Chemistry in the Community: (ChemCom)

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780716789192
• ISBN10: 0716789191
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-31
• Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Summary

W. H. Freeman, a recognized leader in scientific publishing, and the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society, are proud to announce the excitingnew Fifth Editionof the classic high school chemistry text,Chemistry in the Community. What is ChemCom? Designed for a year-long high school chemistry course geared for college-bound students, ChemCom covers traditional chemistry topics with coverage organized around societal issues. With this program, students learn more organic and biochemistry as well as environmental and industrial chemistry. The text is 50% laboratory-based, with lab activities are fully integrated within context, not separate from the reading. ChemComfeatures decision-making activities to give students practice in applying their chemistry knowledge in various problem-solving situations. This text clearly addresses the fundamental concepts and principles found in the National Science Education Standards. Correlations are available showing how closely alignedChemComis to these and other state standards. The seven units of study inChemComcover the topics: 1. Water 2. Materials 3. Petroleum 4. Air 5. Industry 6. Atoms 7. Food

Table of Contents

Welcome to Chemistry in the Community	p. xix
Preface	p. xxi
ChemCom Media	p. 1
Water: Exploring Solutions	p. 2
Sources and Uses of Water	p. 7
Town in Crisis	p. 7
Water, Water Everywhere	p. 8
Making Decisions Uses of Water	p. 8
Investigating Matter Foul Water	p. 10
Water Supply and Demand	p. 15
Developing Skills Water Use in the United States	p. 17
Where is the World's Water?	p. 18
Making Decisions Water-Use Analysis	p. 20
Making Decisions Riverwood Water Use	p. 22
Section A Summary	p. 23
Looking at Water and its Contaminants	p. 25
Physical Properties of Water	p. 26
Developing Skills Density	p. 28
Mixtures and Solutions	p. 28
Particulate View of Water	p. 31
Modeling Matter Pictures in the Mind	p. 32
Symbols, Formulas, and Equations	p. 34
Developing Skills Symbols, Formulas, and Equations	p. 36
The Electrical Nature of Matter	p. 37
Ions and Ionic Compounds	p. 38
Developing Skills Ionic Compounds	p. 41
Investigating Matter Water Testing	p. 42
Pure and Impure Water	p. 45
Making Decisions The Riverwood Water Mystery	p. 46
What Are the Possibilities?	p. 47
Chemistry at Work Environmental Cleanup	p. 48
Section B Summary	p. 50
Investigating the Cause of the Fish Kill	p. 53
Solubility of Solids in Water	p. 53
Developing Skills Solubility and Solubility Curves	p. 55
Investigating Matter Constructing a Solubility Curve	p. 57
Dissolving Ionic Compounds	p. 59
Modeling Matter The Dissolving Process	p. 62
Solution Concentration	p. 63
Developing Skills Describing Solution Concentrations	p. 63
Inappropriate Heavy-Metal Ion Concentrations?	p. 65
Inappropriate pH Levels?	p. 68
Inappropriate Molecular Substance Concentrations?	p. 71
Investigating Matter Solvents	p. 72
Inappropriate Dissolved Oxygen Levels?	p. 75
Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Life	p. 76
Making Decisions Determining the Cause of the Fish Kill	p. 79
Section C Summary	p. 82
Water Purification and Treatment	p. 85
Natural Water Purification	p. 86
Municipal Water Purification	p. 88
Making Decisions Water Purification	p. 89
Chlorination of Water	p. 90
