Changing Supreme Court Constitutional Rights and Liberties

by Thomas R. Hensley; Christopher E. Smith; Joyce A. Baugh

• ISBN13: 9780314098788
• ISBN10: 031409878X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-12-05
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Provides a thorough discussion of the historical development of civil rights and liberties under the Constitution. A fresh approach features chapter opening case studies and places special emphasis on the modern Supreme Court and contemporary legal controversies. A unique chapter focuses on members of the Rehnquist Court which provides a background to understand how the make-up of the Court affects the decisions made and thus the development of the law. A broad selection of edited cases are integrated within each chapter. Unique Empirical Data Tables and Doctrinal Analysis Tables analyze decisions, voting patterns and show philosophical differences among members of the modern court.

Table of Contents

Table of Cases	x
Table of Tables	xxiii
Preface	xxvi
Section I The Supreme Court and American Politics: Introduction and Overview	xxxii
Approaches to the Study of Civil Rights and Liberties	3	(20)
Introduction	3	(2)
The Bork Nomination: A Case Study	5	(9)
Background	5	(2)
The Bork Nomination	7	(4)
Aftermath of the Bork Defeat	11	(3)
Three Approaches to the Study of Civil Rights and Liberties	14	(5)
The Legal Model	14	(2)
The Political Model	16	(2)
The Attitudinal Model	18	(1)
Utilization of the Three Models	19	(4)
The Supreme Court in the American Political System	23	(32)
Introduction	23	(2)
Case Study: The Law and Politics of Abortion	25	(5)
The Supreme Court, the Constitution, and Judicial Review	30	(2)
Political Limitations on Supreme Court Power	32	(5)
The Supreme Court's Cases	37	(7)
Supreme Court Decision Making	44	(9)
The Constitution and Theories of Interpretation	45	(2)
The Facts of the Case	47	(1)
Legal Doctrines and Case Precedent	48	(2)
History and Changing Social Conditions	50	(1)
Attitudes, Values, and Small Group Interactions	51	(2)
Conclusion	53	(2)
The Justices of the Rehnquist Court	55	(37)
Introduction	55	(1)
William J. Brennan	56	(2)
Byron R. White	58	(2)
Thurgood Marshall	60	(1)
Harry A. Blackmun	61	(2)
William H. Rehnquist	63	(2)
Lewis Powell	65	(2)
John Paul Stevens	67	(2)
Sandra Day O'Connor	69	(2)
Antonin Scalia	71	(2)
Anthony M. Kennedy	73	(2)
David Souter	75	(2)
Clarence Thomas	77	(3)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg	80	(1)
Stephen G. Breyer	81	(11)
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights	92	(34)
Case Study: Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)	92	(3)
Origins of the Bill of Rights and Incorporation	95	(4)
Developments Prior to the New Deal Era	99	(11)
The New Deal until the Warren Court	110	(8)
The Warren Court Era	118	(4)
Incorporation Doctrines	122	(4)
Section II The First Amendment: Introduction and Overview	126	(288)
The Establishment Clause	130	(62)
Case Study: Engel v. Vitale (1962)	130	(2)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	132	(4)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Establishment Clause Cases	136	(2)
Pre-Warren Court Period	138	(6)
The Warren Court Era	144	(5)
The Burger Court Era	149	(17)
The Rehnquist Court Era	166	(24)
Conclusion	190	(2)
The Free Exercise of Religion	192	(50)
Case Study: Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)	192	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	195	(3)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Free Exercise of Religion Cases	198	(3)
The Belief versus Action Controversy	198	(1)
The Sherbert Test	198	(2)
The Smith Test	200	(1)
Pre-Warren Court Period	201	(8)
Pre-New Deal	201	(3)
New Deal Era	204	(5)
The Warren Court Era	209	(7)
