Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications Volume 1 with Student Access Kit for MasteringGeneralChemistry

by Averill, Bruce A.; Eldredge, Patricia

• ISBN13: 9780805382808
• ISBN10: 0805382801
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applicationsrepresents the next step in general chemistry texts, with an emphasis on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps readers discover the exciting potential of chemical science. The book features modern applications, early integration of examples from organic and biochemistry, and a strong approach to problem solving that moves away from rote memorization to a thorough understanding of key concepts and recognition of important patterns. The worked examples throughout each chapter show readers how to develop strategies and thought processes that will enable them to solve problems both quantitatively and conceptually. Fundamental Concepts, Introduction to Chemistry, Molecules, Ions, and Compounds, Chemical Reactions, Reactions in Solution, Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions, Atomic and Molecular Structure, The Structure of the Atom, The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends, Structure and Bonding Part I: Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding, Structure and Bonding Part II: Localized vs. Delocalized Models, The States of Matter, Gases, Liquids, Solids, Solutions. For all readers interested in a general chemistry text with an emphasis on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach.

Table of Contents

PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction to Chemistry	1	(45)
Introduction	1	(1)
Chemistry in the Modern World	2	(2)
The Scientific Method	4	(3)
A Description of Matter	7	(6)
Pure Substances and Mixtures	8	(3)
Properties of Matter	11	(2)
A Brief History of Chemistry	13	(5)
Modern Chemistry	14	(1)
The Atomic Theory of Matter	14	(1)
The Law of Multiple Proportions	15	(1)
Avogadro's Hypothesis	16	(2)
The Atom	18	(4)
The Electron	18	(1)
Radioactivity	19	(1)
The Atomic Model	20	(2)
Isotopes and Atomic Masses	22	(6)
Introduction to the Periodic Table	28	(2)
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals	28	(1)
Chemistry of the Groups	29	(1)
Essential Elements	30	(16)
Classification of the Essential Elements	31	(1)
The Trace Elements	32	(1)
Amplification	32	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	32	(1)
Questions and Problems	33	(6)
Essential Skills 1	39	(1)
Units of Measurement	39	(1)
Scientific Notation	40	(1)
Significant Figures	41	(3)
Accuracy and Precision	44	(2)
Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas	46	(39)
Introduction	46	(1)
Chemical Compounds	47	(8)
Covalent Compounds	47	(2)
Representations of Molecular Structures	49	(3)
Ionic Compounds	52	(3)
Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds	55	(1)
Chemical Formulas	55	(4)
Binary Ionic Compounds	56	(1)
Polyatomic Ions	57	(1)
Hydrates	58	(1)
Naming Ionic Compounds	59	(4)
Naming Covalent Compounds	63	(8)
Binary Inorganic Compounds	63	(3)
Hydrocarbons	66	(5)
Acids and Bases	71	(3)
Acids	71	(2)
Bases	73	(1)
Industrially Important Chemicals	74	(11)
Petroleum	75	(4)
Sulfuric Acid	79	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	80	(1)
Questions and Problems	81	(4)
Chemical Reactions	85	(60)
Introduction	85	(1)
The Mole and Molar Masses	86	(7)
Molecular and Formula Masses	86	(2)
The Mole	88	(1)
Molar Mass	89	(4)
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas	93	(9)
Calculating Mass Percentages	93	(2)
Determining the Empirical Formula of Penicillin	95	(3)
Combustion Analysis	98	(2)
From Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula	100	(2)
Chemical Equations	102	(7)
Interpreting Chemical Equations	103	(2)
Balancing Simple Chemical Equations	105	(4)
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations	109	(8)
Stoichiometry Problems	109	(3)
Limiting Reactants	112	(4)
Percent Yields	116	(1)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	117	(8)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	118	(4)
Condensation Reactions	122	(2)
Catalysts	124	(1)
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere	125	(20)
