Cengage Advantage Books: Philosophy in Context A Historical Introduction

by Soccio, Douglas J.

• ISBN13: 9780495004707
• ISBN10: 0495004707
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-06-09
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

In this CENGAGE ADVANTAGE BOOKS version of PHILOSOPHY IN CONTEXT: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION makes this often-times daunting subject approachable and engaging through it's easy-to-understand examination of paradigmatic philosophies and philosophers.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	ix
Chapter 1 PHILOSOPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR WISDOM	1	(14)
What to Expect from This Book	2	(1)
Areas of Philosophy	2	(1)
Philosophical Archetypes	3	(2)
Are Philosophers Always Men?	5	(1)
Philosophy and the Search for Truth	6	(1)
"Isn't All This Just a Matter of Opinion?"	7	(2)
Wisdom, Knowledge, and Belief	9	(2)
Knowledge	9	(1)
Belief	9	(1)
Ignorance Is Not An Option	10	(1)
OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL THEMES	11	(4)
Nature and Convention	12	(1)
Contemporary Lessons from the Past	12	(1)
The Search for Excellence	13	(1)
The Search for Happiness	13	(2)
Chapter 2 THE PRESOCRATIC SOPHOS	15	(12)
From Sophos to Philosopher	15	(1)
The Search for a Common Principle	16	(1)
Rational Discourse	16	(2)
The Problem of Change	18	(1)
The Logos	18	(2)
Appearance and Reality	20	(1)
The One	20	(2)
Being and Change	21	(1)
The Many	22	(1)
Mind	23	(1)
Atoms and the Void	23	(2)
Reason and Necessity	25	(1)
Nature and Convention	25	(1)
Commentary	25	(2)
Chapter 3 THE SOPHIST: PROTAGORAS	27	(10)
The Advent of Professional Educators	28	(1)
The Sophists	29	(2)
Power and Education	30	(1)
Relativism	31	(1)
Protagoras the Pragmatist	31	(2)
Moral Realism: Might Makes Right	33	(1)
The Doctrine of the Superior Individual	34	(1)
Commentary	35	(2)
Chapter 4 THE WISE MAN: SOCRATES	37	(23)
The General Character of Socrates	38	(5)
Barefoot in Athens	39	(1)
A Most Unusual Father and Husband	40	(1)
The Archetypal Individual	41	(2)
The Teacher and His Teachings	43	(1)
The Dialectic	43	(2)
Socratic Irony	44	(1)
Socrates at Work	45	(4)
Sophos versus Sophist	46	(3)
The Unexamined Life	49	(3)
Socratic Ignorance	50	(1)
The Power of Human Wisdom	51	(1)
The Physician of the Soul	52	(3)
No One Knowingly Does Evil	53	(1)
Virtue Is Wisdom	53	(2)
The Trial and Death of Socrates	55	(3)
The Death of Socrates	57	(1)
Commentary	58	(2)
Chapter 5 THE PHILOSOPHER-KING: PLATO	60	(24)
Plato's Life and Work	61	(2)
The Decline of the Aristocracy	61	(1)
Plato's Disillusionment	62	(1)
The Academy	63	(1)
Plato's Epistemology	63	(2)
Plato's Dualistic Solution	64	(1)
Knowledge and Being	65	(1)
The Theory of Forms	65	(5)
What Are Forms?	66	(1)
Why Plato Needed the Forms	67	(1)
Knowledge and Opinion	68	(1)
What Happens When We Disagree?	68	(2)
The Divided Line	70	(2)
Levels of Awareness	71	(1)
The Simile of the Sun	72	(1)
The Allegory of the Cave	73	(2)
The Rule of the Wise	75	(1)
The Republic	76	(4)
The Search for Justice	77	(1)
Function and Happiness	77	(1)
The Ideal State	78	(1)
The Parts of the Soul	79	(1)
The Cardinal Virtues	79	(1)
Societies and Individuals	80	(3)
The Origin of Democracy	80	(1)
The Pendulum of Imbalance	81	(1)
The Tyranny of Excess	82	(1)
Commentary	83	(1)
Chapter 6 THE NATURALIST: ARISTOTLE	84	(22)
Works	85	(1)
Aristotle's Life	85	(1)
The Lyceum	86	(1)
The Naturalist	87	(1)
Natural Changes	88	(3)
Form	88	(2)
Matter	90	(1)
Change	90	(1)
Aristotle's Hierarchy of Explanations	91	(1)
The Four Causes	92	(2)
Material Cause	92	(1)
Formal Cause	93	(1)
Efficient Cause	93	(1)
Final Cause	94	(1)
Entelechy	94	(1)
Psyche as Entelechy	95	(1)
The Hierarchy of Souls	95	(1)
Natural Happiness	96	(4)
The Good	97	(1)
Teleological Thinking	97	(1)
The Science of the Good	98	(1)
Eudaimonia	99	(1)
The Good Life Is a Process	100	(1)
Hitting the Mark	100	(4)
