Chemical Engineering Volume 1

by Backhurst; Harker; Richardson; Coulson; Chhabra

• ISBN13: 9780750644440
• ISBN10: 0750644443
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-11-08
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Coulson and Richardson's classic series provides the student with an account of the fundamentals of chemical engineering and constitutes the definitive work on the subject for academics and practitioners. Each book provides clear explanations of theory and thorough coverage of practical applications, supported by numerous worked examples and problems. Thus, the text is designed for students as well as being comprehensive in coverage. this volume covers the three main transport process of interest to chemical engineers - momentum transfer (fluid flow), heat transfer and mass transfer and the relationships between them. The concluding chapter covers an application where each of these processes is occurring simultaneously - water cooling and humidification. The topics covered form the theoretical basis for much of the material in the later volumes of the series.

Table of Contents

Professor J. M. Coulson	xiii
Preface to Sixth Edition	xv
Preface to Fifth Edition	xvii
Preface to Fourth Edition	xix
Preface to Third Edition	xxi
Preface to Second Edition	xxiii
Preface to First Edition	xxv
Acknowledgements	xxvii
Units and Dimensions	1	(24)
Introduction	1	(1)
Systems of units	2	(7)
The centimetre-gram-second (cgs) system	2	(2)
The metre-kilogram-second (mks system) and the Systeme International d'Unites (SI)	4	(1)
The foot-pound-second (fps) system	5	(1)
The British engineering system	5	(1)
Non-coherent system employing pound mass and pound force simultaneously	6	(1)
Derived units	6	(1)
Thermal (heat) units	7	(1)
Molar units	8	(1)
Electrical units	8	(1)
Conversion of units	9	(3)
Dimensional analysis	12	(3)
Buckingham's II theorem	15	(5)
Redefinition of the length and mass dimensions	20	(2)
Vector and scalar quantities	20	(1)
Quantity mass and inertia mass	21	(1)
Further reading	22	(1)
References	22	(1)
Nomenclature	22	(3)
Part 1 Fluid Flow	25	(354)
Flow of Fluids---Energy and Momentum Relationships	27	(31)
Introduction	27	(1)
Internal energy	27	(3)
Types of fluid	30	(9)
The incompressible fluid (liquid)	31	(1)
The ideal gas	31	(3)
The non-ideal gas	34	(5)
The fluid in motion	39	(9)
Continuity	39	(2)
Momentum changes in a fluid	41	(3)
Energy of a fluid in motion	44	(2)
Pressure and fluid head	46	(1)
Constant flow per unit area	47	(1)
Separation	47	(1)
Pressure-volume relationships	48	(2)
Incompressible fluids	48	(1)
Compressible fluids	48	(2)
Rotational or vortex motion in a fluid	50	(5)
The forced vortex	52	(2)
The free vortex	54	(1)
Further reading	55	(1)
References	56	(1)
Nomenclature	56	(2)
Flow of Liquids in Pipes and Open Channels	58	(85)
Introduction	58	(1)
The nature of fluid flow	59	(3)
Flow over a surface	60	(1)
Flow in a pipe	61	(1)
Newtonian fluids	62	(41)
Shearing characteristics of a Newtonian fluid	62	(1)
Pressure drop for flow of Newtonian liquids through a pipe	63	(11)
Reynolds number and shear stress	74	(1)
Velocity distributions and volumetric flowrates for streamline flow	75	(7)
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe	82	(1)
Velocity distributions and volumetric flowrates for turbulent flow	83	(4)
Flow through curved pipes	87	(1)
Miscellaneous friction losses	87	(6)
Flow over banks of tubes	93	(1)
Flow with a free surface	94	(9)
Non-Newtonian Fluids	103	(35)
Steady-state shear-dependent behaviour	105	(8)
Time-dependent behaviour	113	(1)
Viscoelastic behaviour	114	(4)
Characterisation of non-Newtonian fluids	118	(2)
Dimensionless characterisation of viscoelastic flows	120	(1)
