Chemistry: the Central Science : AP* Student Edition

by Brown, Theodore L.

• ISBN13: 9780131937192
• ISBN10: 0131937197
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-10
• Publisher: SCHOOL GROUP

Table of Contents

Preface	xx
List of Resources	xxxix
About the Authors	xli
Introduction: Matter and Measurement	1	(35)
The Study of Chemistry	2	(2)
The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry	2	(1)
Why Study Chemistry?	3	(1)
Classifications of Matter	4	(5)
States of Matter	5	(1)
Pure Substances	5	(1)
Elements	6	(1)
Compounds	7	(1)
Mixtures	8	(1)
Properties of Matter	9	(5)
Physical and Chemical Changes	10	(2)
Separation of Mixtures	12	(2)
Units of Measurement	14	(6)
SI Units	14	(1)
Length and Mass	15	(1)
Temperature	15	(1)
Derived SI Units	16	(1)
Volume	16	(1)
Density	17	(3)
Uncertainty in Measurement	20	(5)
Precision and Accuracy	21	(1)
Significant Figures	21	(2)
Significant Figures in Calculations	23	(2)
Dimensional Analysis	25	(11)
Using Two or More Conversion Factors	27	(1)
Conversions Involving Volume	27	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	30	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	30	(1)
Exercises	31	(4)
eMedia Exercises	35
Chemistry at Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry	4	(9)
A Closer Look The Scientific Method	13	(5)
Chemistry at Work Chemistry in the News	18	(8)
Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers	26	(3)
Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of Practice	29	(7)
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions	36	(42)
The Atomic Theory of Matter	38	(1)
The Discovery of Atomic Structure	39	(4)
Cathode Rays and Electrons	39	(2)
Radioactivity	41	(1)
The Nuclear Atom	41	(2)
The Modern View of Atomic Structure	43	(3)
Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes	45	(1)
Atomic Weights	46	(3)
The Atomic Mass Scale	47	(1)
Average Atomic Masses	47	(2)
The Periodic Table	49	(3)
Molecules and Molecular Compounds	52	(3)
Molecules and Chemical Formulas	52	(1)
Molecular and Empirical Formulas	53	(1)
Picturing Molecules	54	(1)
Ions and Ionic Compounds	55	(5)
Predicting Ionic Charges	56	(1)
Ionic Compounds	57	(3)
Naming Inorganic Compounds	60	(7)
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds	60	(5)
Names and Formulas of Acids	65	(1)
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds	66	(1)
Some Simple Organic Compounds	67	(11)
Alkanes	67	(1)
Some Derivatives of Alkanes	68	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	69	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	70	(1)
Exercises	71	(6)
eMedia Exercises	77	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	77
A Closer Look Basic Forces	45	(3)
A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer	48	(4)
A Closer Look Glenn Seaborg and Seaborgium	52	(7)
Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms	59	(1)
Strategies in Chemistry Pattern Recognition	60	(18)
Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations	78	(42)
Chemical Equations	80	(5)
Balancing Equations	81	(3)
Indicating the States of Reactants and Products	84	(1)
Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity	85	(3)
Combination and Decomposition Reactions	85	(2)
Combustion in Air	87	(1)
Formula Weights	88	(2)
Formula and Molecular Weights	88	(1)
Percentage Composition from Formulas	89	(1)
Avogadro's Number and the Mole	90	(6)
Molar Mass	92	(2)
Interconverting Masses and Moles	94	(1)
Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles	95	(1)
Empirical Formulas from Analyses	96	(4)
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula	98	(1)
Combustion Analysis	98	(2)
Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations	100	(4)
Limiting Reactants	104	(16)
Theoretical Yields	107	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	109	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	110	(1)
Exercises	111	(7)
eMedia Exercises	118	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	119
Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving	90	(13)
Chemistry at Work CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect	103	(5)
Strategies in Chemistry How to Take a Test	108	(12)
Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry	120	(46)
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions	122	(4)
Electrolytic Properties	122	(1)
Ionic Compounds in Water	122	(2)
Molecular Compounds in Water	124	(1)
Strong and Weak Electrolytes	124	(2)
Precipitation Reactions	126	(5)
Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds	127	(1)
Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions	128	(1)
Ionic Equations	129	(2)
Acid-Base Reactions	131	(6)
Acids	131	(1)
Bases	131	(1)
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases	131	(2)
Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes	133	(1)
Neutralization Reactions and Salts	134	(2)
Acid-Base Reactions with Gas Formation	136	(1)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	137	(7)
Oxidation and Reduction	138	(1)
Oxidation Numbers	139	(1)
Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts	140	(2)
The Activity Series	142	(2)
Concentrations of Solutions	144	(7)
Molarity	146	(1)
Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte	147	(1)
Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume	147	(1)
Dilution	148	(3)
Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis	151	(15)
Titrations	152	(4)
Summary and Key Terms	156	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	157	(1)
Exercises	158	(6)
eMedia Exercises	164	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	165
Chemistry at Work Antacids	137	(8)
A Closer Look The Aura of Gold	145	(1)
Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Reactions	145	(4)
Chemistry and Life Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill You	149	(17)
Thermochemistry	166	(50)
The Nature of Energy	168	(4)
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy	168	(1)
Units of Energy	169	(1)
System and Surroundings	170	(1)
Transferring Energy: Work and Heat	170	(2)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	172	(4)
Internal Energy	172	(1)
Relating ΔE to Heat and Work	173	(1)
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes	174	(1)
State Functions	174	(2)
Enthalpy	176	(4)
Enthalpies of Reaction	180	(2)
Calorimetry	182	(5)
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat	182	(2)
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry	184	(2)
Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)	186	(1)
Hess's Law	187	(4)
Enthalpies of Formation	191	(5)
Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction	193	(3)
Foods and Fuels	196	(20)
Foods	196	(2)
Fuels	198	(1)
Other Energy Sources	199	(4)
Summary and Key Terms	203	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	204	(1)
Exercises	205	(8)
eMedia Exercises	213	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	214
A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and P-V Work	179	(4)
Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a Guide	183	(5)
Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Human Body Temperature	188	(12)
Chemistry at Work The Hybrid Car	200	(16)
Electronic Structure of Atoms	216	(44)
The Wave Nature of Light	218	(2)
Quantized Energy and Photons	220	(4)
Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy	221	(1)
The Photoelectric Effect and Photons	222	(2)
Line Spectra and the Bohr Model	224	(4)
Line Spectra	224	(1)
Bohr's Model	225	(1)
The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom	226	(2)
Limitations of the Bohr Model	228	(1)
The Wave Behavior of Matter	228	(3)
The Uncertainty Principle	229	(2)
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals	231	(3)
Orbitals and Quantum Numbers	232	(2)
Representations of Orbitals	234	(4)
The s Orbitals	234	(3)
The p Orbitals	237	(1)
The d and f Orbitals	237	(1)
Many-Electron Atoms	238	(2)
Orbitals and Their Energies	238	(1)
Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle	239	(1)
Electron Configurations	240	(6)
Hund's Rule	242	(1)
Condensed Electron Configurations	243	(1)
Transition Metals	244	(1)
The Lanthanides and Actinides	245	(1)
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table	246	(14)
Anomalous Electron Configurations	249	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	250	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	251	(1)
Exercises	252	(6)
eMedia Exercises	258	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	259
A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle	230	(6)
A Closer Look Probability Density and Radial Probability Functions	236	(4)
A Closer Look Experimental Evidence for Electron Spin	240	(1)
Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	241	(19)
Periodic Properties of the Elements	260	(40)
Development of the Periodic Table	262	(1)
Effective Nuclear Charge	263	(2)
Sizes of Atoms and Ions	265	(6)
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii	267	(1)
Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii	268	(3)
Ionization Energy	271	(4)
Variations in Successive Ionization Energies	271	(1)
Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies	272	(2)
Electron Configurations of Ions	274	(1)
Electron Affinities	275	(1)
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	276	(5)
Metals	277	(2)
Nonmetals	279	(2)
Metalloids	281	(1)
Group Trends for the Active Metals	281	(5)
Group 1A: The Alkali Metals	281	(4)
Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals	285	(1)
Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals	286	(14)
Hydrogen	286	(1)
Group 6A: The Oxygen Group	286	(2)
Group 7A: The Halogens	288	(1)
Group 8A: The Noble Gases	289	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	290	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	291	(1)
Exercises	292	(6)
eMedia Exercises	298	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	299
Chemistry and Life Ionic Size Makes a BIG Difference	270	(14)
Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs	284	(16)
Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding	300	(44)
Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule	302	(1)
Lewis Symbols	302	(1)
The Octet Rule	303	(1)
Ionic Bonding	303	(6)
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation	305	(1)
Electron Configurations of Ions of the Representative Elements	306	(1)
Transition-Metal Ions	307	(2)
Polyatomic Ions	309	(1)
Covalent Bonding	309	(3)
Lewis Structures	310	(1)
Multiple Bonds	311	(1)
Bond Polarity and Electronegativity	312	(5)
Electronegativity	312	(1)
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity	313	(1)
Dipole Moments	314	(3)
Bond Types and Nomenclature	317	(1)
Drawing Lewis Structures	317	(5)
Formal Charge	320	(2)
Resonance Structures	322	(3)
Resonance in Benzene	324	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	325	(3)
Odd Number of Electrons	326	(1)
Less than an Octet of Valence Electrons	326	(1)
More than an Octet of Valence Electrons	327	(1)
Strengths of Covalent Bonds	328	(16)
Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions	330	(3)
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length	333	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	335	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	336	(1)
Exercises	336	(7)
eMedia Exercises	343
A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies: The Born--Haber Cycle	308	(14)
A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers, Formal Charges, and Actual Partial Charges	322	(10)
Chemistry at Work Explosives and Alfred Nobel	332	(12)
Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories	344	(54)
Molecular Shapes	346	(2)
The VSEPR Model	348	(9)
The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles	352	(1)
Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells	353	(3)
Shapes of Larger Molecules	356	(1)
Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity	357	(3)
Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap	360	(1)
Hybrid Orbitals	361	(6)
sp Hybrid Orbitals	361	(2)
sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals	363	(2)
Hybridization Involving d Orbitals	365	(1)
Summary	365	(2)
Multiple Bonds	367	(6)
Delocalized π Bonding	370	(3)
General Conclusions	373	(1)
Molecular Orbitals	373	(3)
The Hydrogen Molecule	373	(2)
Bond Order	375	(1)
Second-Row Diatomic Molecules	376	(22)
Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2	376	(1)
Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals	377	(3)
Electron Configurations for B2 Through Ne2	380	(2)
Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties	382	(2)
Heteronudear Diatomic Molecules	384	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	387	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	388	(1)
Exercises	389	(7)
eMedia Exercises	396
Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision	372	(6)
A Closer Look Phases in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals	378	(7)
Chemistry at Work Organic Dyes	385	(13)
Gases	398	(44)
Characteristics of Gases	400	(1)
Pressure	401	(3)
Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer	401	(3)
The Gas Laws	404	(4)
The Pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyle's Law	404	(2)
The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles's Law	406	(1)
The Quantity-Volume Relationship: Avogadro's Law	407	(1)
The Ideal-Gas Equation	408	(5)
Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws	410	(3)
Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation	413	(4)
Gas Densities and Molar Mass	413	(2)
Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions	415	(2)
Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures	417	(3)
Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions	418	(1)
Collecting Gases over Water	419	(1)
Kinetic-Molecular Theory	420	(3)
Application to the Gas Laws	422	(1)
Molecular Effusion and Diffusion	423	(4)
Graham's Law of Effusion	424	(2)
Diffusion and Mean Free Path	426	(1)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior	427	(15)
The van der Waals Equation	429	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	431	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	432	(1)
Exercises	433	(7)
eMedia Exercises	440	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	440
Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure	404	(7)
Strategies in Chemistry Calculations Involving Many Variables	411	(5)
Chemistry at Work Gas Pipelines	416	(6)
A Closer Look The Ideal-Gas Equation	422	(5)
Chemistry at Work Gas Separations	427	(15)
Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids	442	(44)
A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids	444	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	445	(8)
Ion-Dipole Forces	446	(1)
Dipole-Dipole Forces	446	(1)
London Dispersion Forces	447	(2)
Hydrogen Bonding	449	(3)
Comparing Intermolecular Forces	452	(1)
Some Properties of Liquids	453	(2)
Viscosity	453	(1)
Surface Tension	454	(1)
Phase Changes	455	(4)
Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes	455	(1)
Heating Curves	456	(2)
Critical Temperature and Pressure	458	(1)
Vapor Pressure	459	(3)
Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level	460	(1)
Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature	460	(1)
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point	461	(1)
Phase Diagrams	462	(2)
The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2	463	(1)
Structures of Solids	464	(6)
Unit Cells	466	(1)
The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride	467	(2)
Close Packing of Spheres	469	(1)
Bonding in Solids	470	(16)
Molecular Solids	470	(2)
Covalent-Network Solids	472	(1)
Ionic Solids	473	(1)
Metallic Solids	473	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	475	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	476	(2)
Exercises	478	(6)
eMedia Exercises	484	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	485
Chemistry at Work Supercritical Fluid Extraction	459	(3)
A Closer Look The Clausius--Clapeyron Equation	462	(9)
A Closer Look X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals	471	(3)
A Closer Look Buckyball	474	(12)
Modern Materials	486	(42)
Classes of Materials	488	(6)
Metals and Semiconductors	488	(3)
Insulators and Ceramics	491	(1)
Superconductors	491	(3)
Materials for Structure	494	(10)
Soft Materials: Polymers and Plastics	495	(1)
Making Polymers	495	(3)
Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers	498	(3)
Hard Materials: Metals and Ceramics	501	(2)
Making Ceramics	503	(1)
Materials for Medicine	504	(4)
Characteristics of Biomaterials	504	(1)
Polymeric Biomaterials	505	(1)
Examples of Biomaterial Applications	505	(3)
Materials for Electronics	508	(2)
The Silicon Chip	508	(2)
Plastic Electronics	510	(1)
Solar Energy Conversion	510	(1)
Materials for Optics	510	(5)
Liquid Crystals	510	(1)
Types of Liquid Crystalline Phases	511	(2)
Semiconductor Light-Emitting Diodes	513	(2)
Materials for Nanotechnology	515	(13)
Semiconductors on the Nanoscale	515	(2)
Metals on the Nanoscale	517	(1)
Carbon Nanotubes	517	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	519	(2)
Visualizing Concepts	521	(1)
Exercises	522	(5)
eMedia Exercises	527
Chemistry at Work Cell Phone Tower Range	494	(3)
Chemistry at Work Recycling Plastics	497	(5)
Chemistry at Work Toward the Plastic Car	502	(7)
A Closer Look The Transistor	509	(5)
Chemistry at Work Liquid Crystal Displays	514	(14)
Properties of Solutions	528	(46)
The Solution Process	530	(5)
Energy Changes and Solution Formation	531	(1)
Solution Formation, Spontaneity, and Disorder	532	(1)
Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions	533	(2)
Saturated Solutions and Solubility	535	(2)
Factors Affecting Solubility	537	(6)
Solute-Solvent Interactions	537	(4)
Pressure Effects	541	(1)
Temperature Effects	542	(1)
Ways of Expressing Concentration	543	(5)
Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb	543	(1)
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality	544	(2)
Conversion of Concentration Units	546	(2)
Colligative Properties	548	(10)
Lowering the Vapor Pressure	548	(2)
Boiling-Point Elevation	550	(1)
Freezing-Point Depression	551	(2)
