Chemical Process Control An Introduction to Theory and Practice

by Stephanopoulos, George

• ISBN13: 9780131286290
• ISBN10: 0131286293
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1983-10-01
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Explores process modeling, dynamic analyses of processing systems, a variety of control schemes, synthesis of multivariable control configurations for single units & complete chemical plants, analysis & design of digital computer control systems, etc.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Part I The Control of a Chemical Process: Its Characteristics and Associated Problems	1	(42)
Incentives for Chemical Process Control	2	(10)
Suppress the Influence of External Disturbances	4	(3)
Ensure the Stability of a Process	7	(3)
Optimize the Performance of a Chemical Process	10	(2)
Design Aspects of a Process Control System	12	(16)
Classification of the Variables in a Chemical process	12	(2)
Design Elements of a Control System	14	(11)
Control Aspects of a Complete Chemical Plant	25	(3)
Hardware for a Process Control System	28	(15)
Hardware Elements of a Control System	28	(2)
Use of Digital Computers in Process Control	30	(13)
Concluding Remarks on Part I	33	(1)
Things to Think About for Part I	33	(2)
References for Part I	35	(1)
Problems for Part I	36	(7)
Part II Modeling the Dynamic and Static Behavior of Chemical Processes	43	(68)
Development of a Mathematical Model	45	(35)
Why Do We Need Mathematical Modeling for Process Control?	46	(2)
State Variables and State Equations for a Chemical Process	48	(7)
Additional Elements of the Mathematical Models	55	(3)
Dead Time	58	(1)
Additional Examples of Mathematical Modeling	59	(15)
Modeling Difficulties	74	(6)
Things to Think About	78	(2)
Modeling Considerations for Control Purposes	80	(31)
The Input-Output Model	81	(5)
Degrees of Freedom	86	(3)
Degrees of Freedom and Process Controllers	89	(4)
Formulating the Scope of Modeling for Process Control	93	(18)
Things to Think About	97	(1)
References for Part II	98	(2)
Problems for Part II	100	(11)
Part III Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Chemical Processes	111	(128)
Computer Simulation and the Linearization of Nonlinear Systems	113	(15)
Computer Simulation of Process Dynamics	114	(2)
Linearization of Systems with One Variable	116	(3)
Deviation Variables	119	(2)
Linearization of Systems with Many Variables	121	(7)
Things to Think About	126	(2)
Laplace Transforms	128	(15)
Definition of the Laplace Transform	128	(2)
Laplace Transforms of Some Basic Functions	130	(9)
Laplace Transforms of Derivatives	139	(1)
Laplace Transforms of Integrals	139	(1)
Final-Value Theorem	140	(1)
Initial-Value Theorem	141	(2)
Things to Think About	141	(2)
Solution of Linear Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms	143	(16)
A Characteristic Example and the Solution Procedure	143	(2)
Inversion of Laplace Transforms. Heaviside Expansion	145	(7)
Examples on the Solution of Linear Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms	152	(7)
Things to Think About	157	(2)
Transfer Functions and the Input-Output Models	159	(14)
Transfer Function of a Process with a Single Output	159	(4)
Transfer Function Matrix of a Process with Multiple Outputs	163	(4)
Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function	167	(1)
Qualitative Analysis of the Response of a System	168	(5)
Things to Think About	172	(1)
Dynamic Behavior of First-Order Systems	173	(13)
What Is a First-Order System?	173	(1)
Processes Modeled as First-Order Systems	174	(4)
Dynamic Response of a Pure Capacitive Process	178	(1)
Dynamic Response of a First-Order Lag System	179	(4)
First-Order Systems with Variable Time Constant and Gain	183	(3)
Things to Think About	184	(2)
Dynamic Behavior of Second-Order Systems	186	(26)
What Is a Second-Order System?	186	(1)
Dynamic Response of a Second-Order System	187	(6)
Multicapacity Processes as Second-Order Systems	193	(8)
Inherently Second-Order Processes	201	(1)
Second-Order Systems Caused by the Presence of Controllers	201	(11)
Things to Think About	204	(1)
Appendix 11A Examples of Physical Systems with Inherent Second-Order Dynamics	205	(7)
Dynamic Behavior of Higher-Order Systems	212	(27)
N Capacities in Series	212	(2)
Dynamic Systems with Dead Time	214	(2)
Dynamic Systems with Inverse Response	216	(23)
Things to Think About	220	(1)
References for Part III	220	(3)
Problems for Part III	223	(16)
Part IV Analysis and Design of Feedback Control Systems	239	(142)
Introduction to Feedback Control	241	(17)
Concept of Feedback Control	241	(4)
Types of Feedback Controllers	245	(3)
Measuring Devices (Sensors)	248	(5)
Transmission Lines	253	(1)
Final Control Elements	253	(5)
Things to Think About	256	(2)
Dynamic Behavior of Feedback-Controlled Processes	258	(23)
Block Diagram and the Closed-Loop Response	258	(7)
Effect of Proportional Control on the Response of a Controlled Process	265	(8)
Effect of Integral Control Action	273	(3)
Effect of Derivative Control Action	276	(1)