Chlorination and THMs	p. 91
Making Decisions Bottled Water Versus Tap Water	p. 91
Investigating Matter Water Softening	p. 92
Water and Water Softening	p. 96
Chemistry at Work Purifying Water	p. 100
Section D Summary	p. 102
Putting It All Together Fish Kill-Finding the Solution	p. 104
Looking Back and Looking Ahead	p. 105
Materials: Structure and Uses	p. 106
Why We Use What We Do	p. 110
Properties Make the Difference	p. 110
Developing Skills Physical and Chemical Properties	p. 111
Properties Matter: Designing the Penny	p. 113
The Chemical Elements	p. 114
Investigating Matter Metal or Nonmetal?	p. 115
The Periodic Table	p. 117
Making Decisions Grouping the Elements	p. 119
The Pattern of Atomic Numbers	p. 120
Developing Skills Periodic Variation in Properties	p. 122
Periodic Table of the Elements	p. 124
Organization of the Periodic Table	p. 125
Developing Skills Predicting Properties	p. 125
What Determines Properties?	p. 126
Making Decisions It's Only Money	p. 127
Chart of the Elements	p. 128
Section A Summary	p. 130
Earth's Mineral Resources	p. 134
Sources and Uses of Metals	p. 134
Making Decisions Production Versus Use	p. 138
Investigating Matter Converting Copper	p. 139
Metal Reactivity	p. 140
Investigating Matter Relative Reactivities of Metals	p. 142
Metals: Properties and Uses	p. 144
Discovery of Metals	p. 144
Developing Skills Trends in Metal Activity	p. 146
Mining and Refining	p. 146
Modeling Matter Electrons and Redox Processes	p. 148
Section B Summary	p. 151
Conserving Matter	p. 153
Keeping Track of Atoms	p. 153
Developing Skills Accounting for Atoms	p. 155
Nature's Conservation: Balanced Chemical Equations	p. 157
Developing Skills Writing Chemical Equations	p. 159
Introducing the Mole Concept	p. 161
Developing Skills Molar Masses	p. 163
Equations and Molar Relationships	p. 164
Developing Skills Molar Relationships	p. 166
Composition of Materials	p. 166
Developing Skills Percent Composition	p. 168
Investigating Matter Retrieving Copper	p. 169
Conservation in the Community	p. 172
Making Decisions Rethinking, Reusing, Replacing, and Recycling	p. 176
The Life Cycle of a Material	p. 176
Developing Skills Copper Life-Cycle Analysis	p. 177
Making Decisions Designing a Coin	p. 178
Section C Summary	p. 180
Materials: Designing for Desired Properties	p. 184
Structure and Properties: Allotropes	p. 184
A Case of Elusive Identity	p. 184
Developing Skills Linking Properties to Structure	p. 187
Engineered Materials	p. 187
Making Decisions Alternatives to Metals	p. 190
Investigating Matter Striking It Rich	p. 191
Combining Atoms: Alloys & Semiconductors	p. 193
Five Cents' Worth	p. 193
Modifying Surfaces	p. 195
Chemistry at Work All That's Gold Doesn't Glitter...or Does it?	p. 198
Investigating Matter Copper Plating	p. 202
Making Decisions More Coin Design Considerations	p. 203
Section D Summary	p. 204
Putting It All Together Making Money: Selecting the Best Coin Design	p. 206
Looking Back and Looking Ahead	p. 207
Petroleum: Breaking and Making Bonds	p. 208
Petroleum: What is it?	p. 212
What Is Petroleum?	p. 212
Investigating Matter Separation by Distillation	p. 215
Petroleum Refining	p. 218
Examining Petroleum's Molecules	p. 219
Developing Skills Hydrocarbon Boiling Points	p. 220
Chemical Bonding	p. 220
Investigating Matter Modeling Alkanes	p. 224
Developing Skills Trends in Alkane Boiling Points	p. 228
Investigating Matter Alkanes Revisited	p. 229
Developing Skills Boiling Points of Alkane Isomers	p. 231
Making Decisions Fuels and Climate	p. 232