Relation between rheology and structure of material	120	(1)
Streamline flow in pipes and channels of regular geometry	121	(15)
Turbulent flow	136	(2)
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow	138	(1)
Further reading	138	(1)
References	139	(1)
Nomenclature	140	(3)
Flow of Compressible Fluids	143	(38)
Introduction	143	(1)
Flow of gas through a nozzle or orifice	143	(9)
Isothermal flow	144	(3)
Non-isothermal flow	147	(5)
Velocity of propagation of a pressure wave	152	(2)
Converging-diverging nozzles for gas flow	154	(4)
Maximum flow and critical pressure ratio	154	(2)
The pressure and area for flow	156	(2)
Effect of back-pressure on flow in nozzle	158	(1)
Flow in a pipe	158	(16)
Energy balance for flow of ideal gas	159	(1)
Isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe	160	(9)
Non-isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe	169	(1)
Adiabatic flow of an ideal gas in a horizontal pipe	170	(4)
Flow of non-ideal gases	174	(1)
Shock waves	174	(4)
Further reading	178	(1)
References	179	(1)
Nomenclature	179	(2)
Flow of Multiphase Mixtures	181	(51)
Introduction	181	(1)
Two-phase gas (vapour)-liquid flow	182	(13)
Introduction	182	(1)
Flow regimes and flow patterns	183	(3)
Hold-up	186	(1)
Pressure, momentum, and energy relations	187	(7)
Erosion	194	(1)
Flow of solids-liquid mixtures	195	(18)
Introduction	195	(1)
Homogeneous non-settling suspensions	196	(2)
Coarse solids	198	(1)
Coarse solids in horizontal flow	198	(12)
Coarse solids in vertical flow	210	(3)
Flow of gas-solids mixtures	213	(13)
General considerations	213	(1)
Horizontal transport	214	(9)
Vertical transport	223	(1)
Practical applications	224	(2)
Further reading	226	(1)
References	227	(2)
Nomenclature	229	(3)
Flow and Pressure Measurement	232	(42)
Introduction	232	(1)
Fluid pressure	233	(10)
Static pressure	233	(1)
Pressure measuring devices	234	(3)
Pressure signal transmission--the differential pressure cell	237	(3)
Intelligent pressure transmitters	240	(2)
Impact pressure	242	(1)
Measurement of fluid flow	243	(29)
The pitot tube	244	(1)
Measurement by flow through a constriction	245	(3)
The orifice meter	248	(6)
The nozzle	254	(1)
The venturi meter	255	(1)
Pressure recovery in orifice-type meters	256	(1)
Variable area meters---rotameters	257	(4)
The notch or weir	261	(3)
Other methods of measuring flowrates	264	(8)
Further reading	272	(1)
References	272	(1)
Nomenclature	272	(2)
Liquid Mixing	274	(40)
Introduction---types of mixing	274	(3)
Single-phase liquid mixing	274	(1)
Mixing of immiscible liquids	274	(1)
Gas--liquid mixing	275	(1)
Liquid--solids mixing	275	(1)
Gas--liquid--solids mixing	275	(1)
Solids--solids mixing	275	(1)
Miscellaneous mixing applications	276	(1)
Mixing mechanisms	277	(3)
Laminar mixing	277	(2)
Turbulent mixing	279	(1)
Scale-up of stirred vessels	280	(2)
Power consumption in stirred vessels	282	(12)
Low viscosity systems	282	(6)
High viscosity systems	288	(6)
Flow patterns in stirred tanks	294	(4)
Rate and time for mixing	298	(3)
Mixing equipment	301	(9)
Mechanical agitation	301	(5)
Portable mixers	306	(1)
Extruders	306	(1)
Static mixers	307	(3)
Other types of mixer	310	(1)
Mixing in continuous systems	310	(1)
Further reading	311	(1)
References	311	(1)
Nomenclature	312	(2)
Pumping of Fluids	314	(65)
Introduction	314	(1)
Pumping equipment for liquids	315	(29)
Reciprocating pump	316	(5)
Positive-displacement rotary pumps	321	(8)
The centrifugal pump	329	(15)
Pumping equipment for gases	344	(14)
Fans and rotary compressors	344	(2)
Centrifugal and turbocompressors	346	(1)
The reciprocating piston compressor	347	(1)
Power required for the compression of gases	347	(11)
The use of compressed air for pumping	358	(6)
The air-lift pump	358	(6)
Vacuum pumps	364	(3)
