Challenge of Effective Speaking

by Verderber, Rudolph F

• ISBN13: 9780534163327
• ISBN10: 0534163327
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1993-09-22
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Wadsworth's best selling Public Speaking text, the Verderbers' CHALLENGE OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKING, features a skills-oriented, mainstream approach that has effectively led hundreds of thousands of students through the challenges they face as they develop and deliver speeches. The speech making process is presented in a six-step framework based on classical and contemporary theory. The straightforward writing style and effective use of examples enables students to understand and effectively perform key speech making activities. The six-step framework emphasizes topic selection, audience analysis and adaptation, effective research (including appropriate use of Internet resources), organization (with emphasis on outlining), language and delivery. The six action steps are introduced in generic form and then later adapted to follow principles of informative and persuasive speaking.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvii
Orientation
Introduction to Public Speaking	p. 1
Public Speaking Is Empowerment	p. 2
Public Speaking Is Audience Centered	p. 3
The Speaker	p. 3
The Speech	p. 3
The Channel	p. 4
The Audience	p. 4
The Context	p. 4
Noise	p. 6
Feedback	p. 6
Model of Public Speaking as Communication	p. 7
Public Speaking Challenges Speakers to Consider Audience Diversity	p. 8
Public Speaking Develops Critical Thinking	p. 10
Public Speaking Carries Ethical Responsibilities	p. 11
Public Speaking Is a Learned Activity	p. 13
Summary	p. 14
Preparing Your First Speech and Coping with Nervousness	p. 16
An Effective Speech Plan	p. 18
Goal	p. 18
Speech Material	p. 19
Organization	p. 20
Audience Adaptation	p. 22
Visual Aids	p. 22
Language	p. 23
Delivery	p. 23
Coping with Nervousness	p. 26
Specific Behaviors	p. 28
Persistent Nervousness	p. 31
Summary	p. 31
Listening Critically	p. 34
Attending to the Speech	p. 36
Understanding and Retaining Speech Information	p. 38
Analyzing Speeches and Determining Their Effectiveness	p. 42
Bases of Evaluation	p. 43
Specific Criteria for Evaluating Speeches	p. 43
The Importance of Feedback	p. 44
Summary	p. 46
Reflect on Ethics	p. 47
Principles
Selecting a Topic, Analyzing the Audience and Setting, and Determining Your Speech Goal	p. 48
Selecting a Topic from a Subject Area	p. 50
Identifying Subjects	p. 50
Brainstorming for Topics	p. 51
Analyzing the Audience	p. 53
Kinds of Audience Data Needed	p. 54
Ways of Gathering Audience Data	p. 55
Using Data to Predict Audience Reactions	p. 55
Surveying Students to Test Predictions	p. 57
Considering the Setting	p. 60
Writing the Speech Goal	p. 62
General Goal	p. 62
Specific Goal	p. 63
Anticipating a Thesis Statement	p. 65
Summary	p. 66
Reflect on Ethics	p. 67
Researching Your Speech in the Information Age	p. 68
Where to Look: Traditional and Electronic Sources of Information	p. 70
Personal Knowledge, Experience, and Observation	p. 71
Research	p. 72
The Internet	p. 79
Interviews	p. 82
What Information to Look For	p. 85
Factual Statements	p. 86
Expert Opinions	p. 86
Verbal Forms of Information	p. 86
Recording Data and Citing Written and Electronic Sources	p. 91
Recording Data	p. 91
Citing Sources in Speeches	p. 93
Reflect on Ethics	p. 94
Summary	p. 95
Organizing and Outlining the Speech Body	p. 96
Writing a Thesis Statement	p. 99
Outlining Main Points	p. 100
Write Main Points as Complete Sentences	p. 100
