' and ``applied'' psychology	8	(1)
The practice of clinical and counseling psychology	9	(2)
The Methods Psychologists Use	11	(7)
Observation	11	(1)
Interviews and case histories	12	(1)
Questionnaires and surveys	13	(1)
Standardized psychological tests and physiological measures	14	(1)
Correlation: An important descriptive technique	15	(2)
The most conclusive method: Experimentation	17	(1)
Conducting Good Experiments	18	(4)
Experiments that focus on individuals	19	(1)
Experiments that focus on groups	19	(3)
Psychology's Rich History and Promising Future	22	(8)
The era of introspection	23	(1)
Psychoanalytic theory and its impact	24	(1)
The rise of behaviorism	25	(1)
Gestalt psychology	26	(1)
Humanistic psychology and positive psychology	26	(2)
The cognitive approach and its pervasive influence	28	(1)
Psychobiology and neuroscience	29	(1)
Key Issues in Psychology: Yesterday and Today	30	(4)
Heredity and environment: Their relative influence	30	(1)
Continuity and change	31	(1)
Context: The person and the situation	32	(1)
Culture, ethnicity, diversity, and ``race''	33	(1)
Psychology's Ethical Standards	34	(5)
Safeguarding human research participants	35	(2)
Safeguarding research animals	37	(2)
Summary	39	(2)
Test Yourself Answers	41	(1)
Study Guide	42	(10)
Brain, Body, and Behavior	52	(40)
How the Brain Governs Behavior	53	(6)
The brain's communication system	54	(1)
How neurons send their messages	55	(1)
The links of the nervous system	56	(1)
The cerebral cortex and how it makes us human	57	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: How the Brain Restores Its Functions	58	(1)
How Neuroscientists Study the Brain and Mind	59	(3)
Structural brain imaging	59	(1)
Functional brain imaging	60	(1)
Psychology and the Media: Neuroscience in the Future	61	(1)
Electroencephalography	62	(1)
The Brain's Functions, I: Experiencing the World	62	(4)
Sensing and interpreting the environment	62	(1)
Processing and transmitting sensory information	63	(2)
Generating body movements	65	(1)
Managing coordination and balance	65	(1)
The Brain's Functions, II: Overseeing Emotions and Survival	66	(6)
The wellsprings of passions and feelings	66	(1)
Staying alive and physiologically in tune	67	(1)
The autonomic nervous system: The brain's busy deputy	68	(3)
The brain's hemispheres and the regulation of emotion	71	(1)
The Brain's Functions, III: Managing Thought and Memory	72	(4)
Thinking and planning	72	(1)
How memories are stored and retrieved	72	(1)
The growing brain and the developing intellect	73	(1)
Left brain, right brain	74	(1)
Life Span Perspective: As the Brain Matures	75	(1)
The Brain-Behavior Link	76	(3)
Transforming electricity and chemistry into meanings and feelings	76	(2)
The interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental forces	78	(1)
Summary	79	(2)
Test Yourself Answers	81	(1)
Study Guide	82	(10)
Sensing and Perceiving	92	(45)
How Our Senses Function: Some General Principles	94	(2)
Thresholds for sensory experience	94	(1)
Sensory adaptation	95	(1)
The Power of Vision	96	(5)
Light: The visual stimulus	96	(1)
The structures of the eye and how they work	96	(2)
The visual receptors---in good light and bad	98	(1)
Seeing in full color	99	(1)
Color blindness	100	(1)
The Power of Hearing	101	(4)
How is sound made?	101	(1)
The ear and its hearing receptors	102	(1)
How the hearing receptors work	102	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Loud Noises	103	(1)
Determining where sounds come from	104	(1)
Taste, Smell, Touch, and the Two Unnoticed Senses	105	(6)
Taste and its many inputs	105	(1)
Smell and its powers	105	(1)
The taste-smell connection	106	(1)
A Matter of Debate: A Human Scent of Sex?	107	(1)
The subtle nature of touch: Skin senses	108	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Taste, Smell, and Aging	109	(1)
Bodily movement and equilibrium	110	(1)
Perception and Survival	111	(3)
The built-in ``wiring'' of feature detectors	112	(1)
The skills of perception: Inborn or learned?	112	(1)
Perceiving change, movement, and contrast	113	(1)
Selection and Attention	114	(2)
What's behind the selection process?	114	(1)
Trying to attend to simultaneous inputs	115	(1)
Selection and exploration	115	(1)
Organizing Our Perceptions	116	(7)
Some principles of organization	117	(1)
Finding stability and consistency	118	(1)
Perceiving distance and depth	119	(1)
When illusions lead us astray	120	(1)
Interpreting what we perceive	121	(2)
Summary	123	(2)
Test Yourself Answers	125	(1)