The Principle of the Mean	101	(1)
Character and Habit	102	(1)
Application of the Mean	103	(1)
Commentary	104	(2)
Chapter 7 THE STOIC: EPICTETUS AND MARCUS AURELIUS	106	(22)
Hedonism	107	(2)
The Meaning of Life Is Pleasure	107	(2)
Epicureanism	109	(1)
Quality of Life	109	(1)
The Cynical Origins of Stoicism	110	(2)
Stoic Admiration	112	(1)
The Slave and the Emperor	113	(1)
Epictetus: From Slave to Sage	113	(1)
Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King	114	(1)
The Fated Life	115	(3)
The Stoic Logos	116	(1)
The Disinterested Rational Will	117	(1)
Stoic Wisdom	118	(5)
Control versus Influence	118	(1)
Some Things Are Not in Our Control	119	(1)
Some Things Are in Our Control	120	(1)
Relationships	121	(1)
Everything Has a Price	122	(1)
Suffering and Courage	122	(1)
Stoicism Today: Logotherapy	123	(1)
The World of Epictetus	124	(1)
Commentary	125	(3)
Chapter 8 THE SCHOLAR: THOMAS AQUINAS	128	(25)
The God-Centered Universe	129	(1)
The Seeds of Change	129	(1)
Augustine: Between Two Worlds	130	(3)
Pride and Philosophy	132	(1)
The Life of Thomas Aquinas	133	(3)
The Dominican	134	(1)
The University of Paris	134	(1)
Albertus Magnus: The Universal Teacher	135	(1)
The Task of the Scholar	136	(1)
The Wisdom of the Scholar	136	(2)
Why Do People Argue About Spiritual Matters?	138	(1)
God and Natural Reason	138	(1)
Proving the Existence of God	139	(4)
The First Way: Motion	139	(1)
The Second Way: Cause	140	(1)
The Third Way: Necessity	141	(1)
The Fourth Way: Degree	142	(1)
The Fifth Way: Design	143	(1)
Commentary on the Five Ways	143	(2)
Complications for Natural Theology	145	(2)
The Problem of Evil	145	(2)
Commentary	147	(2)
OVERVIEW OF MODERN THEMES	149	(4)
Reason, Reformation, and Revolution	149	(1)
The Reformation	150	(1)
The Copernican Revolution	150	(2)
Where Are We, Then?	152	(1)
Chapter 9 THE RATIONALIST: RENÉ DESCARTES	153	(20)
The Problem of Authority	153	(1)
René Descartes: The Solitary Intellect	154	(2)
Rationalism	156	(1)
Against Disorganized Thinking	156	(1)
The Method of Doubt	157	(3)
The Cartesian "I" and Methodic Doubt	158	(1)
Standard of Truth	159	(1)
Innate Ideas	159	(1)
The Cartesian Genesis	160	(3)
The Doubting Self	160	(1)
Maybe It's All a Dream?	161	(1)
The Evil Genius	162	(1)
Cogito, ergo sum	162	(1)
The Innate Idea of God	163	(4)
The Perfect Idea of Perfection	164	(2)
Descartes' Ontological Argument	166	(1)
Reconstructing the World	167	(1)
The Cartesian Bridge	167	(3)
Cartesian Dualism	168	(1)
The Mind-Body Problem	169	(1)
From Cosmos To Machine	170	(1)
Commentary	171	(2)
Chapter 10 THE SKEPTIC: DAVID HUME	173	(26)
John Locke	174	(6)
Experience Is the Origin of All Ideas	175	(1)
Locke's Rejection of Innate Ideas	176	(1)
Locke's Dualism	177	(1)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	178	(1)
Locke's Egocentric Predicament	178	(2)
George Berkeley	180	(2)
David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic	182	(4)
The Skeptical Masterpiece	183	(1)
An Honest Man	183	(3)
Hume's Skeptical Empiricism	186	(3)
Impressions and Ideas	186	(1)
The Empirical Criterion of Meaning	187	(1)
The Self	187	(1)
Personal Immortality	188	(1)
The Limits of Reason	189	(1)
The Limits of Science	190	(1)
The Limits of Theology	191	(2)
The Limits of Ethics	193	(4)
The Facts, Just the Facts	194	(1)
Moral Sentiments	195	(1)
Rejection of Egoism	196	(1)
Commentary	197	(2)
Chapter 11 THE UNIVERSALIST: IMMANUEL KANT	199	(22)
The Professor	200	(1)
The Solitary Writer	200	(2)
A Scandal in Philosophy	202	(1)
Kant's Copernican Revolution	203	(5)
Critical Philosophy	205	(1)
Phenomena and Noumena	206	(1)
Transcendental Ideas	206	(1)
The Objectivity of Experience	207	(1)
The Metaphysics of Morals	208	(4)
The Moral Law Within	209	(1)
The Good Will	210	(1)
Inclinations, Wishes, Acts of Will	211	(1)
Moral Duty	212	(3)
Hypothetical Imperatives	213	(1)
The Categorical Imperative	213	(1)
The Kingdom of Ends	214	(1)
A Kantian Theory of Justice	215	(3)