Revise Main Points	p. 102
Determining the Best Order	p. 104
Topic Order	p. 105
Time Order	p. 105
Space Order	p. 106
Logical Reasons Order	p. 107
Other Choices	p. 107
Selecting and Outlining Supporting Material	p. 109
List Supporting Material	p. 109
Organize Supporting Material	p. 109
Outlining Section Transitions	p. 112
Listing Sources	p. 113
Written Sources	p. 113
Electronic Databases	p. 114
Experience and Observation	p. 115
Interviews	p. 115
Reflect on Ethics	p. 116
Summary	p. 116
Organizing and Outlining Introductions and Conclusions	p. 118
Outlining the Introduction	p. 120
Goals of the Introduction	p. 120
Types of Introductions	p. 122
Selecting an Introduction	p. 125
Outlining the Conclusion	p. 126
Goals of the Conclusion	p. 127
Types of Conclusions	p. 127
Selecting a Conclusion	p. 128
Writing a Title	p. 129
Completing the Outline	p. 130
Readying Notes for Practice	p. 131
Reflect on Ethics	p. 135
Summary	p. 135
Adapting to Audiences	p. 136
Developing Common Ground	p. 138
Use Personal Pronouns	p. 138
Ask Rhetorical Questions	p. 139
Share Common Experiences	p. 139
Personalize Information	p. 139
Creating and Maintaining Audience Interest	p. 141
Timeliness	p. 141
Proximity	p. 141
Seriousness	p. 141
Adapting to Audience Level of Understanding	p. 142
Orienting Listeners	p. 142
Presenting New Information	p. 143
Building a Positive Audience Attitude toward You as the Speaker	p. 145
Knowledge and Expertise	p. 145
Trustworthiness	p. 145
Personality	p. 147
Adapting to Audience Attitude toward Your Speech Goal	p. 147
Forming a Plan of Audience Adaptation	p. 148
Specifics of the Speech Plan	p. 148
Examples of Speech Plans	p. 148
Special Problems of Speakers from Different Cultures	p. 152
Reflect on Ethics	p. 152
Summary	p. 153
Visual Aids: From Models to Computer Graphics	p. 154
Types of Visual Aids	p. 156
Yourself	p. 157
Objects	p. 157
Models	p. 157
Charts	p. 157
Flipcharts	p. 159
Graphs	p. 159
Pictorial Representations	p. 160
Projections	p. 162
Chalkboard or Markerboard	p. 164
Handouts	p. 165
Computer Graphics	p. 165
Making Choices	p. 166
Designing Visual Aids	p. 167
Using Visual Aids in Your Speech	p. 173
Reflect on Ethics	p. 174
Summary	p. 175
Practicing Speech Wording	p. 176
Developing an Oral Style to Communicate Meaning	p. 178
Language and Meaning	p. 179
The Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Words	p. 180
Variations in Meaning across Subgroups	p. 180
Speaking Clearly	p. 181
Use Specific, Concrete, Precise, Simple Words	p. 181
Eliminate Clutter	p. 184
Develop Your Ability to Speak More Clearly	p. 185
Be Sensitive to Cultural Differences	p. 186
Speaking Vividly	p. 188
Using Similes	p. 190
Using Metaphors	p. 190
Speaking Emphatically	p. 190
Emphasize through Placement and Sequencing	p. 191
Emphasize through Repetition or Restatement	p. 191
Emphasize through Transition	p. 192
Speaking Appropriately	p. 194
Formal versus Informal Language	p. 194
Freedom from Jargon and Unnecessary Technical Expressions	p. 194
Sensitivity in Language Use	p. 195
Reflect on Ethics	p. 197
Summary	p. 198
Practicing Delivery	p. 200
Physical Elements of Delivery	p. 202
Voice	p. 202
Articulation	p. 205
Bodily Action	p. 207
Achieving a Conversational Quality	p. 209
Enthusiasm	p. 209
Vocal Expressiveness	p. 209
Spontaneity	p. 210
Fluency	p. 211
Eye Contact	p. 212
Rehearsal	p. 213
Timetable for Preparation and Practice	p. 213
Using Notes during Your Speech	p. 214
Rehearsal Sessions	p. 216
Criteria for Evaluating Speeches	p. 218
Summary	p. 218
Sample Speech: Ridding the Body of Toxins	p. 220
Reflect on Ethics	p. 223