Study Guide	126	(11)
Conditioning and Learning	137	(44)
Classical Conditioning	139	(3)
Pavlov and the salivating dogs	139	(2)
Classical conditioning: The basics	141	(1)
Classical Conditioning Phenomena and Applications	142	(7)
Timing and the number of conditioning trials	143	(1)
Extinction and recovery of conditioned responses	143	(1)
Predictability of the unconditioned stimulus	144	(1)
Stimulus generalization and discrimination	144	(1)
Nature versus classical conditioning	145	(1)
Other classical conditioning phenomena	146	(3)
Operant Conditioning	149	(5)
B. F. Skinner's magic box	149	(1)
Shaping and successive approximations	150	(2)
Reinforcement and punishment: The basics	152	(2)
Operant Conditioning Phenomena and Applications	154	(9)
Delay of reinforcement and punishment	154	(1)
The power of partial reinforcement	155	(2)
When there's a choice: Reinforcement versus punishment	157	(1)
A Matter of Debate: Spanking Children	158	(1)
The power of superstitions and phobias	159	(1)
When there is no escape	160	(1)
Behavior modification and token economies	161	(1)
Nature versus operant conditioning	162	(1)
Cognitive Learning: A Contemporary View Rooted in the Past	163	(6)
The case of the ingenious chimps	164	(1)
Learning in the absence of reinforcement	165	(1)
Cognitive maps, expectancies, and knowledge	166	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Learning and Age	167	(2)
Summary	169	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	170	(1)
Study Guide	171	(10)
Remembering and Forgetting	181	(38)
The Range and Content of Human Memory	183	(5)
Sensory memory: Gone in an instant	184	(1)
Short-term (working) memory: How information is retained temporarily	185	(1)
Long-term memory: An overview	186	(2)
Why We Forget	188	(7)
How remembering and forgetting are measured	189	(1)
Theories of forgetting	190	(2)
Psychology and the Media: Memory-Enhancing Drugs	192	(3)
Factors in Encoding and Storage	195	(4)
Chunking---putting many little items into one neat package	195	(1)
What we encode, remember, and retrieve	196	(1)
Emotional states and retrieval	197	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: False Memories	198	(1)
Linkages in Learning and Memory	199	(4)
The role of meaning and organization	200	(1)
Using rules to learn and remember	200	(1)
Building storehouses for memory	201	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Remembering and Forgetting in Older Adulthood	202	(1)
Learning How to Learn and Remember	203	(5)
How categories help	204	(1)
Clustering---packaging information for long-term memory	204	(2)
Preserving visual information	206	(2)
Summary	208	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	209	(1)
Study Guide	210	(9)
Language and Thought	219	(37)
The Function and Structure of Language	221	(3)
Phonemes: The basic sounds of language	221	(1)
Morphemes: The units of meaning	222	(1)
Syntax: Building phrases and sentences from words	223	(1)
Pragmatics: The effects of social context	223	(1)
The Challenge of Generating and Comprehending Language	224	(3)
The speaker	225	(1)
A Matter of Debate: Bilingualism and Schoolchildren	226	(1)
The listener	226	(1)
How We Learn Language	227	(6)
Infants and babbling	228	(1)
How human interaction affects language skills	229	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Language and Thought in Babies and Toddlers	230	(1)
Discovering grammar	230	(1)
Theories of language learning	231	(1)
Can other animals learn language?	232	(1)
Words and Concepts	233	(8)
A Matter of Debate: Talking with Parrots?	234	(2)
Concepts without words: Perceptual concepts	236	(1)
How language enriches our concepts---and vice versa	236	(1)
Concepts and inferences	237	(1)
Concepts, learning, and memory	238	(1)
A lingering puzzle: What exactly is a concept?	238	(1)
Does language shape our view of the world---or vice versa?	239	(1)
How new knowledge yields new language	240	(1)
Thinking and Problem Solving	241	(6)
Some tools of thinking: Rules and premises	241	(1)
Logical and illogical ways of thinking	242	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Taking Steps to Solve a Problem	243	(1)
Using algorithms and heuristics	243	(1)
Traps and obstacles in problem solving	244	(3)
Summary	247	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	248	(1)
Study Guide	249	(7)
Intelligence and Its Assessment	256	(32)
What Is Intelligence?	257	(4)
Intelligence as a general ability	258	(1)
Intelligence as multiple abilities	259	(2)
Intelligence Tests	261	(4)