Section A Summary	p. 233
Petroleum: An Energy Source	p. 237
Energy Tracing	p. 237
Energy and Fossil Fuels	p. 238
Energy Conversion	p. 242
Developing Skills Automobile Energy Conversions	p. 243
Developing Skills Energy Efficiency	p. 244
Energy Conversion Efficiency	p. 245
Chemistry at Work Oil's Well That Ends Well: The Work of a Petroleum Geologist	p. 246
Investigating Matter Combustion	p. 248
Using Heats of Combustion	p. 251
A Burning Problem: Part I	p. 252
Developing Skills Heats of Combustion	p. 252
Altering Fuels	p. 253
A Burning Problem: Part II	p. 256
Making Decisions Fuel for Transportation	p. 257
Section B Summary	p. 258
Petroleum: A Building-Material Source	p. 261
Creating New Options: Petrochemicals	p. 262
Modeling Matter Polymer Structure and Properties	p. 265
Beyond Alkanes	p. 266
Investigating Matter The Builders	p. 267
More Builder Molecules	p. 270
Builder Molecules Containing Oxygen	p. 272
Condensation Polymers	p. 274
Investigating Matter Condensation	p. 275
Making Decisions Builder Molecules in Transportation	p. 277
Section C Summary	p. 279
Energy Alternatives to Petroleum	p. 282
Energy: Past and Present	p. 282
Developing Skills Fuel Sources over the Years	p. 283
Alternate Fuels and Energy Sources	p. 284
Investigating Matter Biodiesel Fuel	p. 286
Making Decisions Biodiesel as a Petroleum Substitute	p. 288
Alternate-Fuel Vehicles	p. 289
Making Decisions Evaluating Alternate-Fuel Options	p. 293
Section D Summary	p. 294
Putting It All Together Getting Mobile	p. 296
Looking Back and Looking Ahead	p. 297
Air: Chemistry and the Atmosphere	p. 298
Gases in the Atmosphere	p. 302
Structure of the Atmosphere	p. 302
Developing Skills Graphing Atmospheric Data	p. 304
Investigating Matter Properties of Gases	p. 305
Pressure	p. 309
Developing Skills Applications of Pressure	p. 311
Atmospheric Pressure	p. 312
Atoms and Molecules in Motion	p. 313
Pressure-Volume Behavior of Gases	p. 316
Developing Skills Predicting Gas Behavior: Pressure-Volume	p. 319
Investigating Matter Exploring Temperature-Volume Relationships	p. 320
Temperature-Volume Behavior of Gases	p. 322
Developing Skills Predicting Gas Behavior: Temperature-Volume	p. 323
Temperature-Pressure Behavior of Gases	p. 324
Developing Skills Using Gas Relationships	p. 324
Nonideal Gas Behavior	p. 325
Modeling Matter Understanding Kinetic Molecular Theory	p. 325
Ideal Gases and Molar Volume	p. 326
Developing Skills Molar Volume and Reactions of Gases	p. 329
The Ideal Gas Law	p. 329
Developing Skills Using the Ideal Gas Law	p. 331
Making Decisions Preparing to Explore the Bus-Idling Policy	p. 331
Section A Summary	p. 333
Radiation and Climate	p. 337
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Radiation	p. 337
Always Harmful?	p. 341
Earth's Energy Balance	p. 341
Developing Skills Solar Radiation	p. 344
Thermal Properties At Earth's Surface	p. 344
Developing Skills Thermal Properties of Materials	p. 346
Investigating Matter Specific Heat Capacity	p. 346
The Carbon Cycle	p. 348
Making Decisions Considering the Global Carbon Cycle	p. 350
Investigating Matter Carbon Dioxide Levels	p. 350
Modeling Matter Incomplete Combustion	p. 353
Greenhouse Gases and Global Change	p. 354
Developing Skills Trends in Atmospheric CO[subscript 2] Levels	p. 358
Making Decisions Considering Greenhouse Gases	p. 359
Section B Summary	p. 360
Acids in the Atmosphere	p. 363
Acid Rain	p. 363
The Rain in Maine ...	p. 366
Investigating Matter Making Acid Rain	p. 366
