Chemistry : Principles, Patterns, and Applications

by Averill, Bruce A.; Eldredge, Patricia

• ISBN13: 9780805338034
• ISBN10: 0805338039
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This innovative text emphasizes contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach. Modern applications, early integration of examples from organic and biochemistry, and a strong approach to problem solving help you develop a deep understanding of key concepts and the ability to recognize important patterns. Integrated with the most advanced chemistry tutorial media available, this is a learning package built to ensure your success. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction to Chemistry	1	(45)
Introduction	1	(1)
Chemistry in the Modern World	2	(2)
The Scientific Method	4	(3)
A Description of Matter	7	(6)
Pure Substances and Mixtures	8	(3)
Properties of Matter	11	(2)
A Brief History of Chemistry	13	(5)
Modern Chemistry	14	(1)
The Atomic Theory of Matter	14	(1)
The Law of Multiple Proportions	15	(1)
Avogadro's Hypothesis	16	(2)
The Atom	18	(4)
The Electron	18	(1)
Radioactivity	19	(1)
The Atomic Model	20	(2)
Isotopes and Atomic Masses	22	(6)
Introduction to the Periodic Table	28	(2)
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals	28	(1)
Chemistry of the Groups	29	(1)
Essential Elements	30	(16)
Classification of the Essential Elements	31	(1)
The Trace Elements	32	(1)
Amplification	32	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	32	(1)
Questions and Problems	33	(6)
Essential Skills 1	39	(1)
Units of Measurement	39	(1)
Scientific Notation	40	(1)
Significant Figures	41	(3)
Accuracy and Precision	44	(2)
Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas	46	(39)
Introduction	46	(1)
Chemical Compounds	47	(8)
Covalent Compounds	47	(2)
Representations of Molecular Structures	49	(3)
Ionic Compounds	52	(3)
Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds	55	(1)
Chemical Formulas	55	(4)
Binary Ionic Compounds	56	(1)
Polyatomic Ions	57	(1)
Hydrates	58	(1)
Naming Ionic Compounds	59	(4)
Naming Covalent Compounds	63	(8)
Binary Inorganic Compounds	63	(3)
Hydrocarbons	66	(5)
Acids and Bases	71	(3)
Acids	71	(2)
Bases	73	(1)
Industrially Important Chemicals	74	(11)
Petroleum	75	(4)
Sulfuric Acid	79	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	80	(1)
Questions and Problems	81	(4)
Chemical Reactions	85	(60)
Introduction	85	(1)
The Mole and Molar Masses	86	(7)
Molecular and Formula Masses	86	(2)
The Mole	88	(1)
Molar Mass	89	(4)
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas	93	(9)
Calculating Mass Percentages	93	(2)
Determining the Empirical Formula of Penicillin	95	(3)
Combustion Analysis	98	(2)
From Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula	100	(2)
Chemical Equations	102	(7)
Interpreting Chemical Equations	103	(2)
Balancing Simple Chemical Equations	105	(4)
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations	109	(8)
Stoichiometry Problems	109	(3)
Limiting Reactants	112	(4)
Percent Yields	116	(1)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	117	(8)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	118	(4)
Condensation Reactions	122	(2)
Catalysts	124	(1)
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere	125	(20)
The Earth's Atmosphere and the Ozone Layer	125	(3)
The Ozone Hole	128	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	129	(1)
Questions and Problems	130	(10)
Essential Skills 2	140	(1)
Proportions	140	(2)
Percentages	142	(1)
Unit Conversions	143	(2)
Reactions in Aqueous Solution	145	(59)
Introduction	145	(1)
Aqueous Solutions	146	(3)
Polar Substances	146	(1)
Electrolytes	147	(2)
Solution Concentrations	149	(7)
Molarity	150	(1)
Preparation of Solutions	151	(4)
Ion Concentrations in Solution	155	(1)
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution	156	(5)
Calculating Moles from Volume	157	(1)
Limiting Reactants in Solutions	158	(3)
Ionic Equations	161	(2)
Precipitation Reactions	163	(6)
Predicting Solubilities	164	(2)
Precipitation Reactions in Photography	166	(3)
Acid--Base Reactions	169	(9)
Definitions of Acids and Bases	169	(1)
Polyprotic Acids	170	(1)
Strengths of Acids and Bases	170	(2)
The Hydronium Ion	172	(1)
Neutralization Reactions	173	(3)
The pH Scale	176	(2)