Power requirements for pumping through pipelines	367	(9)
Liquids	368	(6)
Gases	374	(2)
Further reading	376	(1)
References	376	(1)
Nomenclature	377	(2)
Part 2 Heat Transfer	379	(192)
Heat Transfer	381	(190)
Introduction	381	(1)
Basic considerations	381	(6)
Individual and overall coefficients of heat transfer	381	(3)
Mean temperature difference	384	(3)
Heat transfer by conduction	387	(27)
Conduction through a plane wall	387	(3)
Thermal resistances in series	390	(2)
Conduction through a thick-walled tube	392	(1)
Conduction through a spherical shell and to a particle	392	(2)
Unsteady state conduction	394	(18)
Conduction with internal heat source	412	(2)
Heat transfer by convection	414	(24)
Natural and forced convection	414	(1)
Application of dimensional analysis to convection	415	(2)
Forced convection in tubes	417	(9)
Forced convection outside tubes	426	(7)
Flow in non-circular sections	433	(1)
Convection to spherical particles	434	(1)
Natural convection	435	(3)
Heat transfer by radiation	438	(33)
Introduction	438	(1)
Radiation from a black body	439	(2)
Radiation from real surfaces	441	(6)
Radiation transfer between black surfaces	447	(11)
Radiation transfer between grey surfaces	458	(7)
Radiation from gases	465	(6)
Heat transfer in the condensation of vapours	471	(11)
Film coefficients for vertical and inclined surfaces	471	(3)
Condensation on vertical and horizontal tubes	474	(2)
Dropwise condensation	476	(2)
Condensation of mixed vapours	478	(4)
Boiling liquids	482	(14)
Conditions for boiling	482	(2)
Types of boiling	484	(2)
Heat transfer coefficients and heat flux	486	(4)
Analysis based on bubble characteristics	490	(2)
Sub-cooled boiling	492	(2)
Design considerations	494	(2)
Heat transfer in reaction vessels	496	(7)
Helical cooling coils	496	(3)
Jacketed vessels	499	(2)
Time required for heating or cooling	501	(2)
Shell and tube heat exchangers	503	(37)
General description	503	(3)
Basic components	506	(4)
Mean temperature difference in multipass exchangers	510	(7)
Film coefficients	517	(6)
Pressure drop in heat exchangers	523	(3)
Heat exchanger design	526	(8)
Heat exchanger performance	534	(1)
Transfer units	535	(5)
Other forms of equipment	540	(15)
Finned-tube units	540	(8)
Plate-type exchangers	548	(2)
Spiral heat exchangers	550	(1)
Compact heat exchangers	550	(3)
Scraped-surface heat exchangers	553	(2)
Thermal insulation	555	(6)
Heat losses through lagging	555	(2)
Economic thickness of lagging	557	(1)
Critical thickness of lagging	557	(4)
Further reading	561	(1)
References	562	(4)
Nomenclature	566	(5)
Part 3 Mass Transfer	571	(90)
Mass Transfer	573	(88)
Introduction	573	(2)
Diffusion in binary gas mixtures	575	(18)
Properties of binary mixtures	575	(1)
Equimolecular counterdiffusion	576	(1)
Mass transfer through a stationary second component	577	(4)
Diffusivities of gases and vapours	581	(5)
Mass transfer velocities	586	(1)
General case for gas-phase mass transfer	587	(1)
Diffusion as a mass flux	588	(1)
Thermal diffusion	589	(1)
Unsteady-state mass transfer	590	(3)
Multicomponent gas-phase systems	593	(3)
Molar flux in terms of effective diffusivity	593	(1)
Maxwell's law of diffusion	594	(2)
Diffusion in liquids	596	(3)
Liquid phase diffusivities	597	(2)
Mass transfer across a phase boundary	599	(27)
The two-film theory	600	(2)
The penetration theory	602	(12)
The film-penetration theory	614	(3)
Mass transfer to a sphere in a homogenous fluid	617	(1)
Other theories of mass transfer	618	(1)
Interfacial turbulence	618	(1)
Mass transfer coefficients	619	(2)
Countercurrent mass transfer and transfer units	621	(5)
Mass transfer and chemical reaction	626	(8)
Steady-state process	626	(5)
Unsteady-state process	631	(3)
Mass transfer and chemical reaction in a catalyst pellet	634	(12)