Chemistry at Work Using Chemistry to Bring Criminals to Justice	p. 369
Making Decisions Preventing Acid Rain	p. 370
Structure Determines Properties	p. 370
Developing Skills Acids and Bases	p. 372
Acidity, Molar Concentration, and pH	p. 372
Developing Skills Interpreting the pH Scale	p. 374
Strengths of Acids and Bases	p. 375
Modeling Matter Strong Versus Concentrated	p. 376
Acids, Bases, and Buffers	p. 377
Investigating Matter Buffers	p. 378
Making Decisions Considering Acid Rain	p. 379
Section C Summary	p. 380
Air Pollution: Sources, Effects, and Solutions	p. 383
Sources of Air Pollutants	p. 384
Developing Skills Identifying Major Air Contaminants	p. 385
Smog: Hazardous to Your Health	p. 386
Making Decisions Vehicles and Smog	p. 390
Stationary-Source Air Pollution Control and Prevention	p. 391
Limiting Reactants and Scrubbers	p. 393
Investigating Matter Cleansing Air	p. 393
Controlling Automobile Emissions	p. 394
Controlling Air Pollution	p. 395
Ozone and CFCs: A Continued Success Story	p. 396
Air-Quality Conclusions	p. 401
Section D Summary	p. 402
Putting It All Together Bus-Idling Policy and Air Quality	p. 404
Looking Back and Looking Ahead	p. 405
Industry: Applying Chemical Reactions	p. 406
Some Chemistry of Nitrogen	p. 410
Making Decisions Chemical Processing In Your Life	p. 410
Chemical Products	p. 410
Investigating Matter Fertilizer Components	p. 413
Fertilizer and the Nitrogen Cycle	p. 417
Making Decisions Plant Nutrients	p. 419
Modeling Matter The Nitrogen Cycle	p. 420
Investigating Matter Phosphates	p. 422
Fixing Nitrogen by Oxidation-Reduction	p. 425
Developing Skills Determining Oxidation States	p. 428
Section A Summary	p. 430
Nitrogen and Industry	p. 433
Kinetics and Equilibrium	p. 433
Developing Skills Chemical Systems at Equilibrium	p. 437
Investigating Matter Le Chatelier's Principle	p. 438
Industrial Synthesis of Ammonia	p. 439
Nitrogen's Other Face	p. 440
Developing Skills Explosive Nitrogen Chemistry	p. 443
From Raw Materials to Products	p. 443
The Top Chemicals	p. 444
Green Chemistry and Responsible Care	p. 446
Making Decisions What Does Riverwood Want?	p. 448
Section B Summary	p. 449
Metal Processing and Electrochemistry	p. 452
Electrolysis and Voltaic Cells	p. 452
Investigating Matter Voltaic Cells	p. 454
Voltaic Cells and Half-Reactions	p. 456
Developing Skills Getting Charged by Electrochemistry	p. 456
Batteries	p. 458
Battery Sizes	p. 458
Industrial Electrochemistry	p. 461
Moving Toward Greener Methods	p. 464
Making Decisions Asset or Liability?	p. 466
Chemistry at Work Searching for Solutions in Chemistry	p. 470
Section C Summary	p. 471
Putting It All Together A Chemical Plant for Riverwood?	p. 474
Looking Back	p. 475
Atoms: Nuclear Interactions	p. 476
The Nature of Atoms	p. 480
A Great Discovery	p. 480
Scientific Discoveries	p. 483
Nuclear Radiation	p. 484
The Gold-Foil Experiment	p. 486
Architecture of Atoms	p. 487
Developing Skills Interpreting Isotopic Notation	p. 490
Modeling Matter Isotopic Pennies	p. 490
Isotopes in Nature	p. 491
Developing Skills Molar Mass and Isotopic Abundance	p. 492
Making Decisions Fact or Fiction?	p. 493
Section A Summary	p. 494
Nuclear Radiation	p. 497
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation	p. 497
Radiation Exposure Standards	p. 499
Making Decisions Your Annual Ionizing-Radiation Dose	p. 500
Ionizing Radiation: How Much is Safe?	p. 502
Investigating Matter Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation	p. 504
Natural Radioactive Decay	p. 508
Developing Skills Nuclear Balancing Act	p. 511