Osmosis	553	(3)
Determination of Molar Mass	556	(2)
Colloids	558	(16)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids	559	(2)
Removal of Colloidal Particles	561	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	563	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	564	(2)
Exercises	566	(6)
eMedia Exercises	572	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	573
A Closer Look Hydrates	534	(6)
Chemistry and Life Fat-and Water-Soluble Vitamins	540	(2)
Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving	542	(7)
A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components	549	(8)
A Closer Look Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions	557	(4)
Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia	561	(13)
Chemical Kinetics	574	(54)
Factors that Affect Reaction Rates	576	(1)
Reaction Rates	577	(5)
Change of Rate with Time	579	(1)
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry	580	(2)
Concentration and Rate	582	(5)
Exponents in the Rate Law	583	(2)
Units of Rate Constants	585	(1)
Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws	585	(2)
The Change of Concentration with Time	587	(6)
First-Order Reactions	587	(2)
Second-Order Reactions	589	(2)
Half-life	591	(2)
Temperature and Rate	593	(6)
The Collision Model	594	(1)
The Orientation Factor	594	(1)
Activation Energy	595	(1)
The Arrhenius Equation	596	(1)
Determining the Activation Energy	597	(2)
Reaction Mechanisms	599	(8)
Elementary Reactions	599	(1)
Multistep Mechanisms	600	(1)
Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions	601	(1)
The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism	602	(1)
Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step	603	(2)
Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step	605	(2)
Catalysis	607	(21)
Homogeneous Catalysis	607	(2)
Heterogeneous Catalysis	609	(1)
Enzymes	610	(5)
Summary and Key Terms	615	(2)
Visualizing Concepts	617	(1)
Exercises	618	(9)
eMedia Exercises	627
A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates	581	(11)
Chemistry at Work Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere	592	(19)
Chemistry at Work Catalytic Converters	611	(2)
Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase	613	(15)
Chemical Equilibrium	628	(40)
The Concept of Equilibrium	630	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant	632	(5)
Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp	635	(2)
Equilibrium Constants and Units	637	(1)
Interpreting and Working with Equilibrium Constants	637	(4)
The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants	637	(1)
The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K	638	(1)
Relating Chemical Equations and Equilibrium Constants	639	(2)
Heterogeneous Equilibria	641	(2)
Calculating Equilibrium Constants	643	(3)
Applications of Equilibrium Constants	646	(3)
Predicting the Direction of Reaction	646	(1)
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations	647	(2)
Le Chatelier's Principle	649	(19)
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations	650	(1)
Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes	651	(2)
Effect of Temperature Changes	653	(3)
The Effect of Catalysts	656	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	659	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	660	(1)
Exercises	661	(6)
eMedia Exercises	667
Chemistry at Work The Haber Process	633	(25)
Chemistry at Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions	658	(10)
Acid-Base Equilibria	668	(52)
Acids and Bases: A Brief Review	670	(1)
Brønsted--Lowry Acids and Bases	670	(6)
The H+ Ion in Water	670	(1)
Proton-Transfer Reactions	671	(1)
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs	672	(2)
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases	674	(2)
The Autoionization of Water	676	(2)
The Ion Product of Water	676	(2)
The pH Scale	678	(4)
Other ``p'' Scales	681	(1)
Measuring pH	681	(1)
Strong Acids and Bases	682	(2)
Strong Acids	682	(1)
Strong Bases	683	(1)
Weak Acids	684	(9)
Calculating Ka from pH	685	(2)
Using Ka to Calculate pH	687	(4)
Polyprotic Acids	691	(2)
Weak Bases	693	(3)
Types of Weak Bases	695	(1)
Relationship Between Ka and Kb	696	(3)
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions	699	(3)
An Anion's Ability to React with Water	699	(1)
A Cation's Ability to React with Water	700	(1)
Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution	700	(2)
Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure	702	(4)
Factors that Affect Acid Strength	702	(1)
Binary Acids	703	(1)
Oxyacids	704	(1)