Flat platelets	636	(2)
Spherical pellets	638	(4)
Other particle shapes	642	(2)
Mass transfer and chemical reaction with a mass transfer resistance external to the pellet	644	(2)
Practical studies of mass transfer	646	(8)
The j-factor of Chilton and Colburn for flow in tubes	646	(3)
Mass transfer at plane surfaces	649	(2)
Effect of surface roughness and form drag	651	(1)
Mass transfer from a fluid to the surface of particles	651	(3)
Further reading	654	(1)
References	655	(1)
Nomenclature	656	(5)
Part 4 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer	661	(128)
The Boundary Layer	663	(31)
Introduction	663	(5)
The momentum equation	668	(2)
The streamline portion of the boundary layer	670	(5)
The turbulent boundary layer	675	(6)
The turbulent portion	675	(2)
The laminar sub-layer	677	(4)
Boundary layer theory applied to pipe flow	681	(4)
Entry conditions	681	(1)
Application of the boundary-layer theory	682	(3)
The boundary layer for heat transfer	685	(6)
Introduction	685	(1)
The heat balance	685	(2)
Heat transfer for streamline flow over a plane surface---constant surface temperature	687	(3)
Heat transfer for streamline flow over a plane surface---constant surface heat flux	690	(1)
The boundary layer for mass transfer	691	(1)
Further reading	692	(1)
References	692	(1)
Nomenclature	692	(2)
Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer	694	(44)
Introduction	694	(2)
Transfer by molecular diffusion	696	(4)
Momentum transfer	696	(1)
Heat transfer	696	(1)
Mass transfer	696	(1)
Viscosity	697	(1)
Thermal conductivity	698	(1)
Diffusivity	699	(1)
Eddy transfer	700	(6)
The nature of turbulent flow	701	(1)
Mixing length and eddy kinematic viscosity	702	(4)
Universal velocity profile	706	(7)
The turbulent core	706	(1)
The laminar sub-layer	707	(1)
The buffer layer	707	(1)
Velocity profile for all regions	708	(1)
Velocity gradients	708	(1)
Laminar sub-layer and buffer layer thicknesses	709	(1)
Variation of eddy kinematic viscosity	710	(1)
Approximate form of velocity profile in turbulent region	711	(1)
Effect of curvature of pipe wall on shear stress	712	(1)
Friction factor for a smooth pipe	713	(2)
Effect of surface roughness on shear stress	715	(2)
Simultaneous momentum, heat and mass transfer	717	(3)
Reynolds analogy	720	(15)
Simple form of analogy between momentum, heat and mass transfer	720	(3)
Mass transfer with bulk flow	723	(2)
Taylor-Prandtl modification of Reynolds analogy for heat transfer and mass transfer	725	(2)
Use of universal velocity profile in Reynolds analogy	727	(2)
Flow over a plane surface	729	(2)
Flow in a pipe	731	(4)
Further reading	735	(1)
References	735	(1)
Nomenclature	735	(3)
Humidification and Water Cooling	738	(51)
Introduction	738	(1)
Humidification terms	739	(7)
Definitions	739	(3)
Wet-bulb temperature	742	(1)
Adiabatic saturation temperature	743	(3)
Humidity data for the air--water system	746	(10)
Temperature-humidity chart	749	(2)
Enthalpy-humidity chart	751	(5)
Determination of humidity	756	(3)
Humidification and dehumidification	759	(3)
Methods of increasing humidity	759	(2)
Dehumidification	761	(1)
Water cooling	762	(17)
Cooling towers	762	(3)
Design of natural-draught towers	765	(2)
Height of packing for both natural and mechanical draught towers	767	(5)
Change in air condition	772	(1)
Temperature and humidity gradients in a water cooling tower	773	(1)
Evaluation of heat and mass transfer coefficients	774	(4)
Humidifying towers	778	(1)
Systems other than air-water	779	(6)
Further reading	785	(1)
References	786	(1)
Nomenclature	787	(2)
Appendix	789	(36)
A1. Tables of physical properties	790	(16)
A2. Steam tables	806	(9)
A3. Mathematical tables Fold-out charts	815	(10)
Problems	825	(44)
Index	869