What About Family Justice?	217	(1)
Commentary	218	(3)
Chapter 12 THE UTILITARIAN: JOHN STUART MILL	221	(18)
Social Hedonism	222	(1)
Philosophy and Social Reform	223	(1)
The Principle of Utility	224	(4)
The Hedonic Calculus	225	(1)
The Egoistic Foundation of Social Concern	225	(2)
The Question Is, Can They Suffer?	227	(1)
John Stuart Mill	228	(3)
Mill's Crisis	229	(1)
Redemption and Balance	230	(1)
Refined Utilitarianism	231	(2)
Higher Pleasures	232	(1)
Lower Pleasures	232	(1)
Altruism and Happiness	233	(3)
Utilitarian Social Logic	234	(1)
Happiness and Mere Contentment	235	(1)
Mill's Persistent Optimism	236	(1)
Commentary	237	(2)
Chapter 13 THE MATERIALIST: KARL MARX	239	(18)
The Prophet	239	(5)
Marx's Hegelian Roots	240	(1)
Other Influences	241	(1)
The Wanderer	242	(1)
Friedrich Engels	243	(1)
Vindication	243	(1)
Dialectical Materialism	244	(4)
Mystification and Materialism	245	(2)
Economic Determinism	247	(1)
Critique of Capitalism	248	(5)
The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat	249	(1)
Co-Option	250	(1)
Class Struggle	251	(1)
Seeds of Destruction	252	(1)
Alienation	253	(2)
Psychic Alienation	254	(1)
Species-Life	255	(1)
Commentary	255	(2)
Chapter 14 THE PRAGMATIST: WILLIAM JAMES	257	(21)
An American Original	257	(4)
The Education of a Philosopher	258	(1)
The Philosopher as Hero	259	(1)
The Philosopher as Advocate	260	(1)
Charles Sanders Peirce	261	(1)
Peirce's "Pragmaticism"	261	(1)
Pragmatic Theory of Meaning	262	(1)
Pragmatism	262	(9)
Pragmatic Method and Philosophy	263	(1)
The Temper of Belief	264	(2)
The Will to Believe	266	(1)
Truth Happens to an Idea	266	(1)
The Dilemma of Determinism	267	(1)
The Inner Sense of Freedom	268	(2)
Morality and the Good	270	(1)
The Heroic Life	270	(1)
Pragmatic Religion	271	(2)
A Religious Dilemma	272	(1)
Ultramarginal Life	273	(1)
Truth Is Always Personal	273	(2)
Danger Signs	274	(1)
Commentary	275	(3)
Chapter 15 THE EXISTENTIALISTS: SØREN KIERKEGAARD AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE	278	(22)
Søren Kierkegaard	279	(4)
The Family Curse	279	(1)
The Universal Formula	280	(1)
The Christian	281	(1)
That Individual	282	(1)
Truth as Subjectivity	283	(4)
Objectivity as Untruth	284	(1)
The Present Age	285	(1)
An Age of Virtual Equality	285	(2)
Sartre and the Age of Forlornness	287	(1)
Jean-Paul Sartre	287	(3)
Nausea	288	(1)
Existence Is Absurd	288	(1)
The Celebrity Philosopher	289	(1)
Freedom and Anguish	290	(7)
Forlornness	291	(1)
Condemned to Be Free	292	(1)
Anguish	293	(2)
Despair	295	(1)
Optimistic Toughness	296	(1)
Commentary	297	(3)
Chapter 16 THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHER: FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE	300	(20)
The Outsider	301	(4)
Beyond the Academy	302	(1)
Tragic Optimism	303	(1)
Zarathustra Speaks	303	(1)
The Last Philosopher	304	(1)
Truth Is a Matter of Perspective	305	(1)
Attack on Objectivity	306	(1)
The Will to Power	307	(1)
The Diseases of Modernity	308	(4)
The Problem of Morality	308	(1)
The Problem of Being Moralistic	309	(1)
The Problem of Utilitarianism	310	(1)
The Problem of Altruism	310	(1)
The Problem of Generalized Accounts	311	(1)
God Is Dead	312	(1)
Nihilism	313	(1)
Overman	313	(1)
Slave Morality	314	(2)
Ressentiment	315	(1)
Master Morality	316	(1)
Amor Fati	317	(1)
Commentary	318	(2)
Chapter 17 PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY OF LIFE	320	(16)
The Reemergence of Other Voices	322	(1)
Martin Luther King, Jr.: Public Philosophic Activist	323	(3)
Character Is Destiny	324	(1)
The Value of Moral Tension	325	(1)
Peter Singer: "The Dangerous Philosopher"	326	(3)
The Singer Solution to World Poverty	327	(2)
Martha C. Nussbaum: "Lawyer for Humanity"	329	(2)
Philosophy for the Sake of Humanity	330	(1)
Philosophy as a Way of Life	331	(3)
To Live Like a Philosopher	333	(1)
A Vision for You	334	(1)
Commentary	335	(1)
NOTES	336	(14)
GLOSSARY	350	(10)
CREDITS	360	(1)
INDEX	361