The Chemistry of Acid Rain	178	(3)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions in Solution	181	(8)
Balancing Redox Equations Using Oxidation States	181	(5)
Redox Reactions of Solid Metals in Aqueous Solution	186	(3)
Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations	189	(15)
Determining the Concentration of an Unknown Solution Using a Titration	189	(2)
Standard Solutions	191	(1)
Acid--Base Titrations	191	(2)
Key Equations	193	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	193	(1)
Questions and Problems	194	(7)
Essential Skills 3	201	(1)
Base-10 (Common) Logarithms	201	(1)
Calculations Using Common Logarithms	202	(2)
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions	204	(51)
Introduction	204	(1)
Energy and Work	205	(4)
Forms of Energy	205	(1)
Energy, Heat, and Work	206	(1)
Kinetic and Potential Energy	207	(2)
Enthalpy	209	(16)
Direction of Heat Flow	211	(1)
Enthalpy of Reaction	211	(3)
Hess's Law	214	(2)
Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction	216	(7)
Enthalpies of Solution and Dilution	223	(2)
Calorimetry	225	(6)
Heat Capacity	225	(3)
Measuring Heat Flow	228	(3)
Thermochemistry and Nutrition	231	(5)
Energy Sources and the Environment	236	(19)
Fuels	236	(4)
The Carbon Cycle and the Greenhouse Effect	240	(4)
Key Equations	244	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	244	(1)
Questions and Problems	245	(6)
Essential Skills 4	251	(1)
Temperature	251	(2)
Unit Conversions: Dimensional Analysis	253	(2)
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
The Structure of Atoms	255	(46)
Introduction	255	(1)
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation	256	(3)
Properties of Waves	256	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	257	(2)
The Quantization of Energy	259	(4)
Blackbody Radiation	260	(1)
The Photoelectric Effect	261	(2)
Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom	263	(8)
Line Spectra	263	(2)
The Bohr Model	265	(3)
Uses of Emission and Absorption Spectra	268	(3)
The Relationship Between Energy and Mass	271	(4)
The Wave Character of Matter	271	(2)
Standing Waves	273	(1)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	273	(2)
Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies	275	(10)
Wave Functions	275	(1)
Quantum Numbers	276	(3)
Orbital Shapes	279	(3)
Orbital Energies	282	(1)
Effective Nuclear Charges	283	(2)
Building Up the Periodic Table	285	(16)
Electron Spin: The Fourth Quantum Number	285	(1)
The Pauli Principle	285	(1)
Electronic Configurations of the Elements	286	(7)
Summary and Key Terms	293	(2)
Key Equations	295	(1)
Questions and Problems	295	(6)
The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends	301	(39)
Introduction	301	(1)
The History of the Periodic Table	302	(4)
Mendeleev's Periodic Table	303	(2)
The Role of Atomic Number in the Periodic Table	305	(1)
Sizes of Atoms and Ions	306	(6)
Atomic Radii	306	(1)
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii	307	(2)
Ionic Radii and Isoelectronic Series	309	(3)
Energetics of Ion Formation	312	(12)
Ionization Energies	312	(5)
Electron Affinities	317	(3)
Electronegativity	320	(4)
The Chemical Families	324	(8)
The Main Group Elements	324	(6)
The Transition Metals, Lanthanides, and Actinides	330	(2)
Trace Elements in Biological Systems	332	(8)
Macrominerals	333	(1)
Group Transfer Reactions	333	(1)
Biological Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	333	(1)
Structural Components	334	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	335	(1)
Questions and Problems	336	(4)
Structure and Bonding I: Ionic Versus Covalent Bonding	340	(41)
Introduction	340	(1)
An Overview of Chemical Bonding	341	(1)
Ionic Bonding	341	(2)
Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids	343	(8)
Calculating Lattice Energies	344	(1)
The Relationship Between Lattice Energies and Physical Properties	345	(1)
The Born--Haber Cycle	346	(1)
Predicting the Stability of Ionic Compounds	347	(4)
Introduction to Lewis Electron Structures	351	(1)
Creating a Lewis Dot Symbol	351	(1)
The Octet Rule	351	(1)
Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding	352	(11)
Using Lewis Electron Structures to Describe Covalent Bonding	353	(3)
Using Lewis Electron Structures to Explain Stoichiometry	356	(1)
Formal Charges	357	(2)
