Ceramic Processing and Sintering

by Rahaman; Mohamed N.

• ISBN13: 9780824709884
• ISBN10: 0824709888
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-31
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

As the field's premiere source, this reference is extensively revised and expanded to collect hard-to-find applications, equations, derivations, and examples illustrating the latest developments in ceramic processing technology. This book is concerned primarily with the processing of polycrystalline ceramics and focuses on the widespread fabrication of ceramics by the firing of consolidated powders forms. A brief treatment of sol-gel processing is also included. Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition provides clear and intensive discussions on colloidal and sol-gel processing, sintering of ceramics, and kinetic processes in materials. From powder synthesis and consolidation to sintering and densification behavior, this latest edition emphasizes the impact of each processing procedure on ceramic properties. The second edition also contains new and extended discussions on colloid stability, polymer growth and gelation, additives in ceramic forming, diffusion and defect strucutre, normal and abnormal grain growth, microwave sintering, Rayleigh instability effects, and Ostwald ripening. Illustrating the interconnectedness between the various steps in the overall fabrication route, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition approaches the fundamental issues of each process and show how they are applied to the practical fabrication of ceramics.

Author Biography

M. N. Rahaman is Professor of Ceramic Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	p. v
Preface to the First Edition	p. vii
Ceramic Fabrication Processes: An Introductory Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Ceramic Fabrication Processes	p. 3
Production of Polycrystalline Ceramics from Powders: An Overview	p. 28
A Case Study in Processing: The Fabrication of TiO[subscript 2] from Powders	p. 41
Concluding Remarks	p. 43
Problems	p. 44
References	p. 45
Synthesis of Powders	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Desirable Powder Characteristics	p. 49
Powder Synthesis Methods	p. 51
Powder Preparation by Mechanical Methods	p. 52
Powder Synthesis by Chemical Methods	p. 62
Concluding Remarks	p. 118
Problems	p. 118
References	p. 120
Powder Characterization	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Physical Characterization	p. 126
Chemical Composition	p. 156
Crystal Structure and Phase Composition	p. 162
Surface Characterization	p. 164
Concluding Remarks	p. 176
Problems	p. 177
References	p. 179
Science of Colloidal Processing	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Types of Colloids	p. 183
Attractive Surface Forces	p. 183
Stabilization of Colloidal Suspensions	p. 190
Electrostatic Stabilization	p. 191
Steric Stabilization	p. 211
Electrosteric Stabilization	p. 222
Structure of Consolidated Colloids	p. 227
Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions	p. 230
Concluding Remarks	p. 242
Problems	p. 243
References	p. 245
Sol-Gel Processing	p. 248
Introduction	p. 248
Types of Gels	p. 250
Sol-Gel Processing of Aqueous Silicates	p. 254
Metal Alkoxides	p. 260
Sol-Gel Processing of Silicon Alkoxides	p. 266
Sol-Gel Preparation Techniques	p. 305
Applications of Sol-Gel Processing	p. 315
Concluding Remarks	p. 323
Problems	p. 323
References	p. 324
Powder Consolidation and Forming of Ceramics	p. 328
Introduction	p. 328
Packing of Particles	p. 330
Additives and Ceramic Forming	p. 344
Forming of Ceramics	p. 360
Drying of Granular Ceramics	p. 405
Binder Removal	p. 409
Green Microstructures and Their Characterization	p. 418
Concluding Remarks	p. 418
Problems	p. 419
References	p. 421
Sintering of Ceramics: Fundamentals	p. 425
Introduction	p. 425
Driving Force for Sintering	p. 427
Defects in Crystalline Solids	p. 428
Diffusion in Crystalline Solids	p. 441
Chemical Potential	p. 451
Diffusional Flux Equations	p. 459
Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface	p. 461
Diffusion in Ionic Crystals: Ambipolar Diffusion	p. 462
Concluding Remarks	p. 466
Problems	p. 467
References	p. 468
Theory of Solid-State and Viscous Sintering	p. 470
Introduction	p. 470
Mechanisms of Sintering	p. 471
Effects of Grain Boundaries	p. 473
Theoretical Analysis of Sintering	p. 476
Scaling Laws	p. 477
Analytical Models	p. 482
Numerical Simulation of Sintering	p. 506
Phenomenological Sintering Equations	p. 510
Sintering Diagrams	p. 511
Sintering with an Externally Applied Pressure	p. 514
The Stress Intensification Factor	p. 522
The Sintering Stress	p. 524
Measurement of the Sintering Stress and Stress Intensification Factor	p. 527
Alternative Derivation of the Sintering Equations	p. 530
Concluding Remarks	p. 535
Problems	p. 536
References	p. 537
Grain Growth and Microstructure Control	p. 540
Introduction	p. 540
General Features of Grain Growth	p. 541
Ostwald Ripening: The LSW Theory	p. 546
Topological and Interfacial Tension Requirements	p. 554
Normal Grain Growth in Dense Solids	p. 556
Abnormal Grain Growth in Dense Solids	p. 567
Mechanisms Controlling the Boundary Mobility	p. 573
Grain Growth and Pore Evaluation in Porous Solids	p. 585
Simultaneous Densification and Grain Growth	p. 602
Fabrication Principles for Ceramics with Controlled Microstructure	p. 611
Concluding Remarks	p. 614
Problems	p. 615
References	p. 616
Liquid-Phase Sintering	p. 620
Introduction	p. 620
Elementary Features of Liquid-Phase Sintering	p. 622
Stages of Liquid-Phase Sintering	p. 624
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors	p. 627
Grain Boundary Films	p. 639
The Basic Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Sintering	p. 646
Hot Pressing with a Liquid Phase	p. 670
Use of Phase Diagrams in Liquid-Phase Sintering	p. 671
Activated Sintering	p. 677
Vitrification	p. 678
Concluding Remarks	p. 682
Problems	p. 684
References	p. 685
Special Topics in Sintering	p. 688
Introduction	p. 688
Rayleigh Instability and Microstructural Evolution	p. 689
Inhomogeneities and Their Effects on Sintering	p. 693
Constrained Sintering I: Rigid Inclusions	p. 702
Constrained Sintering II: Adherent Thin Films and Multilayers	p. 723
Thin Films: Grain Growth and Dimensional Stability	p. 733
Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics	p. 739
Sintering with Chemical Reaction: Reaction Sintering	p. 754
Viscous Sintering with Crystallization	p. 763
Concluding Remarks	p. 773
Problems	p. 774
References	p. 775
Densification Process Variables and Densification Practice	p. 779
Introduction	p. 779
Conventional Sintering	p. 780
Microwave Sintering	p. 818
Pressure Sintering	p. 829
Concluding Remarks	p. 841
Problems	p. 841
References	p. 843
Physical Constants	p. 847
SI Units--Names and Symbols	p. 849
Conversion of Units and Decimal Fractions and Multiples	p. 851
Ionic Crystal Radii (in units of 10[superscript -10] m)	p. 853
Density and Melting Point of Some Elements, Ceramics, and Minerals	p. 855
Aperture Size of U.S. Standard Wire Mesh Sieves (ASTM E 11:87)	p. 859
Index	p. 861
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