Changing Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry

by Jungmittag, Andre; Reger, Guido; Reiss, Thomas

• ISBN13: 9783540673576
• ISBN10: 3540673571
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The internationalization of research and technology is one key component of the globalization of trade and business, with potentially major impacts on patterns of economic development and public policies worldwide. Particularly in the already highly globalized pharmaceutical industry, innovation processes have changed considerably in the last 15 - 20 years. One-dimensional, linear single-actor type processes are being replaced by multi-dimensional, complex, multi-actor schemes. As a consequence, new players are becoming more important, with biotechnology firms playing a key role. This study analyzes these new ways in drug development in pharmaceuticals within the concept of "national systems of innovations" as well as from the perspectives of different actors, and collects a lot of empirical evidence for the assumed type of changes, its repercussion on significant input measures and on the differing performance of national pharmaceutical industries.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
Andre Jungmittag
Guido Reger
Thomas Reiss
New Ways in Drug Development: Changes of the Locus of Innovation	1	(3)
Research Approach	4	(3)
The National System of Innovation in the United States and Germany	7	(20)
Andre Jungmittag
The Concept of the ``Systems of Innovation'' Approach	7	(5)
Systems of Innovation in the German and US Pharmaceutical Sector	12	(15)
Some General Characteristics of the National Innovation Systems of Germany and the US	12	(3)
Innovation Systems in the Narrow Sense of the Pharmaceutical Sectors in the US and Germany	15	(6)
Regulations Concerning the Pharmaceutical Industry	21	(6)
Dynamics of the Markets and Market Structure	27	(26)
Andre Jungmittag
Guido Reger
Introduction: Market Categories and Structure	27	(2)
Production, Consumption and Employment	29	(7)
Foreign Trade and Foreign Direct Investment	36	(11)
Conclusions for the International Competitiveness of Selected Countries	47	(6)
Innovation Process and Techno-scientific Dynamics	53	(18)
Thomas Reiss
Sybille Hinze
Innovation Process in Pharmaceuticals	53	(4)
Characteristics of the Innovation Process in Pharmaceuticals	53	(4)
The Importance of R&D for the Generation of Innovation	57	(1)
Techno-Scientific Changes	57	(14)
Introduction	57	(2)
New Ways of Drug Discovery and Development	59	(6)
Implications for the Industry	65	(6)
Generation, Transfer and Exploitation of New Knowledge	71	(26)
Angela Hullmann
Changes in the Division of Labor	71	(5)
Alliances of Pharmaceutical Firms	76	(6)
Theoretical Background	76	(2)
Research Approach	78	(4)
Results of the Empirical Analyses	82	(12)
Aggregated Analyses	82	(4)
Analyses of the Alliances of the Top Twenty Pharmaceutical Companies	86	(6)
Country Analyses	92	(2)
Conclusions	94	(3)
Internationalization of Research and Development in Pharmaceuticals	97	(42)
Guido Reger
Introduction	97	(2)
R&D and Technological Specialization on Country Level	99	(11)
Trends in R&D Expenditure for Selected OECD Countries	99	(6)
R&D Output and Technological Specialization of Selected Countries	105	(5)
Internationalization Strategies of Selected Pharmaceutical Companies	110	(24)
Enterprises Investigated	110	(2)
Global Distribution of Patents for Selected Firms	112	(2)
Increasing R&D Internationalization in the 1980s and Partly Re-centralization in the 1990s	114	(6)
The Formation of Centers of Excellence in Selected Enterprises	120	(6)
Factors Affecting the Selection of Locations for R&D	126	(2)
The Formation of Regional Innovation Clusters in the US	128	(3)
Attractiveness of Germany and the US as Locations for Research and Technology	131	(3)
Conclusions	134	(5)
Case Study on New Therapies for Selected Autoimmune Diseases	139	(38)
Sybille Hinze
Thomas Reiss
Introduction	139	(5)
Statistical Analysis	144	(18)
Methodology	144	(2)
Results	146	(4)
Major Players	150	(12)
Core Success Factors for Companies in this Field	162	(2)
Internationalization and Cooperation	164	(6)
New Distribution of Roles in the R&D Process	170	(5)
Conclusions	175	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	177	(10)
Andre Jungmittag
Guido Reger
Thomas Reiss
Changes in the Innovation Process and Conclusions for R&D-performing Actors	177	(6)
Conclusions for Research and Technology Policy	183	(4)
References	187	(28)
A Top Twenty Pharmaceutical Companies with Subsidiaries	197	(4)
B R&D Agreements in the Autoimmune Diseases Area	201	(14)
C From the Call for Tender for the NIH Program ``Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence'' Released in May 1998 (NIH 1998)	215