Using Formal Charges to Distinguish Between Lewis Structures	359	(1)
Resonance Structures	360	(3)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	363	(3)
Odd Numbers of Electrons	363	(1)
More Than an Octet of Electrons	364	(1)
Fewer Than an Octet of Electrons	364	(2)
Lewis Acids and Bases	366	(1)
Properties of Covalent Bonds	367	(5)
Bond Order	368	(1)
The Relationship Between Bond Order and Bond Energy	368	(2)
The Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Bond Energy	370	(2)
Polar Covalent Bonds	372	(9)
Bond Polarity	372	(1)
Dipole Moments	373	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	375	(1)
Key Equations	376	(1)
Questions and Problems	376	(5)
Structure and Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Models of Covalent Bonding	381	(50)
Introduction	381	(1)
Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	382	(17)
The VSEPR Model	382	(3)
Using the VSEPR Model	385	(13)
Molecular Dipole Moments	398	(1)
Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals	399	(7)
Valence Bond Theory: A Localized Bonding Approach	400	(1)
Hybridization of s and p Orbitals	401	(3)
Hybridization Using d Orbitals	404	(2)
Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals	406	(14)
Molecular Orbital Theory: A Delocalized Bonding Approach	406	(2)
Bond Order in Molecular Orbital Theory	408	(4)
Molecular Orbitals Formed from ns and np Atomic Orbitals	412	(2)
Molecular Orbital Diagrams for Second-Period Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	414	(4)
Molecular Orbitals in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	418	(2)
Combining the Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Approaches	420	(11)
Multiple Bonds	420	(2)
Molecular Orbitals and Resonance Structures	422	(2)
The Chemistry of Vision	424	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	425	(1)
Key Equations	426	(1)
Questions and Problems	426	(5)
THE STATES OF MATTER
Gases	431	(52)
Introduction	431	(1)
Gaseous Elements and Compounds	432	(2)
Gas Pressure	434	(5)
Units of Pressure	435	(1)
Atmospheric Pressure	436	(1)
Manometers	437	(2)
Relationships Between Pressure, Temperature, Amount, and Volume	439	(3)
The Relationship Between Pressure and Volume	439	(2)
The Relationship Between Temperature and Volume	441	(1)
The Relationship Between Amount and Volume	442	(1)
The Ideal Gas Law	442	(10)
Deriving the Ideal Gas Law	443	(2)
Applying the Ideal Gas Law	445	(5)
Using the Ideal Gas Law to Calculate Densities and Molar Masses	450	(2)
Mixtures of Gases	452	(4)
Partial Pressures	452	(2)
Mole Fractions of Gas Mixtures	454	(2)
Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry	456	(3)
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases	459	(9)
A Molecular Description	459	(2)
Boltzmann Distributions	461	(1)
The Relationships Between Pressure, Volume, and Temperature	462	(1)
Diffusion and Effusion	463	(3)
Rates of Diffusion or Effusion	466	(2)
The Behavior of Real Gases	468	(15)
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Relationships in Real Gases	469	(1)
The van derWaals Equation	470	(1)
Liquefaction of Gases	471	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	472	(1)
Key Equations	473	(1)
Questions and Problems	474	(6)
Essential Skills 5	480	(1)
Preparing a Graph	480	(1)
Interpreting a Graph	480	(3)
Liquids	483	(42)
Introduction	483	(1)
The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids	484	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	485	(7)
Dipole-Dipole Interactions	486	(1)
London Dispersion Forces	487	(3)
Hydrogen Bonds	490	(2)
Unique Properties of Liquids	492	(4)
Surface Tension	492	(2)
Capillary Action	494	(1)
Viscosity	495	(1)
Vapor Pressure	496	(5)
Evaporation and Condensation	496	(1)
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure	497	(3)
Boiling Points	500	(1)
Changes of State	501	(5)
Energy Changes That Accompany Phase Changes	502	(1)
Temperature Curves	503	(3)
Critical Temperature and Pressure	506	(3)
Supercritical Fluids	506	(2)
Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids	508	(1)
Phase Diagrams	509	(3)
General Features of a Phase Diagram	509	(1)
The Phase Diagram of Water	509	(2)
The Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide	511	(1)
Liquid Crystals	512	(13)
Summary and Key Terms	515	(2)
Key Equations	517	(1)