The Earth's Atmosphere and the Ozone Layer	125	(3)
The Ozone Hole	128	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	129	(1)
Questions and Problems	130	(10)
Essential Skills 2	140	(1)
Proportions	140	(2)
Percentages	142	(1)
Unit Conversions	143	(2)
Reactions in Aqueous Solution	145	(59)
Introduction	145	(1)
Aqueous Solutions	146	(3)
Polar Substances	146	(1)
Electrolytes	147	(2)
Solution Concentrations	149	(7)
Molarity	150	(1)
Preparation of Solutions	151	(4)
Ion Concentrations in Solution	155	(1)
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution	156	(5)
Calculating Moles from Volume	157	(1)
Limiting Reactants in Solutions	158	(3)
Ionic Equations	161	(2)
Precipitation Reactions	163	(6)
Predicting Solubilities	164	(2)
Precipitation Reactions in Photography	166	(3)
Acid--Base Reactions	169	(9)
Definitions of Acids and Bases	169	(1)
Polyprotic Acids	170	(1)
Strengths of Acids and Bases	170	(2)
The Hydronium Ion	172	(1)
Neutralization Reactions	173	(3)
The pH Scale	176	(2)
The Chemistry of Acid Rain	178	(3)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions in Solution	181	(8)
Balancing Redox Equations Using Oxidation States	181	(5)
Redox Reactions of Solid Metals in Aqueous Solution	186	(3)
Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations	189	(15)
Determining the Concentration of an Unknown Solution Using a Titration	189	(2)
Standard Solutions	191	(1)
Acid--Base Titrations	191	(2)
Key Equations	193	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	193	(1)
Questions and Problems	194	(7)
Essential Skills 3	201	(1)
Base-10 (Common) Logarithms	201	(1)
Calculations Using Common Logarithms	202	(2)
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions	204	(51)
Introduction	204	(1)
Energy and Work	205	(4)
Forms of Energy	205	(1)
Energy, Heat, and Work	206	(1)
Kinetic and Potential Energy	207	(2)
Enthalpy	209	(16)
Direction of Heat Flow	211	(1)
Enthalpy of Reaction	211	(3)
Hess's Law	214	(2)
Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction	216	(7)
Enthalpies of Solution and Dilution	223	(2)
Calorimetry	225	(6)
Heat Capacity	225	(3)
Measuring Heat Flow	228	(3)
Thermochemistry and Nutrition	231	(5)
Energy Sources and the Environment	236	(19)
Fuels	236	(4)
The Carbon Cycle and the Greenhouse Effect	240	(4)
Key Equations	244	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	244	(1)
Questions and Problems	245	(6)
Essential Skills 4	251	(1)
Temperature	251	(2)
Unit Conversions: Dimensional Analysis	253	(2)
PART II ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
The Structure of Atoms	255	(46)
Introduction	255	(1)
Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation	256	(3)
Properties of Waves	256	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	257	(2)
The Quantization of Energy	259	(4)
Blackbody Radiation	260	(1)
The Photoelectric Effect	261	(2)
Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom	263	(8)
Line Spectra	263	(2)
The Bohr Model	265	(3)
Uses of Emission and Absorption Spectra	268	(3)
The Relationship Between Energy and Mass	271	(4)
The Wave Character of Matter	271	(2)
Standing Waves	273	(1)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	273	(2)
Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies	275	(10)
Wave Functions	275	(1)
Quantum Numbers	276	(3)
Orbital Shapes	279	(3)
Orbital Energies	282	(1)
Effective Nuclear Charges	283	(2)
Building Up the Periodic Table	285	(16)
Electron Spin: The Fourth Quantum Number	285	(1)
The Pauli Principle	285	(1)
Electronic Configurations of the Elements	286	(7)
Summary and Key Terms	293	(2)
Key Equations	295	(1)
Questions and Problems	295	(6)
The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends	301	(39)
Introduction	301	(1)
The History of the Periodic Table	302	(4)
Mendeleev's Periodic Table	303	(2)
The Role of Atomic Number in the Periodic Table	305	(1)
Sizes of Atoms and Ions	306	(6)
Atomic Radii	306	(1)
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii	307	(2)
Ionic Radii and Isoelectronic Series	309	(3)
Energetics of Ion Formation	312	(12)
Ionization Energies	312	(5)
Electron Affinities	317	(3)
Electronegativity	320	(4)
The Chemical Families	324	(8)
The Main Group Elements	324	(6)
