Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment

by Hemond; Fechner

• ISBN13: 9780123402752
• ISBN10: 0123402751
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This newly updated and expanded edition of Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment covers the fundamental principles of mass transport, chemical partitioning, and chemical/biological transformations in surface waters, in soil and groundwater, and in air. Each of these three major environmental media are introduced by descriptive overviews, followed by presentation of the controlling physical, chemical, and biological processes. The text emphasizes intuitively based mathematical models for chemical transport and transformations in the environment, and serves both as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental science and engineering, and as a standard reference for environmental practitioners. Key Features * Provides an integrated coverage of major environmental media * Presents a quantitative treatment of fate and transport processes * Is based on a graduate-level course taught for 10 years at MIT, augmented with practical consulting experience * Features examples and illustrations throughout the text * Includes extensive exercises at the end of each chapter * Contains ample references to the primary literature

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Basic Concepts	1	(66)
Introduction	1	(2)
Chemical Concentration	3	(2)
Mass Balance and Units	5	(6)
Mass Balance and the Control Volume	5	(6)
Consistency of Units	11	(1)
Physical Transport of Chemicals	11	(8)
Quantification of Advective Transport	13	(2)
Quantification of Fickian Transport	15	(4)
Mass Balance in an Infinitely Small Control Volume: The Advection--Dispersion--Reaction Equation	19	(1)
Basic Environmental Chemistry	20	(16)
Chemical Kinetics versus Chemical Equilibrium	21	(1)
Free Energy	22	(2)
Chemical Equilibrium	24	(6)
Electroneutrality	30	(1)
Activity	31	(1)
Chemical Kinetics	32	(4)
Error in Measurements of Environmental Quantities	36	(5)
Chemical Distribution among Phases	41	(16)
Solubility and Vapor Pressure	42	(6)
Henry's Law Constants	48	(2)
Chemical Partitioning to Solids	50	(4)
Equilibrium Partitioning among All Phases: Fugacity	54	(3)
Conclusion	57	(10)
Surface Waters	67	(130)
Introduction	67	(4)
Nature of Surface Waters	67	(2)
Sources of Pollutant Chemicals to Surface Waters	69	(2)
Physical Transport in Surface Waters	71	(32)
Rivers	71	(10)
Lakes	81	(7)
Estuaries	88	(3)
Wetlands	91	(1)
Particles in Surface Waters	92	(11)
Air-Water Exchange	103	(11)
Thin Film Model	105	(5)
Surface Renewal Model	110	(1)
The Reaeration Coefficient	111	(1)
Volatilization from Pure Phase Liquids	112	(2)
Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Waters	114	(23)
Acid-Base Chemistry	114	(6)
Aquatic Ecosystems	120	(6)
Reduction--Oxidation Chemistry: Power for Ecosystems	126	(11)
Dissolved Oxygen Modeling in Surface Waters	137	(5)
Biotransformation and Biodegradation	142	(18)
Aerobic Biodegradation of Organic Compounds	145	(1)
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Organic Compounds	146	(1)
Modeling Biodegradation	147	(9)
Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms	156	(4)
Abiotic Chemical Transformations	160	(15)
Degradation of Chemicals by Light	160	(7)
Degradation of Chemicals by Water	167	(8)
Conclusion	175	(22)
The Subsurface Environment	197	(84)
Introduction	197	(6)
Nature of the Subsurface Environment	198	(3)
Sources of Pollutant Chemicals to the Subsurface Environment	201	(2)
Physics of Groundwater Movement	203	(35)
Darcy's Law	203	(6)
Flow Nets	209	(3)
Groundwater Wells	212	(12)
Unsteady (Transient) Storage and Flow	224	(4)
Dispersion	228	(10)
Flow in the Unsaturated Zone	238	(7)
The Nature of the Unsaturated Zone	238	(2)
Water Transport in the Unsaturated Zone	240	(5)
The Flow of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids	245	(3)
Retardation	248	(8)
Chemical Sorption by Organic Carbon	251	(2)
Sorption by Ion Exchange	253	(2)
Surface Complexation	255	(1)
Nonideality in Retardation	256	(1)
Biodegradation	256	(8)
Modeling Biodegradation in Biofilms	256	(6)
Natural and Enhanced Biodegradation in the Field	262	(2)
Conclusion	264	(17)
The Atmosphere	281	(134)
Introduction	281	(16)
Nature of the Atmosphere	281	(9)
Sources of Pollutant Chemicals to the Atmosphere	290	(7)
Atmospheric Stability	297	(10)
The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate	297	(5)
The Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate	302	(3)
Mixing Height	305	(2)
Circulation of the Atmosphere	307	(22)
Global Air Circulation	309	(5)
Synoptic-Scale Air Circulation	314	(10)
The Synoptic Weather Map	324	(1)
Local Effects	325	(4)
Transport of Chemicals in the Atmosphere	329	(24)
Indoor Air Pollution	330	(5)
Local-Scale Outdoor Air Pollution	335	(11)
Urban-Scale Air Pollution	346	(2)
Long-Range Transport Models	348	(3)
Global-Scale Transport of Chemicals	351	(2)
Physical Removal of Chemicals from the Atmosphere	353	(13)
Dry Deposition	353	(7)
Wet Deposition	360	(6)
Atmospheric Chemical Reactions	366	(17)
Oxidants in the Troposphere	367	(3)
Production of Photochemical Smog: The Ozone--NOx--Hydrocarbon Connection	370	(3)
Acid Deposition	373	(6)
Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry	379	(4)
Global Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect	383	(14)
Radiation Balance of Earth	383	(2)
Greenhouse Gases	385	(12)
Conclusion	397	(18)
Appendix Dimensions and Units for Environmental Quantities	415	(8)
A.1 Fundamental Dimensions and Common Units of Measurement	415	(2)
A.2 Derived Dimensions and Common Units	417	(6)
Index	423