Questions and Problems	517	(5)
Essential Skills 6	522	(1)
Natural Logarithms	522	(1)
Calculations Using Natural Logarithms	523	(2)
Solids	525	(45)
Introduction	525	(1)
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids	526	(1)
The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids	527	(5)
The Unit Cell	527	(3)
Packing of Spheres	530	(2)
Structures of Simple Binary Compounds	532	(5)
Common Structures of Binary Compounds	532	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	535	(2)
Defects in Crystals	537	(6)
Defects in Metals	537	(2)
Memory Metal	539	(2)
Defects in Ionic and Molecular Crystals	541	(2)
Nonstoichiometric Compounds	543	(1)
Correlation Between Bonding and the Properties of Solids	543	(4)
Ionic Solids	543	(1)
Molecular Solids	544	(1)
Covalent Solids	544	(1)
Metallic Solids	545	(2)
Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors	547	(7)
Band Theory	548	(2)
Requirements for Metallic Behavior	550	(1)
Insulators	550	(1)
Semiconductors	551	(3)
Superconductors	554	(2)
BCS Theory	554	(1)
High-Temperature Superconductors	555	(1)
Polymeric Solids	556	(3)
Biological Polymers: Peptides and Proteins	557	(1)
Synthetic Polymers	558	(1)
Contemporary Materials	559	(11)
Ceramics	560	(1)
Superalloys	561	(1)
Composite Materials	561	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	563	(1)
Key Equation	564	(1)
Questions and Problems	564	(6)
Solutions	570	(47)
Introduction	570	(1)
Factors Affecting Solution Formation	571	(4)
Forming a Solution	571	(1)
The Role of Enthalpy in Solution Formation	572	(1)
Entropy and Solution Formation	573	(2)
Solubility and Molecular Structure	575	(7)
Factors Affecting Solubility	576	(1)
Interactions in Liquid Solutions	576	(4)
Solutions of Solids	580	(1)
Solubilities of Ionic Substances in Liquids	581	(1)
Units of Concentration	582	(5)
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility	587	(4)
Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Solids	587	(1)
Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Gases	588	(1)
Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases: Henry's Law	589	(2)
Colligative Properties of Solutions	591	(15)
Vapor-Pressure of Solutions and Raoult's Law	592	(4)
Boiling-Point Elevation	596	(2)
Freezing-Point Depression	598	(4)
Osmotic Pressure	602	(2)
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions	604	(2)
Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution	606	(11)
Colloids and Suspensions	607	(1)
Emulsions	608	(1)
Micelles	608	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	609	(1)
Key Equations	610	(1)
Questions and Problems	611	(6)
KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA
Chemical Kinetics	617	(55)
Introduction	617	(1)
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates	618	(2)
Concentration Effects	618	(1)
Temperature Effects	619	(1)
Phase and Surface Area Effects	619	(1)
Solvent Effects	619	(1)
Catalyst Effects	620	(1)
Reaction Rates and Rate Laws	620	(9)
Reaction Rates	620	(6)
Rate Laws	626	(3)
Methods of Determining Reaction Orders	629	(12)
Zeroth-Order Reactions	629	(1)
First-Order Reactions	630	(4)
Second-Order Reactions	634	(4)
Determining the Rate Law of a Reaction	638	(3)
Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders	641	(3)
Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics	644	(5)
Half-Lives	644	(2)
Radioactive Decay Rates	646	(1)
Radioisotope Dating Techniques	647	(2)
Reaction Rates--A Microscopic View	649	(5)
Molecularity and the Rate-Determining Step	650	(3)
Chain Reactions	653	(1)
The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics	654	(6)
Activation Energy	655	(1)
Graphing the Energy Changes During a Reaction	655	(2)
The Arrhenius Equation	657	(3)
Catalysis	660	(12)
Heterogeneous Catalysis	661	(1)
Homogeneous Catalysis	661	(1)
Enzymes	662	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	663	(1)
Key Equations	664	(1)
Questions and Problems	664	(8)
Chemical Equilibrium	672	(49)
Introduction	672	(1)
The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium	673	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant	675	(11)
Developing an Equilibrium Constant Expression	676	(4)
Variations in the Form of the Equilibrium Constant Expression	680	(1)
Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Systems That Contain Gases	681	(2)