The Transition Metals, Lanthanides, and Actinides	330	(2)
Trace Elements in Biological Systems	332	(8)
Macrominerals	333	(1)
Group Transfer Reactions	333	(1)
Biological Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	333	(1)
Structural Components	334	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	335	(1)
Questions and Problems	336	(4)
Structure and Bonding I: Ionic Versus Covalent Bonding	340	(41)
Introduction	340	(1)
An Overview of Chemical Bonding	341	(1)
Ionic Bonding	341	(2)
Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids	343	(8)
Calculating Lattice Energies	344	(1)
The Relationship Between Lattice Energies and Physical Properties	345	(1)
The Born--Haber Cycle	346	(1)
Predicting the Stability of Ionic Compounds	347	(4)
Introduction to Lewis Electron Structures	351	(1)
Creating a Lewis Dot Symbol	351	(1)
The Octet Rule	351	(1)
Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding	352	(11)
Using Lewis Electron Structures to Describe Covalent Bonding	353	(3)
Using Lewis Electron Structures to Explain Stoichiometry	356	(1)
Formal Charges	357	(2)
Using Formal Charges to Distinguish Between Lewis Structures	359	(1)
Resonance Structures	360	(3)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	363	(3)
Odd Numbers of Electrons	363	(1)
More Than an Octet of Electrons	364	(1)
Fewer Than an Octet of Electrons	364	(2)
Lewis Acids and Bases	366	(1)
Properties of Covalent Bonds	367	(5)
Bond Order	368	(1)
The Relationship Between Bond Order and Bond Energy	368	(2)
The Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Bond Energy	370	(2)
Polar Covalent Bonds	372	(9)
Bond Polarity	372	(1)
Dipole Moments	373	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	375	(1)
Key Equations	376	(1)
Questions and Problems	376	(5)
Structure and Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Models of Covalent Bonding	381	(50)
Introduction	381	(1)
Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	382	(17)
The VSEPR Model	382	(3)
Using the VSEPR Model	385	(13)
Molecular Dipole Moments	398	(1)
Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals	399	(7)
Valence Bond Theory: A Localized Bonding Approach	400	(1)
Hybridization of s and p Orbitals	401	(3)
Hybridization Using d Orbitals	404	(2)
Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals	406	(14)
Molecular Orbital Theory: A Delocalized Bonding Approach	406	(2)
Bond Order in Molecular Orbital Theory	408	(4)
Molecular Orbitals Formed from ns and np Atomic Orbitals	412	(2)
Molecular Orbital Diagrams for Second-Period Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	414	(4)
Molecular Orbitals in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	418	(2)
Combining the Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Approaches	420	(11)
Multiple Bonds	420	(2)
Molecular Orbitals and Resonance Structures	422	(2)
The Chemistry of Vision	424	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	425	(1)
Key Equations	426	(1)
Questions and Problems	426	(5)
PART III The States of Matter
Gases	431	(52)
Introduction	431	(1)
Gaseous Elements and Compounds	432	(2)
Gas Pressure	434	(5)
Units of Pressure	435	(1)
Atmospheric Pressure	436	(1)
Manometers	437	(2)
Relationships Between Pressure, Temperature, Amount, and Volume	439	(3)
The Relationship Between Pressure and Volume	439	(2)
The Relationship Between Temperature and Volume	441	(1)
The Relationship Between Amount and Volume	442	(1)
The Ideal Gas Law	442	(10)
Deriving the Ideal Gas Law	443	(2)
Applying the Ideal Gas Law	445	(5)
Using the Ideal Gas Law to Calculate Densities and Molar Masses	450	(2)
Mixtures of Gases	452	(4)
Partial Pressures	452	(2)
Mole Fractions of Gas Mixtures	454	(2)
Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry	456	(3)
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases	459	(9)
A Molecular Description	459	(2)
Boltzmann Distributions	461	(1)
The Relationships Between Pressure, Volume, and Temperature	462	(1)
Diffusion	463	(2)
Effusion	465	(1)
Rates of Diffusion or Effusion	466	(2)
The Behavior of Real Gases	468	(15)
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Relationships in Real Gases	469	(1)
The van der Waals Equation	470	(1)