Carboxylic Acids	705	(1)
Lewis Acids and Bases	706	(14)
Hydrolysis of Metal Ions	708	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	711	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	712	(1)
Exercises	713	(6)
eMedia Exercises	719	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	719
Chemistry at Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides	698	(9)
Chemistry and Life The Amphiprotic Behavior of Amino Acids	707	(13)
Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria	720	(48)
The Common-Ion Effect	722	(3)
Buffered Solutions	725	(7)
Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions	725	(1)
Calculating the pH of a Buffer	726	(2)
Buffer Capacity and pH Range	728	(1)
Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers	729	(3)
Acid-Base Titrations	732	(7)
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations	732	(3)
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations	735	(4)
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids	739	(1)
Solubility Equilibria	739	(4)
The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp	740	(1)
Solubility and Ksp	741	(2)
Factors that Affect Solubility	743	(11)
Common-Ion Effect	744	(1)
Solubility and pH	745	(3)
Formation of Complex Ions	748	(3)
Amphoterism	751	(3)
Precipitation and Separation of Ions	754	(2)
Selective Precipitation of Ions	754	(2)
Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements	756	(12)
Summary and Key Terms	759	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	760	(1)
Exercises	761	(5)
eMedia Exercises	766	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	767
Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution	731	(12)
A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products	743	(4)
Chemistry and Life Sinkholes	747	(3)
Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation	750	(18)
Chemistry of the Environment	768	(34)
Earth's Atmosphere	770	(2)
Composition of the Atmosphere	771	(1)
Outer Regions of the Atmosphere	772	(2)
Photodissociation	772	(2)
Photoionization	774	(1)
Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere	774	(4)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer	776	(2)
Chemistry of the Troposphere	778	(7)
Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain	778	(2)
Carbon Monoxide	780	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog	781	(2)
Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate	783	(2)
The World Ocean	785	(2)
Seawater	785	(1)
Desalination	786	(1)
Fresh Water	787	(3)
Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality	788	(1)
Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies	789	(1)
Green Chemistry	790	(12)
Solvents and Reagents	791	(2)
Other Processes	793	(1)
The Challenges of Water Purification	793	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	795	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	796	(1)
Exercises	797	(4)
eMedia Exercises	801
A Closer Look Methane as a Greenhouse Gas	784	(6)
A Closer Look Water Softening	790	(12)
Chemical Thermodynamics	802	(44)
Spontaneous Processes	804	(4)
Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity	806	(1)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	806	(2)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	808	(3)
Entropy Change	808	(1)
ΔS for Phase Changes	809	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	810	(1)
The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy	811	(9)
Molecular Motions and Energy	812	(1)
Boltzmann's Equation and Microstates	812	(3)
Making Qualitative Predictions About ΔS	815	(3)
The Third Law of Thermodynamics	818	(2)
Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions	820	(2)
Entropy Changes in the Surroundings	821	(1)
Gibbs Free Energy	822	(5)
Standard Free-Energy Changes	824	(3)
Free Energy and Temperature	827	(3)
Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant	830	(16)
Summary and Key Terms	835	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	836	(1)
Exercises	837	(7)
eMedia Exercises	844	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	845
A Closer Look The Entropy Change when a Gas Expands Isothermally	810	(4)
A Closer Look Entropy and Probability	814	(4)
Chemistry and Life Entropy and Life	818	(7)
A Closer Look What's ``Free'' About Free Energy?	825	(8)
Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions	833	(13)
Electrochemistry	846	(54)
Oxidation States	848	(2)
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations	850	(5)
Half-Reactions	850	(1)
Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions	850	(4)
Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution	854	(1)
Voltaic Cells	855	(5)
A Molecular View of Electrode Processes	859	(1)
Cell EMF Under Standard Conditions	860	(8)
Standard Reduction (Half-Cell) Potentials	861	(5)
Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents	866	(2)
Free Energy and Redox Reactions	868	(3)
EMF and ΔG	869	(2)
Cell EMF Under Nonstandard Conditions	871	(6)
The Nernst Equation	872	(2)
Concentration Cells	874	(3)
Batteries and Fuel Cells	877	(4)
Lead-Acid Battery	878	(1)
Alkaline Battery	879	(1)
Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal-Hydride, and Lithium-Ion Batteries	879	(1)
Hydrogen Fuel Cells	880	(1)
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells	881	(1)
Corrosion	881	(2)
Corrosion of Iron	881	(1)
Preventing the Corrosion of Iron	882	(1)
Electrolysis	883	(17)
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis	885	(1)
Electrical Work	886	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	889	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	890	(1)
Exercises	890	(9)
eMedia Exercises	899	(1)
eLaboratory Exercises	899
Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography	876	(24)
Nuclear Chemistry	900	(36)
Radioactivity	902	(3)
Nuclear Equations	902	(1)
Types of Radioactive Decay	903	(2)
Patterns of Nuclear Stability	905	(3)
Neutron-to-Proton Ratio	905	(2)
Radioactive Series	907	(1)
Further Observations	907	(1)
Nuclear Transmutations	908	(2)
Accelerating Charged Particles	909	(1)
Using Neutrons	909	(1)
Transuranium Elements	910	(1)
Rates of Radioactive Decay	910	(5)
Dating	911	(1)
Calculations Based on Half-life	912	(3)
Detection of Radioactivity	915	(1)
Radiotracers	916	(1)
Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions	916	(4)
Nuclear Binding Energies	918	(2)
Nuclear Fission	920	(4)
Nuclear Reactors	921	(3)
Nuclear Fusion	924	(1)
Biological Effects of Radiation	925	(11)
Radiation Doses	926	(1)
Radon	927	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	930	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	931	(1)
Exercises	931	(4)
eMedia Exercises	935
Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers	918	(4)
A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age	922	(6)
Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy	928	(8)
Chemistry of the Nonmetals	936	(56)
General Concepts: Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions	938	(3)
Chemical Reactions	940	(1)
Hydrogen	941	(4)
Isotopes of Hydrogen	941	(1)
Properties of Hydrogen	942	(1)
Preparation of Hydrogen	943	(1)
Uses of Hydrogen	943	(1)
Binary Hydrogen Compounds	944	(1)
Group 8A: The Noble Gases	945	(2)
Noble-Gas Compounds	946	(1)
Group 7A: The Halogens	947	(6)
Properties and Preparation of the Halogens	948	(1)
Uses of the Halogens	949	(1)
The Hydrogen Halides	950	(1)
Interhalogen Compounds	950	(1)
Oxyacids and Oxyanions	951	(2)
Oxygen	953	(5)
Properties of Oxygen	953	(1)
Preparation of Oxygen	953	(1)
Uses of Oxygen	953	(1)
Ozone	954	(1)
Oxides	955	(2)
Peroxides and Superoxides	957	(1)
The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po	958	(4)
General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements	958	(1)
Occurrence and Preparation of S, Se, and Te	958	(1)
Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	959	(1)
Sulfides	960	(1)
Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur	960	(2)
Nitrogen	962	(5)
Properties of Nitrogen	962	(1)
Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen	963	(1)
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen	963	(1)
Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen	964	(3)
The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi	967	(5)
General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements	967	(1)
Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus	968	(1)
Phosphorus Halides	968	(1)
Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus	969	(3)
Carbon	972	(5)
Elemental Forms of Carbon	972	(1)
Oxides of Carbon	973	(2)
Carbonic Acid and Carbonates	975	(1)
Carbides	976	(1)
Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon	977	(1)
The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb	977	(4)
General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements	977	(1)
Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon	978	(1)
Silicates	978	(2)
Glass	980	(1)
Silicones	981	(1)
Boron	981	(11)
Summary and Key Terms	983	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	984	(2)
Exercises	986	(5)
eMedia Exercises	991