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria	683	(2)
Equilibrium Constant Expressions for the Sums of Reactions	685	(1)
Solving Equilibrium Problems	686	(11)
Calculating an Equilibrium Constant from Equilibrium Concentrations	686	(4)
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations from the Equilibrium Constant	690	(7)
Nonequilibrium Conditions	697	(4)
The Reaction Quotient (Q)	697	(2)
Predicting the Direction of Reaction Using a Graph	699	(1)
Le Chatelier's Principle	700	(1)
Factors That Affect Equilibrium	701	(6)
Changes in Concentration	702	(1)
Changes in Total Pressure or Volume	703	(2)
Changes in Temperature	705	(2)
Controlling the Products of Reactions	707	(14)
Summary and Key Terms	710	(1)
Key Equations	711	(1)
Questions and Problems	711	(8)
Essential Skills 7	719	(1)
The Quadratic Formula	719	(2)
Aqueous Acid--Base Equilibria	721	(60)
Introduction	721	(1)
The Autoionization of Water	722	(3)
Acid--Base Properties of Water	722	(1)
The Ion-Product Constant of Liquid Water	723	(1)
The Relationship Among pH, pOH, and pKw	724	(1)
A Qualitative Description of Acid--Base Equilibria	725	(11)
Conjugate Acid--Base Pairs	726	(1)
Acid--Base Equilibrium Constants: Ka, Kb, pKa, and pKb	727	(4)
Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases: The Leveling Effect	731	(1)
Polyprotic Acids and Bases	732	(1)
Acid--Base Properties of Solutions of Salts	733	(3)
Molecular Structure and Acid--Base Strength	736	(5)
Bond Strengths	736	(1)
Stability of the Conjugate Base	737	(1)
Inductive Effects	737	(4)
Quantitative Aspects of Acid--Base Equilibria	741	(10)
Determining Ka and Kb	741	(3)
Calculating Percent Ionization from Ka or Kb	744	(6)
Determining Keq from Ka and Kb	750	(1)
Acid--Base Titrations	751	(13)
Titrations of Strong Acids and Bases	752	(2)
Titrations of Weak Acids and Bases	754	(5)
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids or Bases	759	(2)
Indicators	761	(3)
Buffers	764	(17)
The Common Ion Effect	764	(3)
Calculating the pH of a Buffer	767	(4)
The Relationship Between Titrations and Buffers	771	(1)
Blood: A Most Important Buffer	772	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	773	(1)
Key Equations	774	(1)
Questions and Problems	775	(6)
Solubility and Complexation Equilibria	781	(29)
Introduction	781	(1)
Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds	782	(6)
The Solubility Product, Ksp	782	(3)
The Ion Product	785	(2)
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility	787	(1)
Factors That Affect Solubility	788	(2)
Ion-Pair Formation	788	(1)
Incomplete Dissociation	789	(1)
Complex-Ion Formation	790	(6)
The Formation Constant	791	(2)
The Effect of Complex-Ion Formation on Solubility	793	(3)
Solubility and pH	796	(7)
The Effect of Acid--Base Equilibria on the Solubility of Salts	796	(3)
Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides and Hydroxides	799	(2)
Selective Precipitation Using pH	801	(2)
Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation	803	(7)
Summary and Key Terms	806	(1)
Questions and Problems	806	(4)
Chemical Thermodynamics	810	(50)
Introduction	810	(1)
Thermodynamics and Work	811	(3)
The Connections Among Work, Heat, and Energy	811	(1)
PV Work	812	(2)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	814	(4)
Enthalpy	816	(1)
The Relationship Between ΔH and ΔE	817	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	818	(7)
Entropy	819	(3)
Reversible and Irreversible Changes	822	(1)
The Relationship Between Internal Energy and Entropy	823	(2)
Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics	825	(4)
Calculating ΔS from Standard Molar Entropy Values	826	(1)
Calculating ΔS from Thermodynamic Cycles	827	(2)
Free Energy	829	(8)
Gibbs Free Energy and the Direction of Spontaneous Reactions	829	(2)
The Relationship Between ΔG and Work	831	(1)
Standard Free-Energy Change	832	(5)
Spontaneity and Equilibrium	837	(5)
Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant	838	(3)
Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant	841	(1)
Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics	842	(4)
Thermodynamics and Life	846	(14)
Energy Flow Between the Cell and Its Surroundings	846	(1)
Extracting Energy from the Environment	847	(1)
The Role of NADH and ATP in Metabolism	848	(2)
