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Olav Slaymaker taught at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (1964-1968) and at the University of British Columbia in the Department of Geography (1968-2004). He was President of the Canadian Association of Geographers (1991-1992), Editor in Chief of the interdisciplinary journal, Catena and President of the International Association of Geomorphologists. In 2007 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Wales.
List of Contributors | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Glossary | p. xv |
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Canada's Cold Environments | p. 1 |
Cold Canada and the Changing Cryosphere | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The Cryosphere | p. 4 |
Cold Canada | p. 10 |
Cold Climates | p. 15 |
Arctic and Alpine Considerations | p. 19 |
Canada's Physical Geography | p. 21 |
References | p. 24 |
Discussion Questions | p. 25 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 25 |
The Late Quaternary Glaciation of Northern Canada | p. 26 |
Introduction | p. 26 |
Landforms and the Late Quaternary Glaciations | p. 26 |
Late Quaternary Sea level Change and its Relationship to Glaciation History | p. 39 |
Late Quaternary Glaciation and Deglacial History | p. 39 |
Wider Implications of Canadian Arctic Ice Sheet Dynamics | p. 42 |
Holocene Glacial Events | p. 44 |
References | p. 44 |
Discussion Questions | p. 47 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 47 |
The Evolution of Polar Desert and Tundra Ecosystems | p. 48 |
Introduction | p. 48 |
The Nature of the Environment | p. 49 |
Ecology of Arctic Plants | p. 51 |
Vegetation Zonation | p. 53 |
Arctic Oases | p. 55 |
Long term Evolution of Canadian Arctic Ecosystems | p. 56 |
The Quaternary | p. 58 |
Postglacial Climate and Vegetation Change in Arctic Canada | p. 59 |
References | p. 61 |
Discussion Questions | p. 64 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 65 |
Remote Sensing and Canadian Snow Climatology | p. 66 |
Introduction | p. 66 |
The Importance of Snow in the Earth | p. System 66 |
Snow Measurements in Canada | p. 67 |
Remote Sensing of Snow | p. 70 |
Snow Variations Inferred from Remote Sensing Observations | p. 77 |
Discussion | p. 82 |
Conclusion | p. 82 |
References | p. 83 |
Discussion Questions | p. 86 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 86 |
The Changing Cryosphere | p. 87 |
The Changing Climates | p. 89 |
Introduction | p. 89 |
Late Pliocene | p. 89 |
Quaternary History | p. 90 |
Postglacial Conditions | p. 91 |
The Last Two Millennia | p. 92 |
Recent Changes | p. 94 |
The Future | p. 96 |
References | p. 101 |
Discussion Questions | p. 103 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 104 |
Snow and Runoff: Processes, Sensitivity and Vulnerability | p. 105 |
Introduction | p. 105 |
Snow Accumulation | p. 107 |
Land Cover | p. 109 |
Snow Ablation | p. 111 |
Snowmelt Runoff Processes | p. 113 |
Streamflow | p. 117 |
Snowmelt Floods in Large Basins | p. 118 |
Snow Vulnerability | p. 122 |
References | p. 123 |
Discussion Questions | p. 125 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 125 |
Permafrost Distribution and Stability | p. 126 |
Introduction | p. 126 |
Distribution of Permafrost | p. 130 |
Thermal Regime of Permafrost | p. 134 |
Permafrost and Climate Change | p. 136 |
Conclusions | p. 143 |
References | p. 143 |
Discussion Questions | p. 146 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 146 |
Sea Ice in Canada | p. 147 |
Introduction | p. 147 |
What is Sea Ice? | p. 147 |
The Physical Nature of Sea Ice | p. 148 |
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Sea Ice | p. 150 |
Sea Ice and Climate Change | p. 158 |
Implications for Northern Communities, Economic Development and the Environment | p. 160 |
References | p. 160 |
Discussion Questions | p. 162 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 162 |
Lake and River Ice in Canada | p. 163 |
Introduction | p. 163 |
Role in the Climate System | p. 168 |
Climatic Controls | p. 168 |
Historical Trends and Linkages to Climate | p. 169 |
Future Ice Regime Projections | p. 172 |
Implications of Ice Regime Changes | p. 173 |
References | p. 179 |
Discussion Questions | p. 181 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 181 |
The Ever-Changing Scenery | p. 183 |
Climate Change and the Central Canadian Treeline | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
The Central Canadian Treeline Zone Today | p. 186 |
Current Warming at the Central Canadian Treeline | p. 188 |
Response of the Central Canadian Treeline to Warming Temperatures | p. 191 |
References | p. 195 |
Discussion Questions | p. 198 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 199 |
Geomorphic Change in Northern Canada | p. 200 |
Introduction | p. 200 |
Lessons from the Past | p. 202 |
Freezing, Thawing and Bedrock Instability | p. 205 |
Warming Permafrost | p. 205 |
Changes in Azonal Processes | p. 213 |
Geotechnical Implications of Warming Permafrost | p. 216 |
Conclusions | p. 217 |
References | p. 218 |
Discussion Questions | p. 221 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 221 |
Geomorphic Change in Canada's Temperate Mountains | p. 222 |
Introduction | p. 222 |
Present Morphology | p. 223 |
Spatial Variability of Ecology and Morphology | p. 224 |
Hydroclimate and Cryospheric Phenomena | p. 228 |
Rates and Kinds of Geomorphic Processes | p. 234 |
Disturbances Regimes and Landscape Transitions | p. 240 |
Conclusions | p. 242 |
References | p. 243 |
Discussion Questions | p. 246 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 246 |
Risk from Cold-climate Hazards in the Canadian Cordillera | p. 247 |
Introduction | p. 247 |
Cold-climate Hazards | p. 247 |
Risk and Climate Variability | p. 249 |
Conclusions | p. 264 |
References | p. 264 |
Discussion Questions | p. 266 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 266 |
Societal Aspects of Changing Cold Environments | p. 267 |
Introduction | p. 267 |
Cultural Pursuits and Indigenous Rights | p. 268 |
Local and Broader Implications of Changing Sea Ice | p. 281 |
Northern Governance | p. 292 |
Conclusions | p. 294 |
References | p. 295 |
Discussion Questions | p. 300 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 300 |
The Changing Canadian Cryosphere, Globalization and Global Environmental Change | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 301 |
The Question of Scale | p. 302 |
Adaptive Management | p. 308 |
Globalization | p. 310 |
Conclusion | p. 310 |
References | p. 311 |
Discussion Questions | p. 312 |
Some Useful Internet Sources | p. 312 |
Index | p. 313 |
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