A Closer Look The Hydrogen Economy	944	(8)
Chemistry and Life How Much Perchlorate Is Too Much?	952	(14)
Chemistry and Life Nitroglycerin and Heart Disease	966	(6)
Chemistry and Life Arsenic in Drinking Water	972	(2)
Chemistry at Work Carbon Fibers and Composites	974	(18)
Metals and Metallurgy	992	(32)
Occurrence and Distribution of Metals	994	(2)
Minerals	994	(1)
Metallurgy	995	(1)
Pyrometallurgy	996	(3)
The Pyrometallurgy of Iron	997	(1)
Formation of Steel	998	(1)
Hydrometallurgy	999	(1)
The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum	1000	(1)
Electrometallurgy	1000	(4)
Electrometallurgy of Sodium	1001	(1)
Electrometallurgy of Aluminum	1001	(1)
Electrorefining of Copper	1001	(3)
Metallic Bonding	1004	(2)
Physical Properties of Metals	1004	(1)
Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding	1004	(1)
Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals	1005	(1)
Alloys	1006	(4)
Intermetallic Compounds	1008	(2)
Transition Metals	1010	(3)
Physical Properties	1010	(1)
Electron Configurations and Oxidation States	1011	(2)
Magnetism	1013	(1)
Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals	1013	(11)
Chromium	1014	(1)
Iron	1014	(1)
Copper	1015	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	1017	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	1018	(1)
Exercises	1019	(3)
eMedia Exercises	1022
A Closer Look Charles M. Hall	1002	(7)
A Closer Look Shape-Memory Alloys	1009	(15)
Chemistry of Coordination Compounds	1024	(38)
Metal Complexes	1026	(5)
The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner's Theory	1026	(2)
The Metal-Ligand Bond	1028	(1)
Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries	1029	(2)
Ligands with More than One Donor Atom	1031	(6)
Metals and Chelates in Living Systems	1033	(4)
Nomenclature of Coordination Chemistry	1037	(1)
Isomerism	1038	(5)
Structural Isomerism	1039	(1)
Stereoisomerism	1039	(4)
Color and Magnetism	1043	(2)
Color	1043	(2)
Magnetism	1045	(1)
Crystal-Field Theory	1045	(17)
Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes	1049	(1)
Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes	1050	(4)
Summary and Key Terms	1054	(1)
Visualizing Concepts	1055	(1)
Exercises	1056	(5)
eMedia Exercises	1061
A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect	1033	(3)
Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems	1036	(16)
A Closer Look Charge-Transfer Color	1052	(10)
The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry	1062
Some General Characteristics of Organic Molecules	1064	(2)
The Structures of Organic Molecules	1064	(1)
The Stabilities of Organic Substances	1065	(1)
Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Substances	1066	(1)
Introduction to Hydrocarbons	1066	(1)
Alkanes	1067	(8)
Structures of Alkanes	1068	(1)
Structural Isomers	1069	(1)
Nomenclature of Alkanes	1070	(2)
Cycloalkanes	1072	(1)
Reactions of Alkanes	1073	(2)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	1075	(7)
Alkenes	1075	(2)
Alkynes	1077	(1)
Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes	1077	(2)
Mechanism of Addition Reactions	1079	(2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1081	(1)
Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers	1082	(4)
Alcohols ---OH	1084	(1)
Ethers ---O---	1085	(1)
Compounds with a Carbonyl Group	1086	(5)
Aldehydes O==C --- H and Ketones --- C==O ---	1086	(1)
Carboxylic Acids C==O -OH	1087	(1)
Esters --C==O--C--	1088	(2)
Amines and Amides	1090	(1)
Chirality in Organic Chemistry	1091	(2)
Introduction to Biochemistry	1093	(1)
Proteins	1094	(5)
Amino Acids	1094	(2)
Polypeptides and Proteins	1096	(1)
Protein Structure	1097	(2)
Carbohydrates	1099	(4)
Disaccharides	1011	(90)
Polysaccharides	1101	(2)
Nucleic Acids	1103	(13)
Summary and Key Terms	1107	(2)
Visualizing Concepts	1109	(1)
Exercises	1110	(5)
eMedia Exercises	1115
Chemistry at Work Gasoline	1073	(5)
Chemistry at Work The Accidental Discovery of Teflon®	1078	(4)
A Closer Look Aromatic Stabilization	1082	(6)
Chemistry at Work Portrait of an Organic Chemical	1088	(10)
Chemistry and Life The Origins of Chirality in Living Systems	1098	(9)
Strategies in Chemistry What Now?	1107	(9)
Appendices
A Mathematical Operations	1116	(6)
B Properties of Water	1122	(1)
C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25°C)	1123	(3)
D Aqueous Equilibrium Constants	1126	(2)
E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C	1128
Answers to Selected Exercises	1	(34)
Answers to ``Give it Some Thought'' Questions	35
Glossary	1	(1)
Photo/Art Credits	1	(1)
Index	1