The Ceramic Spectrum

by Hopper, Robin

• ISBN13: 9780801972751
• ISBN10: 0801972752
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1984-04-01
• Publisher: Chilton Book Co

Summary

This is a complete guide to the glazing process in ceramic making.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	9	(1)
Introduction	10	(3)
PART ONE: THE BASICS	13	(42)
Glaze: A Brief Technical History	14	(22)
Pigeonholing: The Classification of Ware Types	36	(12)
Earthenware	36	(2)
Stoneware	38	(1)
Bone China	38	(1)
Soft Paste Porcelain	38	(1)
Porcelain	38	(10)
Kilns, Temperature, and Atmosphere	48	(7)
Electric Kilns	48	(1)
Kilns Using Fossil Fuels	49	(1)
Wood-Firing Kilns	49	(1)
Firing, Temperature, and Atmosphere	50	(1)
Reduction of Electric Kilns	50	(1)
Learning to Live With a Dragon	51	(2)
Basic Firing Guidelines	53	(2)
PART TWO: THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLAZE	55	(115)
Calculation - What It Does and Doesn't Do	56	(7)
What Calculation Tells Us	59	(1)
What Calculation Doesn't Tell Us	59	(1)
Selecting Materials for Glazes	59	(4)
Record Keeping and Testing Procedures	63	(4)
Recording Glaze Development	63	(1)
Making Glaze Tests	64	(3)
Basic Raw Materials in Ceramics	67	(21)
Geological Beginnings	67	(3)
Clays	70	(2)
Other Glaze Materials	72	(7)
Testing and Using Individual Glaze Ingredients	79	(9)
Frits	88	(3)
Fritting Materials for Ceramic Use	88	(1)
Frits in Bodies and Glazes	89	(1)
Comparative List of Commonly Used Frits	89	(2)
Eutectics and Glaze Development With Two Materials	91	(5)
Eutectic Material Combinations	91	(1)
Two-Material Testing by the Line Blend Method	92	(4)
Triaxial Blends	96	(5)
The 21-Point Triaxial Grid	96	(1)
The 66-Point Triaxial Grid	97	(4)
Quadraxial Blends	101	(13)
The 36-Point Quadraxial Grid	101	(2)
The 121-Point Quadraxial Grid	103	(3)
General Quadraxial Recommendations	106	(8)
Fluxes, Flux Variations, Flux Variation Triaxial, and Flux Saturations	114	(5)
Alkaline or Alkaline Earths	114	(1)
Lead	114	(1)
Boron	115	(1)
Magnesia	115	(1)
Zinc	115	(1)
Barium	115	(1)
Strontium	115	(1)
Flux Variations	115	(1)
Flux Variations Triaxial	116	(2)
Flux Saturation Glazes	118	(1)
Wood Ash and Glazes for Once-Firing	119	(7)
Making Wood Ash Glazes	119	(1)
Using Ash as a Glaze Ingredient	120	(1)
Fake or Simulated Wood Ash Glazes	121	(1)
Glazes for Once-Firing	122	(4)
Alterations, Glaze Properties, Faults, and Defects	126	(9)
Glaze Alterations	126	(1)
Desirable Physical Characteristics of Glazes	127	(1)
Faults and Defects	128	(7)
Flashers	135	(17)
Enamels	135	(1)
Raku	136	(1)
Lusters and Luster Glazes	136	(1)
Aventurine Glazes	137	(1)
Crystalline Glazes	138	(14)
Oriental Style Glazes	152	(18)
Iron-Colored Glazes	152	(2)
Shino Glazes	154	(2)
Copper Red Glazes	156	(2)
Opalescence in Copper Red Glazes	158	(12)
PART THREE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLOR	170	(63)
Materials for Color Development	171	(16)
Basic Colorant Materials	172	(3)
Using Soluble Colorants	175	(1)
Automobile and Household Paints	176	(1)
Underglaze Colors, Glaze, and Body Stains	176	(1)
Making Underglaze Colors and Stains	176	(2)
Making Underglaze Pencils, Pastels, and Watercolors	178	(1)
Serial Numbers of Glaze Bases and Color Additions Used in this Book	179	(8)
Color Testing: Mixing and Blending	187	(6)
Varied Color Progressions - Serial Numbers	188	(2)
Color Cross-Blending	190	(2)
Glaze Cross-Blending	192	(1)
The Ceramic Spectrum	193	(13)
Specific Color Development: 46 Colors, 140 Variations	193	(5)
Using Prepared Colorants - Stains	198	(8)
Opacification	206	(3)
The Characteristics of Opacifiers	206	(1)
Adding Opacifiers to Glaze Recipes	207	(2)
Textural Variations	209	(9)
Clay Additives	209	(1)
Glaze Additives	210	(1)
Reticulation Glazes - Highly Textured Surfaces Resembling Lichens, Lizards, and Leopards	210	(1)
Metals	211	(7)
Color in Clays, Slips, and Engobes	218	(15)
Egyptian Paste	218	(1)
Color in Regular Clay Types	219	(1)
Mixing Colored Clays	219	(1)
Color in Slips and Engobes	220	(1)
Terra Sigillatas	220	(2)
Engobes	222	(1)
Patination	222	(11)
PART FOUR: ATTACKING THE SURFACE	233	(20)
Glaze Application	234	(13)
Brushing	234	(1)
Dipping	235	(1)
Pouring	235	(1)
Spraying	235	(1)
Stippling	236	(1)
Spattering	236	(1)
Sponging	236	(1)
Trailing	237	(1)
Multiple Glaze Application	237	(1)
Glaze Removal Processes	237	(10)
Conclusion	247	(6)
The Development of a Personal Idiom	247	(3)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Table of Orton Standard Cones and Temperatures	250	(1)
Appendix 2 Effective Range of Glaze Oxides	251	(1)
Appendix 3 Ceramic Stains for Underglaze or Glaze Staining	252	(1)
Bibliography	253	(1)
Index	254