Informative and Persuasive Speaking
Principles and Practices of Informative Speaking	p. 224
Principles of Informing	p. 226
Credibility	p. 226
Intellectual Stimulation	p. 226
Creativity	p. 228
Relevance	p. 230
Emphasis	p. 231
Methods of Informing	p. 233
Exposition	p. 234
Sample Speech: Improving Grades	p. 235
Process Explanation or Demonstration	p. 239
Sample Speech: Process of Producing a Nightly Edition of ESPN's SportsCenter	p. 242
Definition	p. 246
Sample Speech: Impressionistic Painting	p. 249
Summary	p. 252
Reflect on Ethics	p. 253
Principles of Persuasive Speaking	p. 254
Writing a Specific Goal That Meets Ethical Standards	p. 256
Adapting to Audience Attitude	p. 258
In Favor	p. 260
No Opinion	p. 261
Opposed	p. 261
Giving Good Reasons and Evidence	p. 262
Finding Reasons	p. 263
Finding Evidence to Support Your Reasons	p. 264
Organizing Reasons to Meet Audience Attitudes	p. 265
Statement of Logical Reasons Pattern	p. 266
Problem Solution Pattern	p. 266
Comparative Advantages Pattern	p. 267
Criteria Satisfaction Pattern	p. 268
Motivational Pattern	p. 268
Using Emotion to Motivate	p. 269
Developing Your Credibility	p. 271
Presenting the Speech Convincingly	p. 272
Considering Gender and Cultural Differences	p. 272
Sample Speech: Limiting Exposure to the Sun	p. 273
Reflect on Ethics	p. 277
Summary	p. 277
Practicing Persuasive Speaking Skills	p. 278
Reasoning with Audiences	p. 280
Essentials of Reasoning	p. 280
Types of Arguments	p. 282
Sample Speech: Volunteering at a Soup Kitchen	p. 290
Motivating Audiences	p. 293
Incentive Theory: Cost/Reward Ratios	p. 294
Basic Needs Theory	p. 295
Sample Speech: Notes to Neighbors	p. 299
Refuting Persuasive Claims	p. 303
Outline What Your Opponent Says and Your Reaction	p. 303
Plan Your Procedure	p. 304
Organize and Present Your Refutation	p. 305
Supporting and Refuting: Two Sides of a Debate	p. 307
Speech in Favor of Prohibiting the Use of Lie Detector Tests	p. 307
Speech of Refutation: Using Lie Detector Tests	p. 309
Reflect on Ethics	p. 310
Summary	p. 311
Adapting to Other Occasions and Formats
Speaking at Special Occasions	p. 312
Introductions	p. 314
Presentations	p. 315
Acceptances	p. 316
Welcomings	p. 318
Tributes	p. 318
Other Ceremonial Occasions	p. 319
Impromptu Speeches	p. 320
Manuscript Speeches	p. 322
Reflect on Ethics	p. 323
Summary	p. 323
Leading Problem-Solving Groups	p. 324
Leadership in Problem-Solving Group Discussion	p. 326
Leadership Defined	p. 326
Leadership Traits	p. 326
Leadership Styles	p. 327
Leadership Preparation	p. 329
Gender Differences in Leader Acceptability	p. 329
Understanding Problem Solving	p. 330
State the Goal of Discussion as a Question	p. 331
Ask Questions That Analyze the Problem	p. 331
Suggest Possible Solutions	p. 331
Lay the Groundwork for Selecting the Best Solution	p. 332
Task Responsibilities of the Leader	p. 332
Plan the Agenda	p. 332
Ask Appropriate Questions	p. 333
Keep the Group on Track	p. 335
Summarize Frequently	p. 335
Maintenance Responsibilities of the Leader	p. 336
Establish a Good Working Climate	p. 336
Reward Members for Valuable Contributions	p. 336
Give Everyone an Equal Opportunity to Speak	p. 336
Deal with Cultural Diversity	p. 338
When the Group Goes Public	p. 340
Symposium	p. 340
Panel Discussion	p. 341
Presentation of Conclusions	p. 342
Reflect on Ethics	p. 342
Summary	p. 342
Sample Speeches	p. 345
Service: Life Beyond Self	p. 345
Careers in International Business: Five Ideas or Principles	p. 349
Other Speeches	p. 349
Notes	p. 357
Glossary	p. 363
Index	p. 369
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