Challenge to Mars

by Brock, Peter; Socknat, Thomas Paul

• ISBN13: 9780802043719
• ISBN10: 0802043712
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: Univ of Toronto Pr

Summary

Emerging in 1918 from the devastation of World War I, the modern pacifist movement expanded rapidly and soon became organized on a transnational basis. These essays present aspects of the movement's development to the end of the Second World War. The fourteen essays in Part I look at the interwar years, which gave rise to an array of pacifist organizations, both religious and humanist, throughout Europe and North America. Twelve essays in Part II deal with the brutal challenge to pacifist ideals posed by the Second World War and include a look at the fate of those courageous Germans who refused to fight for Hitler. The struggles of Christian pacifism in Japan and the satyagraha (non-violent soul force) of Gandhi in India are the focus of the two closing studies (Part III). These twenty-eight essays by scholars from eleven countries present an impressive overview of this remarkable movement, at the same time drawing out many little-known areas of pacifist activity.

Author Biography

Peter Brock is a professor emeritus in the Department of History at the University of Toronto. Thomas P. Socknat is Co-ordinator of Canadian Studies, Woodsworth College, University of Toronto.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xv
Contributors	xvii
Part One From Peace to War
Mennonites and Military Service in the Soviet Union to 1939	3	(18)
Lawrence Klippenstein
Russian Baptists and the Military Question, 1918--1929	21	(20)
Paul D. Steeves
Pacifism and Conscientious Objection in Finland, 1918--1945	41	(19)
Thomas Hackman
Katja Huumo
In Search of a `Lost' Belarusan Pacifist Leader	60	(7)
Peter Brock
War Resisters in Weimar Germany	67	(22)
Guido Grunewald
The Anarchopacifism of Bart de Ligt	89	(12)
Herman Noordegraaf
The Conviction of Things Not Seen: Christian Pacifism in France, 1919--1945	101	(16)
Peter Farrugia
Defending the Rights of Man: The Ligue des droits de l'homme and the Problem of Peace	117	(17)
Norman Ingram
A Legitimate Peace Movement: The Case of Interwar Britain, 1918-1945	134	(15)
Martin Ceadel
Women Pacifists in Interwar Britain	149	(20)
Josephine Eglin
The Peace Pledge Union: From Peace to War, 1936--1945	169	(17)
Andrew Rigby
J.S. Woodsworth and War	186	(13)
Kenneth Mcnaught
`Practical' and Absolute Pacifism in the Early Years of the U.S. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom	199	(19)
Anne Marie Pois
The Fight against War of the Historic Peace Churches, 1919--1941	218	(25)
Donald F. Durnbaugh
Part Two The Second World War
Quakers in Uniform: The Friends Ambulance Unit	243	(13)
Lyn Smith
Conscientious Objection in Canada	256	(16)
Thomas P. Socknat
Pacifists as Conscientious Objectors in Australia	272	(20)
Peter Brock
Malcolm Saunders
Pacifism and Conscientious Objection in New Zealand	292	(20)
J.E. Cookson
Conscience and Conscription in a Free Society: U.S. Civilian Public Service	312	(19)
Mitchell L. Robinson
Pacifist Professional Women on the Job in the United States	331	(15)
Rachel Waltner Goossen
Prison Journey of an American War Resister	346	(14)
Larry Gara
Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture: The Case of Lew Ayres	360	(10)
Jennifer Frost
Conscientious Objectors in Nazi Germany	370	(10)
Peter Brock
Danish War Resisters under Nazi Occupation	380	(15)
Peter Kragh Hansen
Pacifists in Nazi-Occupied Norway	395	(14)
Torleiv Austad
For Church and Peace: Dutch Christian Pacifists under Nazi Occupation	409	(18)
Henk van Den Berg
Ton Coppes
Part Three Pacifist Outreach: Japan and India
Pacifism in Japan, 1918--1945	427	(13)
Cyril H. Powles
Gandhi's Satyagraha and Its Roots in India's Past	440	(15)
Anatony Kozhuvanal
Illustration Credits	455	(2)
Index	457