The Burger Court Era	216	(7)
The Rehnquist Court Era	223	(17)
Conclusion	240	(2)
Freedom of Expression	242	(128)
Case Study: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)	242	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	245	(5)
Pre-Colonial Background: Athens, Rome, and England	246	(1)
The American Colonial Experience	247	(1)
The Revolutionary War and Founding Period	248	(2)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Freedom of Expression Cases	250	(12)
Two General Approaches: Balancing and Preferred Freedoms	251	(2)
Specific Freedom of Expression Doctrines	253	(7)
The Emerging Three-Level Doctrinal Framework in Freedom of Expression Cases	260	(2)
The Supreme Court and Freedom of Expression: A Quantitative Analysis	262	(7)
Analyzing the Rehnquist Court's Freedom of Expression Cases Through the Doctrinal Framework	269	(2)
Freedom of Speech	271	(54)
National Security Cases	271	(12)
Symbolic Speech	283	(8)
Offensive Speech and Hate Speech	291	(13)
Speech-Plus-Conduct	304	(15)
Commercial Speech	319	(6)
Freedom of the Press	325	(43)
Censorship	325	(13)
Libel	338	(16)
The Conflict Between a Free Press and a Fair Trial	354	(8)
Broadcasting	362	(6)
Conclusion	368	(2)
Obscenity	370	(44)
Case Study: Roth v. United States (1957)	370	(2)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	372	(4)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Obscenity Cases	376	(2)
Pre-Warren Court Period	378	(1)
The Warren Court Era	379	(8)
The Burger Court Era	387	(12)
The Rehnquist Court Era	399	(12)
Conclusion	411	(3)
Section III Constitutional Guarantees for the Criminally Accused: Introduction And Overview	414	(194)
The Fourth Amendment Guarantee Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	419	(45)
Case Study: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	419	(2)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	421	(2)
Approaches to Fourth Amendment Decision Making	423	(2)
Pre-Warren Court Period	425	(4)
The Warren Court Era	429	(10)
The Burger Court Era	439	(9)
The Rehnquist Court Era	448	(14)
Conclusion	462	(2)
The Fifth Amendment Guarantees Against Compelled Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy	464	(47)
Case Study: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	464	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	467	(3)
Grand Jury	468	(1)
Self-Incrimination	468	(1)
Double Jeopardy	469	(1)
Approaches to Fifth Amendment Decision Making	470	(1)
Pre-Warren Court Period	471	(2)
Double Jeopardy	471	(1)
Self-Incrimination	471	(2)
The Warren Court Era	473	(7)
Self-Incrimination	473	(7)
Double Jeopardy	480	(1)
The Burger Court Era	480	(14)
Self-Incrimination	480	(13)
Double Jeopardy	493	(1)
The Rehnquist Court Era	494	(15)
Self-Incrimination	498	(6)
Double Jeopardy	504	(5)
Conclusion	509	(2)
The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trial Guarantees	511	(45)
Case Study: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	511	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	514	(1)
Approaches to Sixth Amendment Decision Making	515	(2)
Pre-Warren Court Period	517	(6)
Right to Counsel	517	(4)
Trial Rights	521	(2)
The Warren Court Era	523	(4)
Right to Counsel	523	(3)
Trial Rights	526	(1)
The Burger Court Era	527	(9)
Right to Counsel	527	(2)
Trial Rights	529	(7)
The Rehnquist Court Era	536	(19)
Right to Counsel	539	(3)
Trial Rights	542	(13)
Conclusion	555	(1)
The Eighth Amendment Guarantee Against Cruel and Unusual Punishments	556	(52)
Case Study: Furman v. Georgia (1972)	556	(3)
Approaches to Eighth Amendment Decision Making	559	(3)
Historical Development Prior to the Warren Court Era	562	(2)
The Warren Court Era	564	(5)
The Burger Court Era	569	(15)
Capital Punishment	569	(9)
Noncapital Punishment	578	(6)
The Rehnquist Court Era	584	(21)