Energy Storage in Cells	850	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	851	(1)
Key Equations	852	(1)
Questions and Problems	853	(7)
Electrochemistry	860	(52)
Introduction	860	(1)
Describing Electrochemical Cells	861	(5)
Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells	862	(3)
Constructing a Cell Diagram	865	(1)
Standard Potentials	866	(10)
Measuring Standard Electrode Potentials	867	(2)
Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half-Reaction Method	869	(4)
Calculating Standard Cell Potentials	873	(1)
Reference Electrodes and Measuring Concentrations	874	(2)
Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants	876	(4)
Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics	880	(10)
The Relationship Between Cell Potential and Free Energy	880	(1)
Potentials for the Sums of Half-Reactions	881	(1)
The Relationship Between Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant	882	(2)
The Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential: The Nernst Equation	884	(2)
Concentration Cells	886	(1)
Using Cell Potentials to Measure Solubility of Products	887	(2)
Using Cell Potentials to Measure Concentrations	889	(1)
Commercial Galvanic Cells	890	(5)
Batteries	890	(4)
Fuel Cells	894	(1)
Corrosion	895	(2)
Electrolysis	897	(15)
Electrolytic Cells	897	(2)
Electrolytic Reactions	899	(2)
Electroplating	901	(1)
Quantitative Considerations	901	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	903	(2)
Key Equations	905	(1)
Questions and Problems	905	(7)
Nuclear Chemistry	912	(44)
Introduction	912	(1)
The Components of the Nucleus	913	(4)
The Atomic Nucleus	913	(2)
Nuclear Stability	915	(1)
Super-Heavy Elements	916	(1)
Nuclear Reactions	917	(10)
Classes of Radioactive Nuclei	917	(1)
Nuclear Decay Reactions	917	(6)
Radioactive Decay Series	923	(1)
Induced Nuclear Reactions	924	(2)
Synthesis of Transuranium Elements	926	(1)
The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter	927	(5)
Ionizing Versus Nonionizing Radiation	927	(1)
The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Matter	928	(1)
Natural Sources of Radiation	929	(1)
Artificial Sources of Radiation	930	(1)
Assessing the Impact of Radiation Exposure	931	(1)
Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus	932	(7)
Mass--Energy Balance	932	(3)
Nuclear Binding Energies	935	(2)
Nuclear Fission and Fusion	937	(2)
Applied Nuclear Chemistry	939	(6)
Nuclear Reactors	939	(4)
Uses of Radioisotopes	943	(2)
The Origin of the Elements	945	(11)
Relative Abundances of the Elements on Earth and in the Universe	945	(1)
Synthesis of the Elements in Stars	946	(2)
Formation of Heavier Elements in Supernovas	948	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	949	(1)
Key Equations	950	(1)
Questions and Problems	950	(6)
CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS
Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements	956	(33)
Introduction	956	(1)
Overview of Periodic Trends	957	(3)
Unique Chemistry of the Lightest Elements	957	(2)
The Inert-Pair Effect	959	(1)
The Chemistry of Hydrogen	960	(4)
Isotopes of Hydrogen	960	(2)
Bonding in Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Compounds	962	(1)
Synthesis, Reactions, and Compounds of Hydrogen	962	(2)
The Alkali Metals (Group 1)	964	(8)
Preparation of Alkali Metals	964	(1)
General Properties of Alkali Metals	965	(1)
Reactions and Compounds of Alkali Metals	965	(3)
Complexes of Alkali Metals	968	(1)
Liquid Ammonia Solutions	969	(1)
Organometallic Compounds of the Group 1 Elements	970	(1)
Uses of the Alkali Metals	970	(2)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)	972	(7)
Preparation of Alkaline Earth Metals	973	(1)
General Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals	973	(1)
Reactions and Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals	974	(2)
Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metals	976	(1)
Organometallic Compounds Containing Group 2 Elements	976	(1)
Uses of the Alkaline Earth Metals	977	(2)
The s-Block Elements in Biology	979	(10)
Covalent Hydrides	979	(1)
Macrominerals	980	(3)
Summary and Key Terms	983	(1)
Questions and Problems	984	(5)
The p-Block Elements	989	(47)
Introduction	989	(1)
The Elements of Group 13	990	(7)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 13 Elements	990	(2)