Radon	p. 512
Nuclear Radiation Detectors	p. 514
Investigating Matter Cloud Chambers	p. 515
Making Decisions Ensuring Public Safety	p. 517
Section B Summary	p. 518
Using Radioactivity	p. 521
Half-Life: A Radioactive Clock	p. 521
Carbon-14 Dating	p. 522
Modeling Matter Understanding Half-Life	p. 523
Developing Skills Applications of Half-Lives	p. 524
Radioisotopes in Medicine	p. 526
Using Radioisotopes in Medicine	p. 528
Nuclear Medicine Technologies	p. 529
Artificial Radioactivity	p. 531
Developing Skills Nuclear-Bombardment Reactions	p. 533
Transmutation of Elements	p. 534
Extending the Periodic Table	p. 534
Making Decisions Opinions About Radioactivity	p. 536
Section C Summary	p. 538
Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Burdens	p. 541
Unleashing Nuclear Forces	p. 541
Modeling Matter The Tumbling Domino Effect	p. 544
Nuclear Power Plants	p. 546
Chemistry at Work Nuclear Power in Action: Submarines	p. 550
Nuclear Fusion	p. 552
Making Decisions The Safest Journey	p. 554
Risk-Free Travel?	p. 556
Nuclear Waste: Pandora's Box	p. 556
Developing Skills Disposing of High- and Low-Level Waste	p. 560
Section D Summary	p. 561
Putting It All Together Communicating Scientific and Technical Information	p. 563
Food: Matter and Energy for Life	p. 564
Food as Energy	p. 568
Food Groups	p. 568
Making Decisions Diet and Food Groups	p. 569
Investigating Matter Snack-Food Energy	p. 570
Energy Flow: From the Sun to You	p. 572
How Does Your Garden Grow?	p. 574
Energy Release and Storage	p. 574
Developing Skills Energy in Action	p. 576
Energy In, Energy Out	p. 578
Making Decisions Gain Some, Lose Some	p. 578
Energy Intake and Expenditure	p. 580
Section A Summary	p. 581
Energy Storage and Use	p. 583
Carbohydrates: One Way to Combine C, H, and O	p. 583
Chemistry at Work Food for Thought	p. 586
Fats: Another Way to Combine C, H, and O Atoms	p. 588
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats	p. 590
Developing Skills Calories From Fat	p. 591
Hydrogenation	p. 592
Developing Skills Fats in the Diet	p. 594
Fat-Free Food?	p. 594
Limiting Reactants	p. 594
Modeling Matter Limiting-Reactant Analogies	p. 596
Developing Skills Limiting Reactants in Chemical Reactions	p. 598
Making Decisions Analyzing Fats and Carbohydrates	p. 600
Section B Summary	p. 601
Proteins, Enzymes, and Chemistry	p. 604
Proteins: Function and Structure	p. 604
Modeling Matter Molecular Structure of Proteins	p. 606
Protein in Your Diet	p. 608
Developing Skills Analyzing Daily Protein Requirements	p. 609
Investigating Matter Enzymes	p. 610
How Enzymes Work	p. 611
A Problem to Chew On	p. 614
Investigating Matter Amylase Tests	p. 614
Making Decisions Protein Content	p. 616
Section C Summary	p. 617
Other Substances in Foods	p. 619
Vitamins	p. 619
Developing Skills Vitamins in the Diet	p. 622
Investigating Matter Vitamin C	p. 623
Minerals: Essential Within All Diets	p. 626
Developing Skills Minerals in the Diet	p. 628
Food Additives	p. 630
Investigating Matter Analyzing Food-Coloring Additives	p. 633
Regulating Additives	p. 635
Nitrite Additives	p. 637
Artificial Sweeteners	p. 637
Developing Skills Food Additive Survey	p. 638
Making Decisions Analyzing Vitamins and Minerals	p. 639
Chemistry at Work Keeping Food Supplies Safe for Consumers	p. 640
Section D Summary	p. 641
Putting It All Together School Vending Choices: Guiding PTSA's Decisions	p. 644
Looking Back	p. 646
Appendices	p. 1
Glossary	p. 1
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