A brief history of intelligence testing	262	(1)
Intelligence tests: Some specifics	262	(2)
Aptitude versus achievement	264	(1)
What Intelligence Tests Do and Do Not Tell Us	265	(4)
IQ and accomplishment in school	266	(1)
IQ, occupational status, and success on the job	266	(1)
Does IQ foretell achievement in life?	267	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Why Some Smart People Fail	268	(1)
Intelligence and creativity	268	(1)
Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence	269	(6)
Family resemblances in IQ	270	(1)
Further interactions between heredity and environment	271	(1)
Intelligence and ethnicity	272	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Are People Becoming More Intelligent?	273	(2)
Psychological Testing---The Scientific Way	275	(2)
Requirement 1: Reliability	275	(1)
Requirement 2: Validity	275	(1)
Requirement 3: Standardization	276	(1)
Summary	277	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	278	(1)
Study Guide	279	(9)
Emotion and Motivation	288	(44)
Biological Underpinnings of Emotion	290	(6)
Pinpointing bodily changes in emotion	291	(1)
Hidden physiological changes	291	(1)
The role of the autonomic nervous system and glands	292	(1)
The role of the facial muscles	292	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: How Truthful Are Lie Detectors?	293	(2)
Culture and the experience of emotion	295	(1)
Can we hide our emotions?	295	(1)
Mechanisms of Emotion	296	(3)
Early theories of emotion	296	(1)
The cognitive perspective	297	(1)
Individual differences in emotions	298	(1)
Motives That Originate in Physiological Needs	299	(9)
Hunger	300	(3)
Thirst	303	(1)
Sleep	304	(4)
Psychology and the Media: The Great American Sleep Debt	308	(1)
The Special Case of Sex and Sexuality	308	(7)
The role of hormones and the brain	308	(2)
The power of psychological influences	310	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Sexuality from Infancy to Older Adulthood	311	(1)
Social and cultural influences	312	(1)
Sexual orientation	313	(2)
Motives That Are Primarily Psychological	315	(5)
Achievement motivation	315	(2)
Motivation for affiliation and dependency	317	(1)
Motivation for certainty	318	(1)
Motivation to meet standards	319	(1)
Motives versus behavior	319	(1)
Summary	320	(2)
Test Yourself Answers	322	(1)
Study Guide	323	(9)
Personality and Its Assessment	332	(38)
What Is Personality?	333	(2)
Defining personality	333	(1)
Traits that stand out: The personality hierarchy	334	(1)
Four components of personality theory	334	(1)
Psychodynamic Views: Freud and Those Who Followed	335	(8)
Freud's psychoanalytic theory	335	(4)
Jung versus Freud: Sexuality isn't everything	339	(1)
Adler, Horney, and Erikson: Social influences	340	(1)
Fromm's social psychoanalytic theory	341	(2)
Positive Growth: Humanistic Theories of Personality	343	(3)
Rogers and self-worth	343	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Sibling Order and Personality Development	344	(1)
Maslow and self-actualization	345	(1)
Further Perspectives on Personality	346	(5)
Skinner and operant conditioning	347	(1)
Bandura and human agency	348	(1)
Buss and the evolution of personality	349	(2)
Personality Assessment---and Its Limits	351	(8)
Big Five theory	352	(2)
Objective tests	354	(2)
Projective and other tests	356	(1)
Limitations of psychological testing	357	(1)
A Matter of Debate: The Person and the Situation	358	(1)
Summary	359	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	360	(1)
Study Guide	361	(9)
Human Development: Conception Through Childhood	370	(44)
Life's Beginnings: From Conception to Birth	371	(4)
The mechanics of heredity	372	(1)
The world inside the womb	373	(1)
The birth process	373	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: At Risk in the Womb	374	(1)
Newborn Infants: Similarities and Differences	375	(4)
Differences in temperament	375	(2)
Easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult babies	377	(1)
The durability of early traits	378	(1)
The Early Development of Body and Mind	379	(7)
Physical maturation	379	(2)
The unfolding of intellectual abilities	381	(1)
Piaget's theory of cognitive development	382	(1)
Four stages of cognitive development	383	(1)
Psychology and the Media: Influencing Children's Memories	384	(2)
Personality Development: Birth to 18 Months	386	(5)
The process of attachment	386	(2)
Patterns of attachment	388	(1)
Courage for exploration	388	(1)
The appearance of anxiety	389	(1)
The effects of day care	390	(1)