Effect of Composite Control Actions	277	(4)
Things to Think About	279	(2)
Stability Analysis of Feedback Systems	281	(16)
Notion of Stability	281	(4)
The Characteristic Equation	285	(2)
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion for Stability	287	(3)
Root-Locus Analysis	290	(7)
Things to Think About	295	(2)
Design of Feedback Controllers	297	(20)
Outline of the Design Problems	297	(2)
Simple Performance Criteria	299	(3)
Time-Integral Performance Criteria	302	(4)
Select the Type of Feedback Controller	306	(4)
Controller Tuning	310	(7)
Things to Think About	316	(1)
Frequency Response Analysis of Linear processes	317	(27)
Response of a First-Order System to a Sinusoidal Input	317	(4)
Frequency Response Characteristics of a General Linear System	321	(5)
Bode Diagrams	326	(12)
Nyquist Plots	338	(6)
Things to Think About	341	(3)
Design of Feedback Control Systems Using Frequency Response Techniques	344	(37)
Bode Stability Criterion	344	(5)
Gain and Phase Margins	349	(3)
Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Technique	352	(3)
Nyquist Stability Criterion	355	(26)
Things to Think About	358	(2)
References for Part IV	360	(3)
Problems for Part IV	363	(18)
Part V Analysis and Design of Advanced Control Systems	381	(78)
Feedback Control of Systems with Large Dead Time or Inverse Response	383	(11)
Processes with Large Dead Time	383	(2)
Dead Time Compensation	385	(5)
Control of Systems with Inverse Response	390	(4)
Things to Think About	393	(1)
Control Systems with Multiple Loops	394	(17)
Cascade Control	395	(7)
Selective Control Systems	402	(5)
Split-Range Control	407	(4)
Things to Think About	409	(2)
Feedforward and Ratio Control	411	(20)
Logic of Feedforward Control	411	(3)
Problem of Designing Feedforward Controllers	414	(6)
Practical Aspects on the Design of Feedforward Controllers	420	(3)
Feedforward-Feedback Control	423	(4)
Ratio Control	427	(4)
Things to Think About	429	(2)
Adaptive and Inferential Control Systems	431	(28)
Adaptive Control	431	(7)
Inferential Control	438	(21)
Things to Think About	443	(1)
References for Part V	444	(3)
Problems for Part V	447	(12)
Part VI Design of Control Systems for Multivariable Processes: Introduction to Plant Control	459	(90)
Synthesis of Alternative Control Configurations for Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Processes	461	(25)
Design Questions for MIMO Control Systems	461	(1)
Degrees of Freedom and the Number of Controlled and Manipulated Variables	462	(5)
Generation of Alternative Loop Configurations	467	(2)
Extensions to Systems with Interacting Units	469	(17)
Things to Think About	482	(4)
Interaction and Decoupling of Control Loops	486	(24)
Interaction of Control Loops	487	(7)
Relative-Gain Array and the Selection of Loops	494	(10)
Design of Noninteracting Control Loops	504	(6)
Things to Think About	508	(2)
Design of Control Systems for Complete Plants	510	(39)
Process Design and Process Control	510	(6)
Hydrodealkylation of Toluene Plant to Produce Benzene: A Case Study	516	(3)
Material Balance Control for the Hydrodealkylation Plant	519	(5)
Product Quality Control for the Hydrodealkylation Plant	524	(5)
Some Comments on the Control Design for Complete Plants	529	(20)
Things to Think About	534	(3)
References for Part VI	537	(3)
Problems for Part VI	540	(9)
Part VII Process Control Using Digital Computers	549	(136)
Digital Computer Control Loops	551	(19)
The Digital Computer	552	(5)
Computer-Process Interface for Data Acquisition and Control	557	(4)
Computer control Loops	561	(5)
New Control Design Problems	566	(4)
Things to Think About	568	(2)
From Continuous to Discrete-Time Systems	570	(19)
Sampling Continuous Signals	571	(5)
Reconstruction of Continuous Signals from Their Discrete-Time Values	576	(5)
Conversion of Continuous to Discrete-Time Models	581	(8)
Things to Think About	587	(2)
z-Transforms	589	(19)
Definition of z-Transforms	589	(2)
z-Transforms of Some Basic Functions	591	(4)
Properties of z-Transforms	595	(4)
Inversion of z-Transforms	599	(9)
Things to Think About	604	(2)
Appendix 28A: The Modified z-Transform	606	(2)
Discrete-Time Response of Dynamic Systems	608	(26)
Response of Discrete Dynamic Systems	609	(4)
Discrete-Time Analysis of Continuous Systems. The Pulse Transfer Function	613	(8)
Discrete-Time Analysis of Closed-Loop Systems	621	(5)
Stability Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems	626	(8)
Things to Think About	631	(3)
Design of Digital Feedback Controllers	634	(22)
Digital Approximation of Classical Controllers	635	(3)
Effect of Sampling	638	(2)
A Different Class of Digital Controllers	640	(7)
``Ringing'' and the Placement of Poles	647	(3)
Design of Optimal Regulatory Control Systems	650	(6)
Things to Think About	654	(2)
Process Identification and Adaptive Control	656	(29)
Process Identification	657	(5)
Process Identification and Adaptive Control	662	(23)
Things to Think About	667	(3)
References for Part VII	670	(4)
Problems for Part VII	674	(11)
Index	685