Liquefaction of Gases	471	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	472	(1)
Key Equations	473	(1)
Questions and Problems	474	(6)
Essential Skills 5	480	(1)
Preparing a Graph	480	(1)
Interpreting a Graph	480	(3)
Liquids	483	(42)
Introduction	483	(1)
The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids	484	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	485	(7)
Dipole-Dipole Interactions	486	(1)
London Dispersion Forces	487	(3)
Hydrogen Bonds	490	(2)
Unique Properties of Liquids	492	(4)
Surface Tension	492	(2)
Capillary Action	494	(1)
Viscosity	495	(1)
Vapor Pressure	496	(5)
Evaporation and Condensation	496	(1)
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure	497	(3)
Boiling Points	500	(1)
Changes of State	501	(5)
Energy Changes That Accompany Phase Changes	502	(1)
Temperature Curves	503	(3)
Critical Temperature and Pressure	506	(3)
Supercritical Fluids	506	(2)
Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids	508	(1)
Phase Diagrams	509	(3)
General Features of a Phase Diagram	509	(1)
The Phase Diagram of Water	509	(2)
The Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide	511	(1)
Liquid Crystals	512	(13)
Summary and Key Terms	515	(2)
Key Equations	517	(1)
Questions and Problems	517	(5)
Essential Skills 6	522	(1)
Natural Logarithms	522	(1)
Calculations Using Natural Logarithms	523	(2)
Solids	525	(45)
Introduction	525	(1)
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids	526	(1)
The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids	527	(5)
The Unit Cell	527	(3)
Packing of Spheres	530	(2)
Structures of Simple Binary Compounds	532	(5)
Common Structures of Binary Compounds	532	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	535	(2)
Defects in Crystals	537	(6)
Defects in Metals	537	(2)
Memory Metal	539	(2)
Defects in Ionic and Molecular Crystals	541	(2)
Nonstoichiometric Compounds	543	(1)
Correlation Between Bonding and the Properties of Solids	543	(4)
Ionic Solids	543	(1)
Molecular Solids	544	(1)
Covalent Solids	544	(1)
Metallic Solids	545	(2)
Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors	547	(7)
Band Theory	548	(2)
Requirements for Metallic Behavior	550	(1)
Insulators	550	(1)
Semiconductors	551	(3)
Superconductors	554	(2)
BCS Theory	554	(1)
High-Temperature Superconductors	555	(1)
Polymeric Solids	556	(3)
Biological Polymers: Peptides and Proteins	557	(1)
Synthetic Polymers	558	(1)
Contemporary Materials	559	(11)
Ceramics	560	(1)
Superalloys	561	(1)
Composite Materials	561	(2)
Summary and Key Terms	563	(1)
Key Equation	564	(1)
Questions and Problems	564	(6)
Solutions	570
Introduction	570	(1)
Factors Affecting Solution Formation	571	(4)
The Role of Enthalpy in Solution Formation	572	(1)
Entropy and Solution Formation	573	(2)
Solubility and Molecular Structure	575	(7)
Factors Affecting Solubility	576	(1)
Interactions in Liquid Solutions	577	(3)
Solutions of Solids	580	(1)
Solubilities of Ionic Substances in Liquids	581	(1)
Units of Concentration	582	(5)
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility	587	(4)
Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Solids	587	(1)
Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Gases	588	(1)
Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases: Henry's Law	589	(2)
Colligative Properties of Solutions	591	(15)
Vapor-Pressure of Solutions and Raoult's Law	592	(4)
Boiling-Point Elevation	596	(2)
Freezing-Point Depression	598	(4)
Osmotic Pressure	602	(2)
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions	604	(2)
Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution	606
Colloids and Suspensions	607	(1)
Emulsions	608	(1)
Micelles	608	(1)
Summary and Key Terms	609	(1)
Key Equations	610	(1)
Questions and Problems	611
APPENDICES
Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C	1	(2)
Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C	3	(2)
Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C	5	(2)
Dissociation Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C	7	(2)
Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C	9	(2)
Properties of Water	11	(2)
Glossary	13	(26)
Answers to Selected Problems	39
Art and Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1