Learning Society's Rules: 18 Months Through 3 Years	391	(2)
Initial moral sense	391	(1)
Parental practices and the development of morality	392	(1)
Punishment, abuse, and neglect	392	(1)
Venturing into the World: Ages 4 and 5	393	(4)
Emulating a parent	394	(1)
Same-sex identification	394	(1)
The influence of television	395	(1)
Divorce and loss of a parent	396	(1)
Expanding Social Influences: Ages 6 to 10	397	(3)
The new world of school	397	(1)
The importance of peers	398	(1)
Becoming dominant or submissive	399	(1)
The doorway to adolescence	399	(1)
Developmental Disorders	400	(3)
Mental retardation	401	(1)
Learning disorders	401	(1)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	401	(1)
A Matter of Debate: Is Ritalin Overprescribed?	402	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	404	(1)
Study Guide	405	(9)
Human Development: Adolescence, Adulthood, and Death	414	(41)
Adolescence: A Time of Transition	415	(12)
Physical changes in adolescence	416	(3)
The adjustment to junior high school	419	(1)
Developing a set of morals	420	(1)
Establishing an identity	421	(3)
The troubles of adolescence	424	(1)
Conflicts within the family	425	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Teenage Suicide: A Growing Tragedy	426	(1)
Adulthood: The Prime Time	427	(8)
New beginnings	427	(2)
Choosing and succeeding at a career	429	(1)
Workplace inequities: Struggles for women	429	(1)
Gender roles in adulthood: Confusion and conflicts	430	(1)
The quest for love, intimacy, and commitment	431	(1)
Raising children: Stressful but rewarding	432	(2)
Midlife: Radical changes and quiet revelations	434	(1)
Women and menopause	435	(1)
Growing Old: Maintaining an Active, Productive Life	435	(6)
The aging process	436	(2)
Intellectual capabilities: Slower but wiser	438	(1)
Aging and mental health	439	(2)
Retirement: Freedom or boredom?	441	(1)
Coming to Terms with Life's End	441	(4)
Attitudes toward death	442	(1)
Bereavement	442	(1)
The final stage: Facing death	443	(1)
A Matter of Debate: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?	444	(1)
Summary	445	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	446	(1)
Study Guide	447	(8)
Stress, Coping, and Well-Being	455	(43)
Sources of Stress	456	(6)
Life crises	457	(1)
Transitions as stressors	457	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Stress from Infancy to Older Adulthood	458	(1)
Catastrophes	459	(1)
Everyday hassles	459	(1)
Conflict	460	(1)
Uncertainty and doubt	461	(1)
Stress as an individual experience	461	(1)
Stress and Physical Health	462	(7)
The general adaptation syndrome	463	(1)
Somatoform disorders	464	(1)
Stress and survival	465	(1)
Are some stressors worse than others?	466	(1)
Stress and immunity to disease	467	(1)
Power, anger, and hypertension	468	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Using Anger Constructively	469	(1)
Stress and Mental Health	469	(5)
Stress and anxiety	470	(3)
Stress and depression	473	(1)
Burnout	474	(1)
Coping with Stress	474	(8)
Coping assertively	475	(1)
Three varieties of coping	475	(1)
The importance of control	476	(1)
The importance of social support	477	(1)
The benefits of optimism	478	(2)
Psychology and the Media: Stress? Laugh It Off	480	(1)
Exercise as a means of coping	481	(1)
Biofeedback	481	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	482	(4)
Repression	483	(1)
Rationalization	483	(1)
Sublimation	484	(1)
Identification	484	(1)
Reaction formation	484	(1)
Projection	485	(1)
Denial	485	(1)
Displacement	485	(1)
Regression	485	(1)
When defenses falter	486	(1)
Well-Being and Positive Psychology	486	(2)
Summary	488	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	489	(1)
Study Guide	490	(8)
Mental and Behavioral Disorders	498	(46)
Abnormal Characteristics: Their Nature and Scope	499	(2)
Qualities that define disorders	499	(1)
The prevalence and impact of disorders	500	(1)
Causes and Classification of Abnormal Behaviors	501	(4)
Biological influences	502	(1)
Environmental influences	502	(1)
The role of personality and cognition	503	(1)
DSM-IV	503	(2)
Schizophrenia	505	(2)
Symptoms	505	(1)
Causes	506	(1)
Mood Disorders	507	(7)
Depression	507	(1)
Bipolar disorder	508	(2)
Psychology and the Media: Making Art of Madness	510	(1)
Seasonal mood swings	510	(1)
Untangling the biological and environmental components	511	(1)
Sex differences in depression	511	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Depression in the Early Years	512	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Eating Disorders: When Food Becomes the Enemy	513	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	514	(4)
