Characterization and Measurement of Magnetic Materials

by Fiorillo; Mayergoyz

• ISBN13: 9780122572517
• ISBN10: 0122572513
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-22
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Correct and efficient measurements are vital to the understanding of materials properties and applications. This is especially so for magnetic materials for which in last twenty years, our understanding and use have changed dramatically. New or improved materials have been created and have reached the market. The Soft amorphous alloys, the Fe-based rare-earth magnets and the giant magnetorestrictive and magnetoresistive materials have all posed challenges to measurement. At the same time new digital measurement techniques have forced a change in laboratory and commercial measuring setups. A revision of measuring standards also occurred in the 1990s with the result that there is now a lack of up-to-date works on the measurement of magnetic materials. The basic objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the properties of the hard and soft magnetic materials relevant to applications and of thoroughly discussing the modern methodologies for employed in the measurement of these properties. The balance of these topics results in a complete text on the topic, which will be invaluable to researchers, students and practitioners in industry. It will be of significant interest not only to scientists working in the fields of power engineering and materials science but also to specialists in measurement who be able to easily find all the information they need.

Table of Contents

Foreword	vii
Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xvii
Part I. Properties of Magnetic Materials	1	(102)
Basic Phenomenology in Magnetic Materials	3	(22)
Magnetized Media	3	(5)
Demagnetizing Fields	8	(8)
Magnetization Process and Hysteresis	16	(9)
Soft Magnetic Materials	25	(64)
General Properties	26	(7)
Pure Iron and Low-Carbon Steels	33	(5)
Iron-Silicon Alloys	38	(13)
Non-oriented Fe-Si alloys	39	(4)
Grain-oriented Fe-Si alloys	43	(6)
Fe--(6.5 wt%) Si, Fe-Al and Fe-Si-Al alloys	49	(2)
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys	51	(10)
Nickel-Iron and Cobalt-Iron Alloys	61	(4)
Soft Ferrites	65	(8)
Soft Magnetic Thin Films	73	(16)
Operation of Permanent Magnets	89	(14)
Magnetic Circuit and Energy Product	90	(5)
Dynamic Recoil	95	(3)
Electrical Analogy and Numerical Modeling	98	(5)
Part II. Generation and Measurement of Magnetic Fields	103	(176)
Magnetic Field Sources	105	(54)
Filamentary Coils	105	(12)
Single current loop	106	(2)
Thin solenoids	108	(5)
Helmholtz coils	113	(4)
Thick Coils	117	(6)
AC and Pulsed Field Sources	123	(9)
Permanent Magnet Sources	132	(13)
Electromagnets	145	(14)
Measurement of Magnetic Fields	159	(120)
Fluxmetric Methods	161	(14)
Magnetic flux detection	161	(8)
Signal treatment and calibration of fluxmeters	169	(6)
Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance Methods	175	(21)
Physical mechanism of Hall effect and magnetoresistance	175	(10)
Measuring devices	185	(11)
Ferromagnetic Sensor Methods	196	(21)
Fluxgate magnetometers	197	(5)
Inductive magnetometers	202	(7)
Magnetostriction, magneto-optical, and microtorque magnetometers	209	(8)
Quantum Methods	217	(45)
Physical principles of NMR	218	(9)
NMR magnetometers	227	(24)
Electron spin resonance and optically pumped magnetometers	251	(11)
Magnetic Field Standards and Traceability	262	(17)
Part III. Characterization of Magnetic Materials	279	(334)
Magnetic Circuits and General Measuring Problems	281	(26)
Closed Magnetic Circuits	282	(13)
Open Samples	295	(12)
Characterization of Soft Magnetic Materials	307	(168)
Bulk Samples, Laminations, and Ribbons: Test Specimens, Magnetizers, Measuring Standards	309	(27)
Bulk samples	309	(6)
Sheet, strip, and ribbon specimens	315	(11)
Anisotropic materials and two-dimensional testing	326	(10)
Measurement of the DC Magnetization Curves and the Related Parameters	336	(26)
Magnetometric methods	337	(3)
Inductive methods	340	(22)
AC Measurements	362	(113)
Low and power frequencies: basic measurements	364	(21)
Low and power frequencies: special measurements	385	(24)
Medium-to-high frequency measurements	409	(23)
Measurements at radiofrequencies	432	(43)
Characterization of Hard Magnets	475	(74)
Closed Magnetic Circuit Measurements	481	(18)
Open Sample Measurements	499	(50)
Vibrating sample magnetometer	500	(21)
Alternating gradient force magnetometer	521	(10)
Extraction method	531	(5)
Pulsed field method	536	(13)
Measurement of Intrinsic Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnets	549	(32)
Spontaneous Magnetization and Curie Temperature	549	(15)
Magnetic Anisotropy	564	(17)
Uncertainty and Confidence in Measurements	581	(32)
Estimate of a Measurand Value and Measuring Uncertainty	581	(5)
Combined Uncertainty	586	(3)
Expanded Uncertainty and Confidence Level. Weighted Uncertainty	589	(6)
Traceability and Uncertainty in Magnetic Measurements	595	(18)
Calibration of a magnetic flux density standard	600	(3)
Determination of the DC polarization in a ferromagnetic alloy	603	(2)
Measurement of power losses in soft magnetic laminations	605	(8)
Appendix A: The SI and the CGS Unit Systems in Magnetism	613	(8)
Appendix B: Physical Constants	621	(2)
Appendix C: Evaluation of Measuring Uncertainty	623	(6)
Appendix D: Specifications of Magnetometers	629	(2)
List of Symbols	631	(4)
Subject Index	635