Reactions and Compounds of Boron	992	(3)
Reactions and Compounds of the Heavier Group 13 Elements	995	(1)
Complexes of Group 13 Elements	996	(1)
The Elements of Group 14	997	(9)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 14 Elements	998	(2)
Reactions and Compounds of Carbon	1000	(3)
Reactions and Compounds of the Heavier Group 14 Elements	1003	(3)
The Elements of Group 15 (the Pnicogens)	1006	(8)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 15 Elements	1008	(1)
Reactions and Compounds of Nitrogen	1008	(3)
Reactions and Compounds of the Heavier Pnicogens	1011	(3)
The Elements of Group 16 (the Chalcogens)	1014	(6)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 16 Elements	1015	(1)
Reactions and Compounds of Oxygen	1016	(2)
Reactions and Compounds of the Heavier Chalcogens	1018	(2)
The Elements of Group 17 (the Halogens)	1020	(6)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 17 Elements	1022	(2)
Reactions and Compounds of the Halogens	1024	(2)
The Elements of Group 18 (the Noble Gases)	1026	(10)
Preparation and General Properties of Group 18 Elements	1027	(1)
Reactions and Compounds of the Noble Gases	1028	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	1030	(1)
Questions and Problems	1031	(5)
The d-Block Elements	1036	(55)
Introduction	1036	(1)
General Trends Among the Transition Metals	1037	(4)
Electronic Structure and Reactivity of the Transition Metals	1037	(1)
Trends in Transition Metal Oxidation States	1038	(3)
A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry	1041	(11)
Groups 3, 4, and 5	1041	(3)
Groups 6 and 7	1044	(2)
Groups 8, 9, and 10	1046	(2)
Groups 11 and 12	1048	(4)
Metallurgy	1052	(3)
Pyrometallurgy	1052	(2)
Hydrometallurgy	1054	(1)
Coordination Compounds	1055	(9)
History of Coordination Compounds	1055	(3)
Structures of Metal Complexes	1058	(1)
Stability of Metal Complexes	1059	(2)
Isomers of Metal Complexes	1061	(3)
Crystal Field Theory	1064	(11)
d-Orbital Splittings	1064	(2)
Electronic Structures of Metal Complexes	1066	(1)
Factors That Affect the Magnitude of Δ	1067	(1)
Colors of Transition-Metal Complexes	1068	(1)
Crystal Field Stabilization Energies	1069	(1)
Tetragonal and Square Planar Complexes	1070	(1)
Tetrahedral Complexes	1071	(1)
Consequences of d-Orbital Splitting	1072	(3)
Transition Metals in Biology	1075	(16)
Uptake and Storage of Transition Metals	1075	(1)
Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes	1076	(1)
Electron-Transfer Proteins	1077	(2)
Reactions of Small Molecules	1079	(3)
Enzymes Involved in Oxygen Activation	1082	(1)
Metal Ions as Lewis Acids	1083	(1)
Enzymes That Use Metals to Generate Organic Radicals	1084	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	1085	(1)
Questions and Problems	1086	(5)
Organic Compounds	1091
Introduction	1091	(1)
Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds	1092	(3)
Isomers of Organic Compounds	1095	(8)
Conformational Isomers	1095	(2)
Structural Isomers	1097	(1)
Stereoisomers	1098	(5)
Reactivity of Organic Molecules	1103	(3)
Reactive Intermediates	1104	(2)
Common Classes of Organic Reactions	1106	(4)
Substitution	1106	(1)
Elimination	1107	(1)
Addition	1107	(1)
Radical Reactions	1107	(1)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	1108	(2)
Common Classes of Organic Compounds	1110	(10)
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes	1110	(2)
Arenes	1112	(1)
Alcohols and Ethers	1113	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	1114	(2)
Carboxylic Acids	1116	(1)
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives	1117	(2)
Amines	1119	(1)
The Molecules of Life	1120
Proteins	1121	(1)
Carbohydrates	1121	(3)
Lipids	1124	(2)
Nucleic Acids	1126	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	1127	(1)
Questions and Problems	1128
APPENDICES
A. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C	1	(7)
B. Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C	8	(3)
C. Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C	11	(1)
D. Ionization Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C	12	(1)
E. Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C	13	(3)
F. Properties of Water	16	(1)
G. Glossary	17	(32)
H. Answers to Selected Problems	49
Art and Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1