Generalized anxiety disorder	514	(1)
Panic disorder	515	(1)
Phobias	516	(1)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder	517	(1)
Personality Disorders	518	(4)
Antisocial personality disorder	519	(2)
Paranoid personality disorder	521	(1)
Narcissistic personality disorder	521	(1)
Substance Abuse and Dependence	522	(5)
Consequences of alcohol abuse	523	(1)
What causes alcohol abuse?	524	(1)
Gender and alcohol abuse	524	(1)
The highs and lows of substance abuse	525	(1)
Consequences of drug abuse	525	(1)
What causes addiction?	526	(1)
Substance abuse and mental disorder	527	(1)
Other Disorders	527	(4)
Sexual disorders	528	(1)
Dissociative identity disorder	528	(1)
Disorders of impulse control	529	(1)
Culture-bound syndromes	529	(2)
Summary	531	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	532	(1)
Study Guide	533	(11)
Psychotherapy and Other Treatment Approaches	544	(40)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: How to Select a Psychotherapist	546	(1)
Psychodynamic Therapy: Probing the Mind	547	(3)
Classical psychoanalysis	547	(1)
Modern psychodynamic therapies	548	(1)
Brief goal-oriented treatment	549	(1)
Humanistic Therapy: Improving Personal Strengths	550	(2)
Person-centered therapy	551	(1)
Other humanistic techniques	551	(1)
Behavior Therapy	552	(5)
Reinforcement: A positive approach	552	(1)
Aversive conditioning	553	(1)
Cognitive behavior therapy	554	(3)
Therapy in Groups	557	(2)
Group therapy: The traditional approach	557	(1)
Group therapy for specific problems	558	(1)
Self-help groups	558	(1)
How Effective Is Psychotherapy?	559	(6)
Evaluating treatment approaches	559	(1)
Finding the right fit between client and therapist	560	(2)
Is one method better than another?	562	(1)
How people can help themselves	563	(1)
Life Span Perspective: Therapeutic Strategies and Developmental Stages	564	(1)
Biological Therapies	565	(5)
Drug therapy	565	(1)
Drugs for schizophrenia (major tranquilizers)	566	(1)
Drugs for depression	567	(1)
Drugs for anxiety (minor tranquilizers)	568	(1)
Combined therapies	568	(1)
Electroconvulsive therapy	569	(1)
Mental Health in the Community and Society	570	(4)
Community mental health programs	570	(1)
Crisis intervention	571	(1)
Supporting clients and their families	571	(1)
Disorders and the homeless	572	(1)
Removing the stigma from mental and behavioral disorders	572	(1)
A Matter of Debate: Community Psychology---A Revolving Door?	573	(1)
Summary	574	(1)
Test Yourself Answers	575	(1)
Study Guide	576	(8)
Social Psychology	584	(44)
Social Cognition: Schemas and Attitudes	585	(7)
Developing new schemas and attitudes throughout life	586	(1)
Illogical attitudes: Prejudices and stereotypes	587	(1)
Cognitive dissonance	587	(1)
How changes in behavior can change our attitudes	588	(1)
Being persuaded to change our attitudes	589	(2)
Life Span Perspective: How Much Can People Change?	591	(1)
Attribution: Why Did You (or I) Do That?	592	(5)
Person or situation: Attribution errors	592	(2)
Mistaken impressions	594	(1)
Expectations and social relationships	595	(1)
The potent effects of self-fulfilling prophecies	595	(1)
Psychology in the Lab and in Life: Guidance from Attribution Theorists	596	(1)
Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience	597	(7)
The urge to conform	597	(2)
Pressures to conform	599	(1)
Why we conform	600	(1)
Compliance	601	(1)
Obedience: ``Just following orders''	602	(1)
When independence replaces obedience	602	(2)
Group Dynamics	604	(2)
How do groups form?	604	(1)
How do groups influence behavior?	604	(2)
Interpersonal Behavior: Aggression and Prosocial Behavior	606	(6)
The faces of aggression	606	(2)
The origins of aggression: Innate or learned?	608	(1)
The nature of caring: Studies of altruism	609	(1)
Psychology and the Media: Compassionate Kids	610	(1)
When no one cares: Bystander apathy	610	(2)
Interpersonal Attraction: What Draws Us Together	612	(3)
The staying power of first impressions	613	(1)
The elusive nature of love	614	(1)
Epilogue	615	(1)
Summary	616	(2)
Test Yourself Answers	618	(1)
Study Guide	619	(9)
Appendix Statistics: Description and Inference	628	(11)
Descriptive Statistics	628	(4)
Probability, Normal Distribution, and Some Applications	632	(3)
Inferential Statistics: The Science of the Long Shot	635	(4)
Answers to Practice Tests	639	(1)
References	640	(33)
Photo Credits	673	(2)
Name Index	675	(10)
Subject Index	685