Capital Punishment	589	(10)
Noncapital Punishment	599	(6)
Conclusion	605	(3)
Section IV Equal Protection and Privacy: Introduction, Overview, and Doctrinal Framework	608	(252)
Equal Protection and Race	613	(52)
Case Study: Loving v. Virginia (1967)	613	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	616	(1)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Racial Discrimination Cases under the Equal Protection Clause	617	(1)
The Pre-1937 Period	618	(11)
The New Deal Era Until the Warren Court	629	(4)
The Warren Court Era	633	(9)
Racial Segregation in Education	634	(5)
Public Accommodations	639	(1)
Personal and Family Matters	640	(1)
Racial Discrimination and the Right to Trial by Jury	641	(1)
Statutory Cases	642	(1)
The Impact of the Warren Court	642	(1)
The Burger Court Era	642	(9)
Desegregation of Public Schools	643	(6)
Public Accommodations	649	(1)
Jury Selection and Housing Discrimination Cases	650	(1)
Statutory Cases	651	(1)
Impact of the Burger Court	651	(1)
The Rehnquist Court Era	651	(13)
School Desegregation Cases	653	(8)
Discrimination in Jury Selection	661	(1)
Voting Rights Cases	661	(2)
Statutory Cases	663	(1)
Conclusion	664	(1)
Equal Protection and Gender	665	(47)
Case Study: Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)	665	(2)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	667	(1)
Supreme Court Approaches to Equal Protection and Gender	668	(1)
Pre-Warren Court Period	669	(5)
Pre-1937 Period	669	(4)
New Deal Until the Warren Court	673	(1)
The Warren Court Era	674	(3)
The Burger Court Era	677	(22)
Reed v. Reed (1971) and Its Aftermath	677	(4)
The Important Government Objective Test	681	(10)
Gender and Disparate Impact	691	(4)
Gender and Statutory Classifications	695	(2)
Gender Discrimination and Freedom of Association	697	(2)
The Rehnquist Court Era	699	(12)
Conclusion	711	(1)
Affirmative Action	712	(57)
Case Study: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)	712	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	715	(1)
Supreme Court Decision Making in Affirmative Action Cases Decided under the Equal Protection Clause	716	(1)
Burger Court Era	716	(21)
The Early Cases	717	(16)
The Later Cases	733	(4)
The Rehnquist Court Era	737	(30)
Conclusion	767	(2)
Equal Protection in Other Areas: Alienage, Poverty, Illegitimacy, Fundamental Rights	769	(33)
Case Study: San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973)	769	(3)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	772	(1)
Decision Making on the Equal Protection Clause in Other Areas	773	(1)
Pre-Warren Court Period	774	(1)
The Warren Court Era	774	(6)
Fundamental Rights	775	(5)
Illegitimacy	780	(1)
The Burger Court Era	780	(16)
Indigency or Poverty	780	(7)
Fundamental Rights	787	(1)
Illegitimacy	787	(3)
Alienage	790	(5)
Age	795	(1)
Mental Retardation	796	(1)
The Rehnquist Court Era	796	(4)
Conclusion	800	(2)
Privacy and Abortion	802	(58)
Case Study: Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)	802	(2)
Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts	804	(1)
Decision Making in Privacy Cases	805	(1)
Pre-Warren Court Period	806	(2)
The Warren Court Era	808	(4)
The Burger Court Era	812	(20)
Reproductive Rights Cases	812	(14)
Nonreproductive Rights Cases	826	(6)
The Rehnquist Court Era	832	(26)
Reproductive Rights Cases	836	(16)
Nonreproductive Rights Cases	852	(6)
Conclusion	858	(2)
Section V American Civil Rights/Liberties and the Changing Supreme Court: Conclusions	860	(33)
Appendix A Doctrinal Framework	863	(3)
Appendix B Quantitative Techniques of Analysis	866	(5)
Appendix C The Justices of the United States Supreme Court	871	(7)
Appendix D Twentieth Century Natural Court Periods	878	(4)
Appendix E The Constitution of the United States	882	(11)
Glossary	893	(6)
Index	899